Les Fonctions Mentales Dans Les Sociétés Inférieures

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Les Fonctions Mentales Dans Les Sociétés Inférieures Lucien LÉVY-BRUHL (1910) Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inférieures Première et deuxième parties Un document produit en version numérique conjointement par Diane Brunet et Jean-Marie Tremblay, professeur de sociologie au Cégep de Chicoutimi Courriel: [email protected] Site web: http://pages.infinit.net/sociojmt Dans le cadre de la collection: "Les classiques des sciences sociales" Site web: http://www.uqac.uquebec.ca/zone30/Classiques_des_sciences_sociales/index.html Une collection développée en collaboration avec la Bibliothèque Paul-Émile-Boulet de l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi Site web: http://bibliotheque.uqac.uquebec.ca/index.htm Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (1910), Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inférieures (1re et 2e parties) 2 Cette édition électronique a été réalisée conjointement par Diane Brunet et Jean-Marie Tremblay, professeur de sociologie au Cégep de Chicoutimi à partir de : Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (1910) Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inférieures Première et deuxième parties Une édition électronique réalisée à partir du livre de Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (1910), Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inférieures. Première édition 1910. 9e édition 1951. Paris : Les Presses universitaires de France, 1951, 474 pages. Polices de caractères utilisée : Pour le texte: Times, 12 points. Pour les citations : Times 10 points. Pour les notes de bas de page : Times, 10 points. Édition électronique réalisée avec le traitement de textes Microsoft Word 2001 pour Macintosh. Mise en page sur papier format LETTRE (US letter), 8.5’’ x 11’’) Édition complétée le 2 juin 2002 à Chicoutimi, Québec. Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (1910), Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inférieures (1re et 2e parties) 3 Table des matières Liste des ouvrages importants de Lévy-Bruhl Introduction I. - Définition sommaire des représentations collectives. - Objet du présent ouvrage. - Ses rapports avec les travaux des sociologues et avec la psychologie con- temporaine II. - Les théories antérieures. - A. Comte et sa doctrine concernant les fonctions mentales supérieures. - La mentalité des primitifs d'après l'ethnographie, l'anthro- pologie, et particulièrement d'après l'école anglaise III. - Postulat communément admis: l'esprit humain est toujours et partout semblable à lui-même. - L'animisme do MM. Tylor et Frazer et de leur école implique ce postulat IV. - Critique de la méthode de cette école. - Exemples tirés de M. Frazer. - 1° Elle n'aboutit qu'au vraisemblable; 2° Elle néglige la nature sociale des faits à expli- quer. - Influence sur cette école de la psychologie associationniste, et de la philoso- phie évolutionniste de Herbert Spencer V. - Idée de types de mentalité différant entre eux comme les types de sociétés. - Insuffisance, pour les déterminer, des documents soit contemporains, soit plus anciens. - Dans quelle mesure et par quels moyens y parer ? Première partie Chapitre I. - Les représentations collectives dans les perceptions des primitifs et leur caractère mystique I. Éléments affectifs et moteurs compris dans les représentations collectives des primitifs. - Propriétés mystiques attribuées aux animaux, aux plantes, aux parties du corps humain, aux êtres inanimés, au sol, à la forme des objets fabriqués. - Persis- tance de cette forme. Danger d'y apporter un changement quelconque. - Les primitifs ne. perçoivent rien comme nous. - Inversion des problèmes traditionnels II. La prédominance des éléments mystiques fait que la perception des primitifs est orientée autrement que la nôtre. - Analyse de la perception qu'ils ont des images et des portraits, des noms, des ombres, des rêves Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (1910), Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inférieures (1re et 2e parties) 4 III. Perceptions réservées à certaines personnes privilégiées. IV. Imperméabilité de la mentalité des primitifs à l'expérience. Caractère à la fois naturel et surnaturel de la réalité qu'ils perçoivent. - Omniprésence des esprits Chapitre II. - La loi de participation I. Difficulté de restituer les liens entre les représentations collectives des primitifs. - Exemples de liaisons étranges pour nous. - Elles ne s'expliquent pas par la simple association des idées, ni par un usage puéril du principe de causalité II. La loi de participation. - Formule approximative de cette loi. - La mentalité primitive est à la fois mystique et prélogique. - Preuve par les représentations collectives relatives aux âmes. - L'animisme de M. Tylor. - Critique de cette théorie. - Le concept d' « âme » est relativement récent III. La loi de participation détermine la représentation collective que le groupe social a de lui-même, des groupes humains ou animaux qui l'entourent. - Elle est impliquée dans les cérémonies intichiuma des Aruntas - dans la représentation collective des êtres mythiques à forme animale - en général dans la représentation collective des rapports entre les hommes et les animaux Chapitre III. - Les opérations de la mentalité prélogique I. Coexistence de l'élément logique et de l'élément prélogique dans la mentalité prélogique. - Cette mentalité est essentiellement synthétique II. Fonctions de la mémoire dans la mentalité prélogique. - Développement qu'elle prend. - Le sens du lieu, le sens de la direction III. L'abstraction et les concepts propres à la mentalité prélogique IV. La généralisation propre à la mentalité prélogique V. Les classifications primitives. - Les notions de mana, wakan, orenda, etc., et les autres représentations collectives du même genre impliquent la loi de participation Deuxième partie Chapitre IV. - La mentalité des primitifs dans ses rapports avec les langues qu'ils parlent I. La catégorie du nombre dans les langues des sociétés inférieures : le duel, le triel, le pluriel Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (1910), Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inférieures (1re et 2e parties) 5 II. Ces langues cherchent à exprimer dans le détail les formes, les positions, les mouvements des êtres et des objets III. Exemple emprunté à la langue des Indiens Klamath. - Extrême abondance des suffixes et des préfixes. Leurs fonctions IV. Usage d'un langage par gestes dans un grand nombre de sociétés Inférieures - Parallélisme entre ce langage et le langage vocal. - Les Lautbilder V. Richesse et pauvreté du vocabulaire dans les langues des primitifs, correspondant à leur manière d'abstraire et de généraliser VI. Puissance mystique des mots. - Langues spéciales à certaines circonstances ou à certaines classes de personnes. - Langues sacrées Chapitre V. - La mentalité prélogique dans ses rapports avec la numération I. Procédés par lesquels la mentalité prélogique supplée au défaut de noms de nombre, quand elle ne compte pas au delà de deux ou trois. - La numération concrète II. Le nombre ne se sépare pas d'abord des objets nombrés. - Parfois les séries de noms de nombre varient comme les classes d'objets à compter. - Les explétifs (classifiers) - Un même mot peut désigner successivement plusieurs nombres III. Il n'y a pas à chercher sur quelle base là primitifs établissent leurs systèmes de numération, ni s'il existe une base naturelle. - Le système de numération dépend des représentations collectives du groupe social et des participations que ces représentations impliquent IV. Puissance mystique des nombres. - Critique de la théorie d'Usener. - Valeurs mystiques des nombres 4, 5, 6, 7, etc. - Les nombres mystiques dans les textes védiques. - Réponse à une objection Troisième partie Chapitre VI. – Institutions où sont Impliquées des représentations collectives régies par la loi de participation I. La chasse. - Actions mystiques exercées sur le gibier (danses, jeûnes, incantations, etc.) pour le faire venir, pour le paralyser, pour l'aveugler. - Actions mystiques exercées sur le chasseur. - Interdictions imposées à lui et aux siens, - Cérémonies pour apaiser l'esprit du gibier abattu II. La pêche. - Actions mystiques exercées sur le poisson (danses, jeûnes, incantations, etc.) pour en assurer la présence, pour le faire entrer dans les filets. - Actions mystiques exercées sur le pêcheur. - Interdictions imposées à lui et aux siens. - Cérémonies expiatoires et propitiatoires après la pêche Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (1910), Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inférieures (1re et 2e parties) 6 III. Cérémonies analogues relatives à la guerre IV. Cérémonies ayant pour objet d'assurer la régularité de l'ordre naturel. - Cérémonies intichiuma des Aruntas. - Relation mystique entre le groupe totémique et son totem V. La couvade. - Participation entre l'enfant et son père et sa mère. - Pratiques relatives à la grossesse, à l'accouchement, à la première enfance. - Persistance de cette participation même au moment de l'initiation Chapitre VII. – Institutions où sont impliquées des représentations collectives régies par la loi de participation (suite) I. La maladie. - Elle est toujours produite par l'action d'un ,esprit sous des formes variées. - Le diagnostic consiste essentiellement à découvrir cet esprit. - Le traitement est surtout mystique : action d'un esprit sur un esprit. - Formules médicales des Cherokees. - Classifications des maladies II. La mort. - Elle n'est jamais « naturelle ». - Double sens ,de cette expression. - Pratiques. divinatoires pour découvrir l'autour responsable de la mort, et dans quelle direction il faut le rechercher. - Juxta hoc, ergo propter hoc III. La divination. - Elle est un moyen de découvrir des participations latentes eu cachées. -Signification divinatoire des jeux. - La magie sympathique Chapitre VIII. – Institutions où sont
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