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Central African Republic Conflict, the Name of the Group Translates to Alliance

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Central African Republic Conflict, the Name of the Group Translates to Alliance ABOUT THE REPORT Central African The purpose of this report is to provide analysis and recommendations to assist the African Union (AU), Regional Economic Communities (RECs), Member States and Development Partners in decision-making Republic (CAR) and in the implementation of peace and security- related instruments. Conflict Insight CONTRIBUTORS Dr. Mesfin Gebremichael (Editor in Chief) Mr. Alagaw Ababu Kifle Ms. Alem Kidane Ms. Mahlet Fitiwi Ms. Tsion Belay Ms. Zaharau S. Shariff Situation analysis EDITING, DESIGN & LAYOUT Ms. Michelle Mendi Muita Mr. Mikias Yitbarek Since gaining independence from France in 1960, the Central African Ms. Siphokazi Mnguni Republic (CAR) has been unable to achieve a desirable measure of stability, security and development. Its economy is affected by a legacy of © 2018 Institute for Peace and Security Studies, misdirected macroeconomic policies, unequal distribution of income and Addis Ababa University. All rights reserved. frequent factional fighting between the government and its opponents. Its largely unskilled workforce and poor transportation network, among others, imposes additional constraints on the country’s quest for August 2018 | Vol. 2 sustainable development. Following a spate of military coups after independence, the country’s political system has witnessed several CONTENTS autocratic rulers. Situation analysis 1 Causes of the conflict 2 In the 1990s, calls for a democratic system of governance led to the first Actors 3 multi-party elections, won by Ange-Félix Patassé in 1993. During his tenure, Conflict dynamics 6 Patassé faced several military coups and army mutinies, leading to deep Scenarios 7 ethnic divisions in the military and across the country. Patassé was Current response assessment 7 overthrown by General Francois Bozizé during a coup that took place in 2003. Continued civil unrest led to the 2004 Bush War, which ended with Strategic options 8 the signing of a peace agreement in 2007. However, festering ethnic References 10 grievances instigated another successful coup in 2013. Timeline 11 IPSS Peace & Security Report GDP PER LIFE EXPECTANCY AT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT POPULATION CAPITA NEIGHBOURS RECS BIRTH (YEARS) INDEX (HDI) (PPP) 4.9 million $587 51.5 Index: 0.352 Chad ECCAS Sudan ICGLR Rank: 188/188 South Sudan DRC Congo-Brazzaville Cameroon Figure 1: Country profile and demographicsi unemployment, younger citizens are increasingly taking Michael Djotodia, the leader of the Sélékaii, overthrew up arms and joining militias/rebel groups. This explains General Francois Bozizé and assumed power and why the central government is extremely limited in installed himself as president of CAR in March 2013. asserting control over its territorial jurisdiction beyond the capital; leaving the security sector grossly incapable Involving several militia groups, the civil war has led to of efficiently combatting the proliferation of small arms the death of thousands of people and the destruction of and light weapons. The government is also unable to property across the whole country. Since the outbreak of eliminate the criminal networks actively engaged in conflict in 2013, CAR has undergone several interim and banditry, illegal trade and rebellion, especially in the transitional governments. The Libreville Agreement of northern parts of the country. the same year that was signed between the Séléka and the new government for a coalition of national unity Ethnic and religious divisions failed due to the dissatisfaction with the distribution of power. With elections only organized three years later in A 2014 UN enquiry described the situation in the CAR as 2016, CAR found itself on the brink of instability and an ethnic and religious conflict after the revelation that collapse, with the current government overwhelmed by over 99% of Muslims in Bangui had been killed or fled, the herculean task of terminating rebel and militia invariably leading to a major decline in the Muslim insurgencies, making progress with the peace talks, and population of the country.iii The inadequate inclusivity of implementing a Disarmament, Demobilization, ethnic minorities in governance and religious institutions Reintegration and Repatriation (DDRR) programme for underlies the conflicts that have besieged CAR since its the militias in the country. independence. Unfortunately, political elites also use religious and ethnic identities to fuel narratives of The implementation of the peace agreement remains discrimination and incite violence along religious and challenging given the existing religious and ethnic fault- ethnic lines. This was the case at the height of the civil lines in the country as well as the continuous violence war in 2014 when Christians and Muslims engaged each between warring factions and the emergence of new other in attacks and counter-attacks with heavy militia groups. casualties sustained on both sides. In 2013, members of the Muslim Séléka group frequently Causes of the conflict launched indiscriminate attacks on the Christian population by looting, raping and killing. In 2014, Human Weakness of the state Rights Watch (HRW) released a report that illustrated how Christian militias slaughtered and lynched The weakness of the state is manifested in the non- thousands of Muslim civilians. The situation has made it existence of civilian control over the security sector and difficult to forge inclusive and functional political the inadequacy of security and public welfare provisions systems desired by citizens. The routine exploitation of for citizens of CAR. Widespread criminality, a vicious ethnic and religious divisions in the CAR has frequently cycle of violence and instability, and the lack of adequate led to political instability, with deep mistrust and ethnic mechanisms for criminal prosecution have further divisions in the army having inescapably led to several exacerbated the security situation as well as the level of coups. impunity on the ground. Due to high rates of i Sources: Human Development Index (HDI) 2016. ii One of the major actors in the Central African Republic conflict, the name of the group translates to alliance. iii Institute for Global Chance. (4th October, 2017). Ethno-Religious Violence in the Central African Republic. 2 CAR Conflict Insight | Aug 2018 | Vol. 2 Economic mismanagement Actors CAR’s economic policy is based on attracting foreign and Séléka domestic investment, with the aim to reduce poverty and increase per capita income. To achieve this, CAR relies The Séléka movement, which is mostly made up of heavily on income derived from its natural resources and Muslim militia, first came into the limelight in 2013. At agriculture, particularly timber, gold and diamonds. the time of its establishment, the Séléka consisted of However, in spite of the abundance of natural resources, three armed factions: (a) the Convention des patriotes a lack of effective development planning as well as weak pour la justice et la paix (CPJP fundamentals), (b) institutions have rendered economic and social Convention patriotique du salut du Kodro (CPSK), and (c) development unsuccessful. Union des forces démocratiques pour le rassemblement (UFDR). The main goals of the alliance were to seek According to the World Bank, the mishandling of the comprehensive political reform after one decade of the country’s public finances slowed economic growth from regime led by President Francois Bozizé Yangouvonda previous estimates of 5% to 4.44% in 2016, making CAR (2003-2013) and to raise the festering issues of one of the poorest and least developed countries in the discrimination and marginalization against the northern world. Deeply-entrenched corruption among senior population. It is worth noting that Michel Djotodia failed government officials compounds the country's dire to address socio-economic development in 2013, the economic situation; a development that has, in turn, country was facing – basically the basis for overthrowing created equally deep resentment towards the the government. government to the extent that it is increasingly becoming easier to recruit militants and armed gangs from a large In the aftermath of the successful coup, the priorities of pool of poor and disenfranchised youth. the group were how to integrate its high-ranking members into the newly established government and Social disparities between the north and army. They also expressed interest in investigating the south rampant cases of gross - but selective - human rights violations targeted at the north but also those across the The populations in the north of the country, who often country. This, however, never materialized as they face marginalization due to social disparities, are proceeded to commit the same violations after assuming particularly vulnerable to recruitment into rebel power. Following pressure from the international movements. They experience low or non-payment of community for atrocities and human rights abuses salaries, high unemployment, or the absence of basic committed by its members, one of the first actions taken services such as schools and hospitals in their by the new administration was to disband the Séléka in communities. There is also a dearth of basic public September 2013. The group reinvented itself and came amenities and infrastructure in the northeast where the to be known as the ex-Séléka, and the different factions writ of the government is limited in comparison to other continued to perpetuate violent acts until the elections parts of the country. in 2016. Popular
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