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Multiple Use Forest Management and the Possibility of Its Application in the Developing Countries

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Multiple Use Forest Management and the Possibility of Its Application in the Developing Countries University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1968 Multiple use forest management and the possibility of its application in the developing countries Abdul Rashid Tariq The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Tariq, Abdul Rashid, "Multiple use forest management and the possibility of its application in the developing countries" (1968). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 3040. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/3040 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MULTIPLE USE FOREST MA^aGEMEKT MD THE POSSIBILITY OF ITS APPLICATION IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES by ABDUL RASHID TARlQ M.Sc,.^ (Physics), University of the Panjab, 19?7 B.Sc. Hons. (Forestry), University of Peshawar, 1961 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Forestry UIIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1968 Approved by? Chairman, Board of EKaminers De? Graduate School JAN 3 Date UMI Number: EP34460 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT UMI EP34460 Published by ProQuest LLC (2012). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProOuest* ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346 ACKNOM^EDGMENTS I take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to Dr. W. R„ Pierce, Dr. Chris Field and Dr. To J, Nimlos for providing help and guidance in collection of material and compilation of this paper. My thanks are also due to Mrs. Irene Evers who helped me in the collection of literature from various sources. I am indebted to various libraries and institutions, especially the National Agricultural Library, Washing­ ton, D, C,5 Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, Oscford; Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth; United Nations Educational, Ssientific and Cxiltaral Organization, and the U„ S„ Forest Service, for generously providing me with the published material available with them. Lastj but not the least, my thanks are due to Dean Ao Wo Bolle, and various members of the faculty in the School of Forestry, University of Montana, who gen­ erously helped me and made n^y stay here rewarding. I also thank Mrso Mary Wilson for taking pains in deciphering of my hand writing, correct­ ing errors and doing a neat tjrping work. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE ACKNOlfl^ElXjMENTS »oo»oa«c0eoo©eoo««ooooo«®o XX INTRODtrCTXON c»mc9»es»9ooo0oiieo*oooooooc X I. FOREST RESOURCES OF THE DE7EL0PIWG COUNTRIES o o c , » . « » 3 Definition of a Developing Country o » « . o » o o . = . 3 Forest Resoixroes oc»oooi>»oooctjoooooooo ^ Management Status o..,«o.,cc»o.eeoo..«.ooll Regional Forest Situation . , « „ « » . c « , » . „ . o » 12 Current Resource Utilization o . o . « . o « o . o . o o 17 II. THE PROBLEMS . ..o a o o 23 POpUlatXOn 0*eao*o*o«oocooo«eo»offoo23 Scarcity of Resources .o.eoooco»<.oo<.ooooo25 Hxstorxcal Causes ocosociooot'ooo.ocooooo 27 Climatic Limitations » » o « » « o c o » o <> <, » o o » o , 28 Technological Limitations o o » c » <, « « o o o o » o » o o 29 Economic Lxxnxtatxons ooooooooooaoooooooo 31 Political and Administrative Limitations <> o o <> o . o o <, 32 Dxscussion O»OO0O0O0&00Q00OeQ»000003^ III. MULTIPLE USE FOREST MANAGEMENT . » o » c » o o » o » . o „ 36 Assumptions and Uncertainties o . <> . c » o » . » « o o .. o 38 Socio-economic Values . o « . « . « » o » » ^ o » » 1^0 Ecological BaSXS ..eeo.cooved.ooeooooo 1^2 Equilibrium and Disequilibrium c..o«o.oo<,o»o.oii6 iii Iv SECTION PAGE Productive Potential of the Land and Multiple Use » . » Evolution of the Concept . » . « „ . o » c o » o . 50 Conflicts and Resolution , » . » c . » o o . ^3_SCUSSXOn «ooo«#ooea>ao«>oo90oooodoo 60 lY. APPLICATION OF MULTIPLE USE m DEVELOPING COUNTRIES o 6^ 3aSX0 ASSUTnptlOnS 0»0«ca00CDeee0*00090e^5 Problems and Hinderances ,.o.«.o,»»«oooooo68 Shifting cultivation c . o . o . » . » » o « „ » « 68 Grass Xn^ eo«*ooe*oooooo0ocoooooo9o Traxned personnel i7««eotaoa'ooooo«oo»ooo 71 New Trends e»»e^aooooccocoooa€coovoY2! BIBLIOGRAPHY » e * & ^ 0 o c * o & c o c ^ c e « o o c o » o e o LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Forest Resources of the Under-developed World » , 6 2» Forest Area Per Capita and Crop Density o<,o...c...o.lO 3. Management Status ...o««.<..«o».ooo.o...ooll « (3rowxn§i Stoclc and Removals c^^eeooeooaoocoaoo l8 5. World Population in 1966, Growth Rate and Projections o « « 2i|. V LIST OF FIGURES MAP NO, PAGE 1. Distribution of Under-Development o ... ..c ...... c . 2. The World Forest Resources .... oc o o 13 DIAGRAM NO. 1. Per Capita Distribution of Forests . » . o » » . o , o 9 2. Conceptual Model of Adaptability Trends „ o . « . o » o . » . 30 3. Interrelationships in Biogeocenosis . » „ « o o . o » iili . BlOtXC PyratllXd .o.ooo..oooooc>o.ooecooi)o 5. Corapatability Scale in Forest Resource Use » o » c o 56 6. Planning for Multiple Use Management on the National Forests „ ^8 vi INTRODUCTION The developing countries are passing through a transitional phase of socio-economic development. Based upon their pastoral-agricultural economies, the new nations are endeavoring to attain a quasi-industrial infra-structure for economic developments In this effort, these eoun- tries are faced with a large number of problems which concern both human and material resources. Political instability, administrative weakness, lack of adequate financial and technological resources and cultural taboos are some of the serious obstacles hindering the progress of many Tonder-developed countries. The land, especially the forest, is a vital basic resouree upon which the structure of economic development can be based. Unfortun­ ately, the land resources in most of the developing countries have been heavily misused. Overgrazing, burning and clearance of forests for settlement, shifting cultivation, etco, have resulted in the deterior*= at ion of productive potential, and, in many cases, in the creation of deserts and seriously eroded areas. The problem facing these countries today is two-fold, namely, how best to rehabilitate the deteriorated resources, and utilize the comparatively undamaged resources in an effi­ cient way. This problem has been made more complicated by the rapidly increasing human population, which naturally would cause a proportion­ ately increasing pressure on the resources» The forest manager in a developing country is faced with an enigmatic situation. As a trustee of an important resource, he is under obligation to perform his function in the developmental machinery 1 2 and introduce efficient management conforming to the overall national deTelopment. On the other hand, he has to cater to the traditional use rights and privileges of an overwhelmingly rural population. This calls for a nanagement pattern which should meet the preset needs and wants of the people and leave enough room for the accommodation of new demands which are likely to arise as the socio-economic situation improves. Multiple use forest management may be an adequate answer to this enigmatic situation» This system was developed in an era when the United States of America was passing through a transitional stage of an economic revolution» It is elastic enough to meet the requirements of diverse situations. By no means is it an end in its elf| but it is a better means to achieve a co-mpromise between conflicting forest useso In this paper, I shall endeavor to discuss the possibility of its appli­ cation to under-developed countrieso Section I of this paper deals with the forest resources of the developing countries. Their socio-economic and forestry problems are discussed in Section II. The principles and practices of multiple use management are given in Section III, Effort has been made in Section I? to ascertain the possibility of the application of multiple use manage­ ment to the forest resources of under-developed countries. SECTION I FOREST RESOURCES OF THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Definition of a Developing Co\mtry The under-developed, or the developing countries of the world contain 75 per cent of the world population and less than half of the land resources Most of them have obtained political Independence during the last 20 years. Their economies are predominantly pastoral and agricultural. With the exception of Australia, New Zealand and Union of South Africa, practically the whole of Asia, Africa and Latin America are in an under^developed stageo The numerous problems facing the human race today emanate from the under-developed world in one way or another^ Yet these countries contain valuable resources, which, if properly developed, can make a remarkable contribution towards human welfare„ Before proceeding further, an acceptable definition of a develop­ ing country should be evolved. The United Nations agencies, such as FoAoOo and U„NoEoSc,CoOo, include in this category all countries and territories in Africa (except South Africa), North and South America (except Canada and UoSoAo), Asia (except Japan and Turkey) and Oceania (except Australia and New Zealand). The Organization of Economic Co­ operation and Development, Paris, has Included Greece, Spain, Yugoslavia, Malta, Gibraltar and Tarkey in the UoNo listo This, however, leaves out China, Mongolia, North Korea and Vietnam.
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