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Farmer Perceptions and Genetic Studies of Rosette Disease in Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) in Northern Mozambique by Amade

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Farmer Perceptions and Genetic Studies of Rosette Disease in Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) in Northern Mozambique by Amade Farmer perceptions and genetic studies of rosette disease in groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) in northern Mozambique By Amade Muitia MSc. Crop Science (Plant Breeding) (Texas Tech University, USA) BSc. Crop Science (Agronomy) (Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Plant Breeding African Centre for Crop Improvement School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Republic of South Africa December 2011 THESIS ABSTRACT Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important food and cash crop in Mozambique and production has been constrained by lack of high-yielding cultivars and disease infection. Objectives of this study were: 1) to identify farmers’ major groundnut production constraints and their preferences for cultivars; 2) to determine genotypic variation among landraces for agro-morphological traits and resistance to groundnut rosette disease; 3) to determine agronomic performance and resistance to groundnut rosette disease among advanced groundnut lines; and 4) to determine the inheritance of resistance to groundnut rosette disease. The study was conducted in northern Mozambique from 2008/2009 to 2010/2011. In attempt to identify farmers’ major groundnut production constraints and their preferences in cultivars, a participatory rural appraisal (PRA) was conducted in Namuno and Erati districts in northern Mozambique. Results from the PRA showed that farmers were aware of the constraints affecting groundnut production and productivity in the study area. The major constraints included groundnut rosette disease, insect pests, lack of seeds and improved cultivars, low soil fertility and lack of infra-structure. Groundnut rosette disease was ranked the most important constraint, and it was widespread in the region. Selection criterion for groundnut cultivars used by women differed from that used by men within village and across villages. However, high yield and oil content were the most important traits preferred by farmers followed by pod and seed size, earliness, disease and insect pest resistance. Fifty-eight groundnut landraces were collected from northern Mozambique (Nampula, Cabo Delgado, Niassa and Zambezia) and evaluated for variation in agro-morphological traits and resistance to groundnut rosette disease. The landraces showed high phenotypic diversity in agro-morphological traits. Clustering by nearest neighbour method indicated that the genotypes could be grouped into six clusters, indicating that agro-morphological diversity exists. The highest yielding genotypes were Pambara-4, Pambara-2, Pambara-6, Ile-1, Imponge-1-Tom and Gile-5. There was considerable genetic variability for resistance to groundnut rosette disease among the landraces. Four landraces (PAN-4, Imponge-4, Pambara-3, Metarica Joao) were classified as resistant. No significant correlation was observed between seed yield and groundnut rosette incidence. ii Thirty-two improved lines were evaluated for performance in two growing seasons across three locations in northern Mozambique (Nampula, Namapa and Mapupulo). The results indicated that the highest yielding genotype was 23A and the highest yielding location was Namapa. There was a significant and negative correlation between seed yield and groundnut rosette disease indicating that the seed yield was negatively influenced by the disease. The results on stability analysis indicated that genotype 35B was the most stable across environments since it had coefficient of regression around unity (bi=1.024), high coefficient of determination (R 2=0.999), and small variance deviation (var-dev=162.8), and 13 % above average seed yield. It is, therefore, concluded that genotype 35A could be recommended for cultivation on diverse environments of northern Mozambique. A trial was conducted using the parents and F 2 populations derived from a 7 X 7 diallel cross. The test materials were infected with groundnut rosette disease using the spreader-row technique. The results indicated that no genotype was immune to disease. The mean squares due to both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were significant indicating that additive and non-additive gene actions were involved in the expression of resistance to groundnut rosette disease. The general predictability ratio (GCA:SCA) was 0.97, indicating the predominance of additive over non-additive gene action in the inheritance of the disease. The study also found that groundnut rosette disease was controlled by two recessive genes. However, some genetic modifiers may also be present and influence disease expression. In general, the study revealed that breeding opportunities do exist, incorporating farmers preferred traits and major groundnut production constraints into new groundnut cultivars. Improving cultivars for resistance to groundnut rosette disease will be a major breeding focus, while selection for other traits and constraints will not be ignored. Resistance has been identified from local landraces. Advanced lines with high yields across environments were identified that can be recommended for release. The high significant additive effects observed for groundnut rosette disease implied genetic advance could be effective in the F 2 and later generations through selection, although modifiers could slow the progress. iii DECLARATION I, Amade Muitia, declare that: 1. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original research. 2. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. 3. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. 4. This thesis does not contain other persons' writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a. Their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced b. Where their exact words have been used, then their writing has been placed in italics and inside quotation marks, and referenced. 5. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the references sections. Signed: ………………………………………………………………….....…………………….. Amade Muitia As the candidate’s supervisors, we agree to the submission of this thesis: ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Dr. Githiri Mwangi (Supervisor) ………………………………………..…………………………………………………… Prof. Mark Laing (Co-Supervisor) iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks and prayers go to all the wonderful people who directly or indirectly made this study a reality. It would be impossible for me to list all these people on one page. For those not listed here, I have not forgotten you. First, I would like to express my thanks to Dr. Githiri Mwangi, my supervisor, for accepting me as his student. It was a challenge for him to supervise a student whose English is even not a third language. Through his wisdom and guidance, the language barrier was overcome and I am deeply indebted to him. My appreciation goes to Professor Mark Laing and Dr. Steve Boahen, co-supervisor and in-country supervisor, respectively, who devoted their time and knowledge to helping me on this journey. I also like to thank Dr. Julia Sibiya, who dedicated her time and gave me a lot of insights about data analysis and data presentation. My gratitude goes to Dr. Emmanuel Monyo, plant breeder in charge of the groundnut regional breeding program at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)-Malawi, for providing the germplasm used in the genetic study. My thanks also go to all the members of academic and administrative staff at the African Centre for Crop Improvement (ACCI) for their support during my work. I also wish to acknowledge Mrs. Jacinta de Carvalho, technician in the groundnut breeding program at Nampula Research Station, Mozambique. Jacinta was in charge of all field work, and she guaranteed that it was done on time. My gratitude goes to my fellow 2007 COHORT members: Margaret, Patrick, Tulole, Vincent, Robert and Abush, who helped me overcome rough times and encouraged me to continue with the journey. I would like to express my gratitude to The Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) for making this study possible through provision of funding. I would like to thank the Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique (IIAM), Northeast Zone Center (CZnd) for hosting me during the three years of field work, and the University of KwaZulu-Natal for accepting me as graduate student. Finally, I wish to express my deep appreciation to my parents, sister and wife and particularly to my two girls, Clidemia and Edmonia, who inspired me to pursue a PhD degree. v DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to people closest to me who have always believed in me: my daughters (Clidemia and Edmonia), my sister (Julieta Miliano) and my late parents (Miliano Muitia and Aina Faquihi). vi TABLE OF CONTENTS THESIS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. ii DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .........................................................................................................
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