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Commodity-Driven Forest Loss a Study of Southeast COMMODITY-DRIVEN FOREST LOSS A STUDY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The contents in this publication are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) or the United States Government. © USAID, 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO license (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this license, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that USAID endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the USAID logo or the logo of any of the writing partners is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons license. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the U.S. Agency for International Development. USAID is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the authoritative edition." Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party- owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Authors: Karis Tenneson1,5, Matthew S. Patterson2, Jenna Jadin1, Todd S. Rosenstock4, Rachmat Mulia4, Jiwon Kim5,6, Nguyen Quyen5,6, Ate Poortinga1,5, Nguyen Mai Phuong4, Seth Bogle2, John Dilger1, Sarah Marlay3, Nguyen Quang Tan 4, Farrukh Chishtie1,6, and David Saah1,5,7 Photo interpretation: Mark Hammond2, Nguyen Huu Viet Hieu8, Jan Johnson2, Le Anh Hung8, Ryan Thomas2, Vu Xuan Quy8 Layout: Jenna Jadin 1 Spatial Informatics Group (SIG) 2 USDA Forest Service Geospatial Technology and Applications Center (GTAC) 3 USDA Forest Service International Programs (USFS IP) 4 World Agroforestry (ICRAF) 5SERVIR Mekong 6Asian Disaster Preparedness Center 7University of San Francisco 8Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, Ha Noi Citation: Tenneson, K., Patterson, M.S., Jadin, J., Rosenstock, T., Mulia, R., Kim, J., Quyen, N., Poortinga, A., Nguyen, M.P., Bogle, S., Dilger, J., Marlay, S., Nguyen, Q.T., Chishtie, F., and D. Saah. 2021. Commodity-Driven Forest Loss: A Study of Southeast Asia. Washington DC. 196pp. https://servir.adpc.net/publications/commodity-driven-forest-loss-a- study-of-southeast-asia Cover Photos: clockwise from bottom left: rubber tap on rubber tree ©creativecommons; forest community member in West Timor, Indonesia ©J. Jadin COMMODITY-DRIVEN FOREST LOSS A STUDY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA TABLE OF CONTENTS IX Executive Summary 01 Introduction 06 Methods ©.Jadin 13 Cambodia 31 Indonesia 51 Lao PDR 71 Myanmar 94 Philippines 109 Thailand 127 Vietnam 145 Regional Analysis 162 References 178 Annex: Supplemental Methods Commodity-Driven Forest Loss: A Study of Southeast Asia ABBREVIATIONS AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AGB Aboveground biomass AWD Alternate wetting and drying BRG Badan Restorasi Gambut CARP Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program CBFM Community-based forest management C Carbon CF Community forest ELC Economic land concession ES Ecosystem services FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FFC Fine flavor cocoa FLEGT Forest law enforcement, governance and trade FRA Forest Resource Assessment GDP Gross domestic product GHG Greenhouse gas GoP The Government of the Philippines HA Hectares ICC Intraclass correlation coefficient ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre IDP Internally displaced person IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency MG Megagrams Lao PDR Lao People’s Democratic Republic MSS Myanmar selection system NDC Nationally determined contributions NGP National Greening Program NTFPs Non-timber forest products RDMA Regional Development Mission for Asia RECOFTC Regional Community Forest Training Center REDD Reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation RFD Royal Forest Department RSPO Round Table on Sustainable Palm Oil SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SEA Southeast Asia SIG Spatial Informatics Group UNDP United Nations Development Program UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USAID United States Agency for International Development USDA United States Department of Agriculture USFS United States Forest Service USFS IP United States Forest Service International Programs vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author team would like to thank many people for their time graciously spent planning, reviewing, advising and editing this document and the work that went into it. These include: Todd Johnson, Senior Natural Resources Officer, USAID/DC Eric Hyman, General Business Specialist, USAID/DC Geoff Blate, Climate Change Specialist, USAID/DC James Halperin, Senior Natural Resources Advisor, USAID/Indonesia Suphasuk Pradubsuk, Program Development Specialist, USAID/RDMA Barry Flaming, Senior Advisor on Agriculture, Forestry, and other Land Use, Pact Inc. Marija Kono, Asia Regional SilvaCarbon Program Manager, USFS/IP Robert Kenny, Asia Regional Forestry Advisor, USFS/IP The excellent help and expertise of these individuals has made the analysis of the results of this report stronger, allowing USAID and its partners to better support natural resource conservation, agriculture, and forest protection throughout Southeast Asia. viii Commodity-Driven Forest Loss: A Study of Southeast Asia EXECUTIVE SUMMARY outheast Asia’s forests have experienced high levels of deforestation, which has important Sglobal and regional consequences given the exceptionally high biodiversity in Southeast Asian 4) identify regional and country-level policy recommen- forest ecosystems and the immense amount of carbon dations that would help USAID prioritize investments stored in Indonesia’s forested peatlands. Regionally, into landscapes that maximize climate mitigation po- forest loss also leads to degraded water and air quality tential while allowing use for domestic and international and availability. While the causes of deforestation are agriculture needs. myriad, and have fluctuated in importance throughout the decades, one of the current drivers of deforestation The assessment used an approach that provided great- in Southeast Asian is growth of the agricultural sector er spatial and thematic resolution on deforestation and and demand for tropical food exports. Therefore, ways associated greenhouse gas emissions than previous to reconcile development with environmental protec- studies. This approach employed point-sampling and tion must be identified. Forest transitions to agriculture photo-interpretation of high-resolution imagery to are a substantial cause of forest loss and subsequent inventory land uses in areas experiencing forest loss, carbon emissions. Finding ways to use natural lands and then calculated carbon budgets for the forests and more sustainably, while increasing the carbon stored in replacement land cover types using regional carbon these lands, is an important challenge to address. stock factors. This led to spatially specific and regional- ly tailored results. The inventory focused on areas that To address these challenges, the United States Agency exhibited a loss in tree canopy cover in a pre-existing for International Development’s (USAID) Regional global forest loss data set that was supplemented with Development Mission for Asia (RDMA) supports work additional regional data. Area estimates of converted at the nexus of development and the environment, and land uses were produced, and where available, esti- is often tasked with helping countries identify ways to mates of aboveground biomass (AGB) for forests and address development and environmental needs. In or- crops were included in carbon calculations. Common der to strengthen land use management, it is necessary agroforestry practices, where both trees and ground to have detailed information on land use change and cover crops are planted together, were also character- associated carbon stocks. To address this information ized in each landscape and their carbon benefits were gap, USAID RDMA is supporting an assessment of quantified. This novel approach demonstrated where commodity crop development, forest loss and land- and to what extent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in scape carbon stocks in Southeast Asia, led by the US the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service (USFS), sector are highest throughout Southeast Asia. Spatial Informatics Group (SIG), and World Agroforestry (ICRAF). Specifically, the assessment goals were to: Globally and regionally traded “boom crop” commod- ities have led to large scale conversion of primary and 1) determine the primary commodity
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