DOCSLIB.ORG

Creating Markets in Mozambique

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

COUNTRY PRIVATE SECTOR DIAGNOSTIC CREATING MARKETS IN MOZAMBIQUE A study conducted by the World Bank Group in partnership with SIDA June 2021 About IFC IFC—a sister organization of the World Bank and member of the World Bank Group—is the largest global development institution focused on the private sector in emerging markets. We work with more than 2,000 businesses worldwide, using our capital, expertise, and influence to create markets and opportunities where they are needed most. In fiscal year 2019, we delivered more than $19 billion in long-term financing for developing countries, leveraging the power of the private sector to end extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity. For more information, visit www.ifc.org © International Finance Corporation 2021. All rights reserved. 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 www.ifc.org The material in this work is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. IFC does not guarantee the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the content included in this work, or for the conclusions or judgments described herein, and accepts no responsibility or liability for any omissions or errors (including, without limitation, typographical errors and technical errors) in the content whatsoever or for reliance thereon. The findings, interpretations, views, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the International Finance Corporation or of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank) or the governments they represent. Cover Photos: FNDS-Mozbio ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Mozambique Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD) was prepared by a team led by Francisco Campos, Denny Lewis-Bynoe, and Michélle Souto. The team included Ruben Barreto, Mario Brataj, Amy Jane Chamberlain, Adriana Conconi, Rachita Daga, Philippe De Bonneval, Jakob Engel, Guilherme Falco, Elena Gaffurini, Federico Guido Lavalle, Luciana Harrington, Ulla Heher, Ianifa Imbate, Simeão Lopes, Zeferino Martins, Ana Ruth Menezes, Sneha Mehta, João Moura, Vasco Nunes, Ivan Remane, Federica Ricaldi, Natsuko Toba, Bradley Weiss, Eva Clemente Miranda, Celine Jialing Lim, and Anne Ytreland. Administrative support was provided by Adelia Chebeia and Brigida Tchamo. The team gratefully acknowledges the leadership and guidance of Mona Haddad, Kevin Njiraini, Mark Lundell, Asad Alam, Hector Gomez Ang, Katia Daude, Carolin Geginat, Raymond Bourdeaux, Lisa Kaestner, Sebastian Molineus, Douglas Pearce, Sebastien Dessus, and Dahlia Khalifa. The team is grateful for the comments provided by the peer reviewers: Mazen Bouri, John Gabriel Goddard, Shireen Mahdi, Ganesh Rasagam, and Markus Scheuermaier. The team benefited from suggestions and comments from various colleagues, including Pedro Arlindo, Aniceto Bila, Michel Botzung, Sandra Boumah, Thomas Buckley, Julian Casal, Fernanda Chivulele, Pierre di Borgo, Anna Carlotta Massingue, Eva Clemente Miranda, Samuel Dzotefe, Ankur Huria, Ricardo Mota, Kenneth Osei, Maria João Pateguana, Norman Piccioni, Tiago Peixoto, Albert Pijuan, Zayra Romo, Heba Shamseldin, Samuel Taffesse, Neelam Verjee, and Fred Zake. The team would like to express gratitude for the excellent contributions of the Mozambique public and private sector representatives met during the preparation of this report. The team would also like to thank other development partners for their insights to the study. iii iv CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS VIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1. COUNTRY CONTEXT 17 2. STATE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR 25 3. DRIVERS OF PRIVATE SECTOR–LED GROWTH 31 3.1. Upstream Linkages to Megaprojects 32 Extractive Industries with Planned Megaprojects in Mozambique 33 Realistic Supplier Development Opportunities 34 Potential Sectors in Mozambique and Their Current Status 35 Constraints 39 Lessons from Local and International Experiences 44 Recommendations 48 3.2. Agribusiness 50 Approaches to Develop the Sector 51 Main Value Chains 57 Constraints 64 Recommendations 67 3.3. Tourism 69 Economic Contribution of Tourism 69 Opportunities for Growth 71 Constraints on Investment and Growth 73 Recommendations 77 3.4. Housing Construction 80 Sector Performance and Issues 80 Opportunities 87 Recommendations 89 3.5. Connectivity: Transport and Logistics 91 Trends 91 Market Structure and Opportunities 96 Constraints 101 Recommendations 106 3.6. Energy 108 Trends and Opportunity 108 Constraints 112 Recommendations 115 v 4. CROSS-CUTTING CONSTRAINTS TO PRIVATE SECTOR GROWTH 117 4.1. Skills 118 Current Situation: Firm-Level Practices Regarding Employees’ Skills 118 Demand for Extractives 122 Supply of Human Resources 124 Recommendations 131 4.2. Investment Policy and Promotion 134 Benchmarking Mozambique’s Legal and Regulatory Framework 134 Overview of the Institutional and Regulatory Framework and Existing Gaps 135 Nationwide Barriers to Investment Entry 137 Barriers to Investment in Mozambique’s Special Economic Zones 140 Gaps in the Investment Protection Framework 141 Recommendations 144 4.3. Market and Competition Policy 146 Lack of Competitive Neutrality between Firms—SOEs in Markets 146 Restrictive Sector Regulations That Prevent Entry, Foster Collusion, and Discriminate 149 Recommendations 153 REFERENCES 155 APPENDIX Appendix A Other Sectors with Potential 165 A.1. Downstream Linkages to Extractive Industries 165 Description of the downstream opportunities 166 Other opportunities to be explored 168 Constraints to development and areas of critical work 170 Other experiences with downstream links in the gas sector 171 Recommendations 172 A.2. Financial Sector 174 Current status 174 Constraints in access to finance by private firms 178 Recommendations 179 A.3. Forestry 181 Why forests and the forestry sector matter 181 Current forestry use and development trends 182 Opportunities 184 Constraints 185 Recommendations 188 A.4. Fisheries 190 Performance and trends 190 Opportunities 192 Constraints 195 Recommendations 198 vi Appendix B Other Cross-Cutting Constraints 199 B.1. Regulatory Environment (and Trade Policy) 199 B.2. Governance 203 B.3. Labor Regulations 206 B.4. Land Policy Constraints 214 B.5. Macrofiscal Constraints 216 Appendix C Other Tables and Figures 218 Appendix D CPSD: Review of Methodology and Selection of Sectors of Focus 226 NOTE 229 vii ABBREVIATIONS ADIN Development Agency for the North (Agência do Desenvolvimento Integrado do Norte) ADVZ Zambezi Valley Development Agency (Agência de Desenvolvimento do Vale do Zambeze) ANAC National Administration of Conservation Areas (Administração Nacional das Áreas de Conservação); ANE National Roads Administration (Administração Nacional de Estradas); APIEX Investment and Exports Promotion Agency (Agência de Promoção de Investimento e Exportações) ASWJ Al Sunna wa Jamma’ah (Cabo Delgado) BIT bilateral investment treaty Btu British thermal unit CA conservation area CAHF Centre for Affordable Housing Finance in Africa CFM Mozambique Railway Company (Caminhos de Ferro de Moçambique) CPSD Country Private Sector Diagnostic CSA Agriculture Services Centers (Centros de Serviços Agrários) CTT Central Térmica de Temane EDM Electricity Utility (Electricidade de Moçambique) EPC engineering, procurement, and construction ESHS environmental, security, and health and safety FDI federal direct investment FFH Housing Promotion Fund (Fundo para o Fomento de Habitação) FID final investment decision fintech financial technology GDP gross domestic product ICT information and communication technology ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund viii ABBREVIATIONS INATUR National Tourism Institute (Instituto Nacional do Turismo) INNOQ National Institute of Standardization and Quality (Instituto Nacional de Normalização e Qualidade) IPEME Institute for Promotion of Small and Medium Enterprises (Instituto para a Promoção das Pequenas e Médias Empresas) IPP independent power producer KPI key performance indicator LCR local contente requirement LNG liquefied natural gas MADER Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Ministério da Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural) MCTESEP Ministry of Science and Technology, Higher, Technical and Professional Education (Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia, Ensino Superior e Técnico Profissional) MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance (Ministério da Economia e Finanças) MIC Ministry of Industry and Commerce (Ministério da Industria e Comércio) MICE meetings, incentives, conferences, and exhibitions MICULTUR Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Ministério da Cultura e Turismo) MINT Ministry of Interior (Ministério do Interior) MINEC Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros e Cooperação) MIREME Ministry of Mineral Resources and Energy (Ministério dos Recursos Minerais e Energia) MISAU Ministry of Health (Ministério da Saúde) MITA Ministry of Land and Environment (Ministério da Terra e Ambiente) MJCR Ministry of Justice, Constitutional and Religious Affairs (Ministério da Justiça, Assuntos Constitucionais e Religiosos) MOPHRH Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources (Ministério de Obras Públicas, Habitação e Recursos Hidricos) MTC Ministry of Transport and Communication (Ministério dos Transportes e Comunicações) PPA power purchase agreement PPP public-private partnership ix MOZAMBIQUE COUNTRY PRIVATE SECTOR DIAGNOSTIC SADC Southern Africa Development Community SEJE Secretary of State for Youth and Employment
Recommended publications
  • Jentzsch 2018 T

    Jentzsch 2018 T

    https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl License: Article 25fa pilot End User Agreement This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act (Auteurswet) with explicit consent by the author. Dutch law entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. This publication is distributed under The Association of Universities in the Netherlands (VSNU) ‘Article 25fa implementation’ pilot project. In this pilot research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website.
  • Natural Gas in East Africa: Domestic and Regional Use Usua U

    Natural Gas in East Africa: Domestic and Regional Use Usua U

    The Stanford Natural Gas Initiative Natural Gas in East Africa: Domestic and Regional Use Usua U. Amanam Pre-symposium white paper for: Reducing Energy Poverty with Natural Gas: Changing Political, Business, and Technology Paradigms May 9 & 10, 2017 Stanford University, CA Natural Gas in East Africa: Domestic and Regional Use Usua U. Amanam* April 2017 1 Introduction The world’s natural gas demand is projected to grow by 50% [1] by 2040, with much of that driven by developing regions like non-OECD Asia and Africa [2]. Africa’s natural gas demand, in particular, is anticipated to grow by more than a factor of two [3]. Be- cause natural gas is relatively cheap and abundant as a result of advances in technology, it plays a large role in shaping how countries plan to meet their rising energy needs. East Africa is a region that has benefited greatly from improvements in exploration and drilling techniques [4]. The large discoveries of natural gas in offshore Mozambique and Tanzania will contribute to meeting the rapidly growing worldwide energy demand while also serving as an effective energy solution in a region whose per capita power consump- tion is less than that needed to continuously power a 50-watt lightbulb [5]. Figure 1: Africa’s natural gas consumption by end-use sector, 2012-2040 (trillion cubic feet) [3] . Both countries stand to benefit and can become regional energy hubs1 if the gas and money generated from fields is properly allocated and invested. Since 2000, two out of every three dollars put into the Sub-Saharan Africa energy sector have been committed to the development of resources for export [5].
  • Projectos De Energias Renováveis Recursos Hídrico E Solar

    Projectos De Energias Renováveis Recursos Hídrico E Solar

    FUNDO DE ENERGIA Energia para todos para Energia CARTEIRA DE PROJECTOS DE ENERGIAS RENOVÁVEIS RECURSOS HÍDRICO E SOLAR RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS PORTFÓLIO HYDRO AND SOLAR RESOURCES Edition nd 2 2ª Edição July 2019 Julho de 2019 DO POVO DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS NM ISO 9001:2008 FUNDO DE ENERGIA CARTEIRA DE PROJECTOS DE ENERGIAS RENOVÁVEIS RECURSOS HÍDRICO E SOLAR RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS PORTFOLIO HYDRO AND SOLAR RESOURCES FICHA TÉCNICA COLOPHON Título Title Carteira de Projectos de Energias Renováveis - Recurso Renewable Energy Projects Portfolio - Hydro and Solar Hídrico e Solar Resources Redação Drafting Divisão de Estudos e Planificação Studies and Planning Division Coordenação Coordination Edson Uamusse Edson Uamusse Revisão Revision Filipe Mondlane Filipe Mondlane Impressão Printing Leima Impressões Originais, Lda Leima Impressões Originais, Lda Tiragem Print run 300 Exemplares 300 Copies Propriedade Property FUNAE – Fundo de Energia FUNAE – Energy Fund Publicação Publication 2ª Edição 2nd Edition Julho de 2019 July 2019 CARTEIRA DE PROJECTOS DE RENEWABLE ENERGY ENERGIAS RENOVÁVEIS PROJECTS PORTFOLIO RECURSOS HÍDRICO E SOLAR HYDRO AND SOLAR RESOURCES PREFÁCIO PREFACE O acesso universal a energia em 2030 será uma realidade no País, Universal access to energy by 2030 will be reality in this country, mercê do “Programa Nacional de Energia para Todos” lançado por thanks to the “National Energy for All Program” launched by Sua Excia Filipe Jacinto Nyusi, Presidente da República de Moçam- His Excellency Filipe Jacinto Nyusi, President of the
  • Deep‐Water Dunes on Drowned Isolated Carbonate Terraces

    Deep‐Water Dunes on Drowned Isolated Carbonate Terraces

    1 Sedimentology Article In Press Archimer https://archimer.ifremer.fr Acceptation date : 2018 https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12572 https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00472/58418/ Deep-water dunes on drowned isolated carbonate terraces (Mozambique Channel, south-west Indian Ocean) Miramontes Elda 1, *, Jorry Stephan 2, Jouet Gwenael 2, Counts John 3, Courgeon Simon 4, Roy Philippe 1, Guerin Charline 2, Hernández-Molina F. Javier 5 1 UMR6538; CNRS-UBO; IUEM; Laboratoire Géosciences Océan; 29280 Plouzané, France 2 IFREMER; Géosciences Marines; 29280 Plouzané ,France 3 School of Earth Sciences; University College Dublin; Belfield, Dublin 4 ,Ireland 4 University of Geneva; Department of Earth Sciences; 1205 Geneva, Switzerland 5 Department of Earth Sciences; Royal Holloway; University of London; Egham Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom * Corresponding author : Elda Miramontes, email address : [email protected] Abstract : Subaqueous sand dunes are common bedforms on continental shelves dominated by tidal and geostrophic currents. However, much less is known about sand dunes in deep‐marine settings that are affected by strong bottom currents. In this study, dune fields were identified on drowned isolated carbonate platforms in the Mozambique Channel (south‐west Indian Ocean). The acquired data include multibeam bathymetry, multi‐channel high‐resolution seismic reflection data, sea floor imagery, a sediment sample and current measurements from a moored current meter and hull‐mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler. The dunes are located at water depths ranging from 200 to 600 m on the slope terraces of a modern atoll (Bassas da India Atoll) and within small depressions formed during tectonic deformation of drowned carbonate platforms (Sakalaves Seamount and Jaguar Bank).
  • Mozambique 2019 EITI Report English

    Mozambique 2019 EITI Report English

    Independent Report of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative Year 2019 Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative │I2A Consultoria e Serviços Index Limitation of the Scope ................................................................................................................... 6 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................ 7 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... 11 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 13 1.1 Scope of Work and Methodology .......................................................................................... 13 1.2 Brief description of the 2019 Standard ................................................................................. 15 Profile of Mozambique .................................................................................................................. 20 Requirement 2 - Legal framework and tax regime, including the allocation of licenses and agreements ........................................................................................................................................... 23 3.1 Legal framework and fiscal regime (Requirement 2.1) ......................................................... 23 3.1.1 Main legal instruments .................................................................................................
  • Dugong Aerial Survey Report Bazaruto Archipelago National Park

    Dugong Aerial Survey Report Bazaruto Archipelago National Park

    FINAL Dugong Aerial Survey Report May 25-29, 2008 Bazaruto Archipelago National Park Inhambane Province, Mozambique World Wide Fund for Nature December 2008 Prepared by: Jane A Provancha and Eric D. Stolen Dynamac Corporation Kennedy Space Center, FL, U.S.A 1 Introduction: The World Wide Fund for Nature is actively involved with stakeholders in the conservation planning and implementation for the Bazaruto Archipelago National Marine Park in the Inhambane province of Mozambique, east Africa. Several species of regional and global importance are known to inhabit this area including dugongs (Dugong dugon). These marine mammals are members of the order Sirenia (manatees and dugongs) all species of which are listed by the IUCN as either threatened or endangered. Dugongs are represented by only one species and while they are abundant along the coasts of Indonesia and Australia they are in apparent decline along the east African coast. Various reports have lead to the suggestion that Western Indian Ocean dugongs may now remain in only small numbers in areas of Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar, Seychelles, and the Comoros archipelago. Dugongs found in the Bazaruto Archipelago, Mozambique are considered to be the only viable dugong population within the entire Western Indian Ocean (Marsh et al. 2006, Dutton 1994). Cockcroft et al. (2008) reviewed recent records and indicated that few dugongs occur elsewhere on the Mozambique coast. An aerial census in May 2001 of the Bazaruto National Park and the eastern islands conducted by (Mackie/WWF 2001) found dugongs distributed throughout the northern, central and south areas of the Archipelago between Bazaruto Island and the mainland.
  • Mozambique Weekly Report Is Currently Being Distributed to Over 30 Embassies, 45 Non-Governmental Organisations and 677 Businesses and Individuals in Mozambique

    Mozambique Weekly Report Is Currently Being Distributed to Over 30 Embassies, 45 Non-Governmental Organisations and 677 Businesses and Individuals in Mozambique

    WEEKLY MEDIA REVIEW: 22 JANUARY TO 29 JANUARY 2016 www.rhula.net Managing Editor: Nigel Morgan Mozambique’s LNG projects are located in a remote area and could be a target for attackers (see page 45 for more). Rhula Intelligent Solutions is a Private Risk Management Company servicing multinational companies, non-governmental organisations and private clients operating in Mozambique. The Rhula Mozambique Weekly Report is currently being distributed to over 30 embassies, 45 non-governmental organisations and 677 businesses and individuals in Mozambique. For additional information or services please contact: Joe van der Walt David Barske Operations Director Operational Coordinator Mobile (SA): +27 79 516 8710 Mobile (SA): +27 76 691 8934 Mobile (Moz): +258 826 780 038 Mobile (Moz): +258 84 689 5140 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Disclaimer: The information contained in this report is intended to provide general information on a particular subject or subjects. While all reasonable steps are taken to ensure the accuracy and the integrity of information and date transmitted electronically and to preserve the confidentiality thereof, no liability or responsibility whatsoever is accepted by us should information or date for whatever reason or cause be corrupted or fail to reach its intended destination. It is not an exhaustive document on such subject(s), nor does it create a business or professional services relationship. The information contained herein is not intended to constitute professional advice or services. The material discussed is meant to provide general information, and should not be acted on without obtaining professional advice appropriately tailored to your individual needs.
  • Mozambique 2017-2018 EITI Report English

    Mozambique 2017-2018 EITI Report English

    8th Report Years 2017 and 2018 28.02.2020 Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative │I2A Consultoria e Serviços Contents Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................11 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................12 1.1 Scope of Work and Methodology ..........................................................................................13 1.2 Brief description of the 2016 Standard ..................................................................................14 2 Profile of Mozambique ...................................................................................................................17 2.1 Description of the Extractive Industry ....................................................................................21 2.2 Mining Area ............................................................................................................................22 2.3 Hydrocarbon Area ..................................................................................................................24 3 Legal and Regulatory Framework ...................................................................................................27 3.1 Main legal instruments ..........................................................................................................27 3.2 Mozambique Tax System .......................................................................................................30
  • Mozambique Channel, South-West Indian Ocean) E

    Mozambique Channel, South-West Indian Ocean) E

    Deep-water dunes on drowned isolated carbonate terraces (Mozambique Channel, south-west Indian Ocean) E. Miramontes, S.J. Jorry, G. Jouet, J.W. Counts, S. Courgeon, P. Le Roy, C. Guerin, F.J. Hernández-Molina To cite this version: E. Miramontes, S.J. Jorry, G. Jouet, J.W. Counts, S. Courgeon, et al.. Deep-water dunes on drowned isolated carbonate terraces (Mozambique Channel, south-west Indian Ocean). Sedimentology, 2019, 66 (4), pp.1222-1242. 10.1111/sed.12572. hal-02944583 HAL Id: hal-02944583 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02944583 Submitted on 12 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Sedimentology Article In Press Archimer https://archimer.ifremer.fr Acceptation date : 2018 https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12572 https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00472/58418/ Deep-water dunes on drowned isolated carbonate terraces (Mozambique Channel, south-west Indian Ocean) Miramontes Elda 1, *, Jorry Stephan 2, Jouet Gwenael 2, Counts John 3, Courgeon Simon 4, Roy Philippe 1, Guerin Charline 2, Hernández-Molina F. Javier 5 1 UMR6538; CNRS-UBO;
  • Implementation Strategies to Increase Access and Demand of Long-Lasting

    Implementation Strategies to Increase Access and Demand of Long-Lasting

    Arroz et al. Malar J (2017) 16:429 DOI 10.1186/s12936-017-2086-3 Malaria Journal RESEARCH Open Access Implementation strategies to increase access and demand of long‑lasting insecticidal nets: a before‑and‑after study and scale‑up process in Mozambique Jorge A. H. Arroz1*, Chandana Mendis1, Liliana Pinto1, Baltazar Candrinho2, João Pinto3 and Maria do Rosário O. Martins3 Abstract Background: The universal coverage bed nets campaign is a proven health intervention promoting increased access, ownership, and use of bed nets to reduce malaria burden. This article describes the intervention and imple- mentation strategies that Mozambique carried out recently in order to improve access and increase demand for long- lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Methods: A before-and-after study with a control group was used during Stage I of the implementation process. The following strategies were tested in Stage I: (1) use of coupons during household registration; (2) use of stickers to identify the registered households; (3) new LLIN ascription formula (one LLIN for every two people). In Stage II, the following additional strategies were implemented: (4) mapping and micro-planning; (5) training; and (6) supervision. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confdence interval (CI) were used to compare and establish diferences between intervened and control districts in Stage I. Main outcomes were: percentage of LLINs distributed, percentage of target house- holds benefted. Results: In Stage I, 87.8% (302,648) of planned LLINs were distributed in the intervention districts compared to 77.1% (219,613) in the control districts [OR: 2.14 (95% CI 2.11–2.16)].
  • From Hunger to Food Insecurity

    From Hunger to Food Insecurity

    From hunger 13. to food insecurity: technocracy and sustainability Virgínia Henriques Calado 318 the diverse worlds of sustainability introduction This paper is an anthropological contribution to a theoretical, conceptual, and methodological discussion of the concepts of food (in)security. The decision to focus on these concepts is related to their relationship with sustainability issues and also to the fact that they are of fundamental importance in the evaluation of the nutritional status and food situation of different individuals and populations. The fact that the notions of food (in)security are at present indispensable to conduct research on issues such as adequate food, satisfaction, or deprivation of food, also justifies the attention devoted to it in this text. Moreover, the circumstance that the concepts of food (in)security give rise to relevant studies, arguments, and narratives that are used by different actors (intergovernmental structures, governments, industry, farmers, popula­ tions…), for purposes not always convergent, is another reason to pay attention to this topic. Taking also into account that food (in)security assessments mostly produced by experts are at the origin of programmes and measures through which public policies are implemented, the attention to these concepts is justified even more. Key concepts in the construction of discourses on food scarcity, production, and quality, which are drawn up by the United Nations, states, and other actors, are appropriated by different entities and can be used in different ways. They may appear, for example, to support political positions about forms of agriculture that are mainly focused on the quantity of foods produced and on intensive and extensive forms of agricultural production than on the protection of small farmers.
  • Cowry Shell Money and Monsoon Trade: the Maldives in Past Globalizations

    Cowry Shell Money and Monsoon Trade: the Maldives in Past Globalizations

    Cowry Shell Money and Monsoon Trade: The Maldives in Past Globalizations Mirani Litster Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The Australian National University 2016 To the best of my knowledge the research presented in this thesis is my own except where the work of others has been acknowledged. This thesis has not previously been submitted in any form for any other degree at this or any other university. Mirani Litster -CONTENTS- Contents Abstract xv Acknowledgements xvi Chapter One — Introduction and Scope 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 An Early Global Commodity: Cowry Shell Money 4 1.2.1 Extraction in the Maldives 6 1.2.2 China 8 1.2.3 India 9 1.2.4 Mainland Southeast Asia 9 1.2.5 West and East Africa 10 1.3 Previous Perspectives and Frameworks: The Indian Ocean 11 and Early Globalization 1.4 Research Aims 13 1.5 Research Background and Methodology 15 1.6 Thesis Structure 16 Chapter Two — Past Globalizations: Defining Concepts and 18 Theories 2.1 Introduction 18 2.2 Defining Globalization 19 2.3 Theories of Globalization 21 2.3.1 World Systems Theory 21 2.3.2 Theories of Global Capitalism 24 2.3.3 The Network Society 25 2.3.4 Transnationality and Transnationalism 26 2.3.5 Cultural Theories of Globalization 26 2.4 Past Globalizations and Archaeology 27 2.4.1 Globalization in the Past: Varied Approaches 28 i -CONTENTS- 2.4.2 Identifying Past Globalizations in the Archaeological 30 Record 2.5 Summary 32 Chapter Three — Periods of Indian Ocean Interaction 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Defining the Physical Parameters 34 3.2.1