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Pathophysiological Mechanisms Complement in Immune And Complement in Immune and Inflammatory Disorders: Pathophysiological Mechanisms Daniel Ricklin and John D. Lambris This information is current as J Immunol 2013; 190:3831-3838; ; of September 29, 2021. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203487 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/190/8/3831 Downloaded from References This article cites 85 articles, 17 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/190/8/3831.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. http://www.jimmunol.org/ • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average by guest on September 29, 2021 Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2013 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. Complement in Immune and Inflammatory Disorders: Pathophysiological Mechanisms Daniel Ricklin and John D. Lambris Although acute or chronic inflammation is a common vation can tip the balance between health and disease and lead component of many clinical disorders, the underlying to self-attack of host cells (1–3). In the worst case, a vicious processes can be highly distinct. In recent years, the cycle between tissue damage, complement activation, and complement system has been associated with a growing immune attack perpetually re-creates inflammatory stim- number of immunological and inflammatory condi- ulators rather than resolving them. In view of this upstream tions that include degenerative diseases, cancer, and trans- position in inflammatory homeostasis, there is growing in- plant rejection. It becomes evident that excessive activa- terest in understanding the role of complement in patholog- tion or insufficient control of complement activation ical processes and in exploiting complement targets for Downloaded from on host cells can cause an immune imbalance that may therapeutic modulation (3, 4). Fortunately, our knowledge fuel a vicious cycle between complement, inflammatory about the functions of complement in health and disease has cells, and tissue damage that exacerbates clinical com- much improved, and new discoveries have revealed a fasci- nating cross-talk network that ties complement closely into plications. Although the exact involvement of comple- the immune-inflammatory network (1, 5). In this review we ment needs to be carefully investigated for each dis- provide an update on complement and its dialog with asso- http://www.jimmunol.org/ ease, therapeutic modulation of complement activity ciated systems, discuss major disease areas, and indicate op- emerges as an attractive target for upstream inhibition portunities for therapeutic intervention (see the accompanying of inflammatory processes. This review provides an up- Brief Review in Ref. 6 for more). date about the functional and collaborative capabilities of complement, highlights major disease areas with known Complement beyond microbial defense complement contribution, and indicates the potential The past decade revealed a new perception of complement for complement as a focal point in immunomodulatory that reaches beyond the elimination of pathogens and in- cludes key functions in immune surveillance, homeostasis, strategies for treating inflammatory diseases. The by guest on September 29, 2021 Journal of Immunology, 2013, 190: 3831–3838. and mediation of inflammatory responses (1, 2). The hublike organization of complement and its cell surface–directed ac- tion (Fig. 1), involving some 50 constituents such as pattern- nflammation is a recognized hallmark of disease, yet the recognition molecules (PRM), protein components, pro- knowledge about underlying mechanisms that shape the teases, regulators, and cell surface receptors, is essential for I inflammatory response and its resolution has been largely adjusting the complement response to different triggers (Fig. extended in recent years. Given the classic perception of 2A). When faced with foreign intruders, binding of PRM complement as defense system against microbial intruders, it to molecular surface patterns can trigger distinct initiation may appear surprising that this ancient pillar of innate im- pathways. In the classical pathway (CP), this is mainly me- munity was identified as a contributor in various inflamma- diated by binding of the C1 complex, consisting of the PRM tory pathologies. Yet it has become evident that complement C1q and the proteases C1r and C1s, to Ig patches on the not only acts as a sensor of pathogens but also recognizes dis- pathogen. In the lectin pathway (LP), microbial carbohydrates eased and damaged host cells, and it closely collaborates with are recognized by mannose-binding lectin (MBL) or ficolins other immune and defense systems to eliminate potential danger in complex with MBL-associated serine proteases (MASP). (1, 2). This interplay serves as a vital triage system that tailors Through activation of C2 and C4, both pathways lead to the immune response according to the threat level. However, theassemblyofC3convertasecomplexes, which cleave the insufficient, excessive, or poorly controlled complement acti- abundant plasma protein C3 into an anaphylatoxin fragment Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Phila- cytoplasmic Ab; AP, alternative pathway; C4BP, C4b-binding protein; CPB, cardiopul- delphia, PA 19104 monary bypass; CP, classical pathway; CR, complement receptor; FB, factor B; FD, factor D; FH, factor H; FI, factor I; FP, factor P (properdin); IRI, ischemia/reperfusion Received for publication December 20, 2012. Accepted for publication February 12, injury; LP, lectin pathway; MAC, membrane attack complex; MASP, mannose-binding 2013. lectin–associated serine protease; MBL, mannose-binding lectin; PNH, paroxysmal noc- This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants AI003040, AI068730, turnal hemoglobinuria; PRM, pattern-recognition molecule; RCA, regulator of comple- AI072106, AI097805, EY020633, GM097747, and DE021685. ment activation; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Daniel Ricklin and Dr. John D. Ó Lambris, University of Pennsylvania, 401 Stellar Chance, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Copyright 2013 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/13/$16.00 E-mail addresses: [email protected] (D.R.) and [email protected] (J.D.L.) Abbreviations used in this article: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; aHUS, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome; AMD, age-related macular degeneration; ANCA, anti-neutrophil www.jimmunol.org/cgi/doi/10.4049/jimmunol.1203487 3832 BRIEF REVIEWS: COMPLEMENT IN IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS FIGURE 1. Simplified scheme of the com- plement activation network. *Only part of the functional spectrum of factor P (FP) is visualized: FP may act as pattern-recognition molecule and recruit C3b from plasma to the target surface (alternative pathway [AP] ini- tiation); additionally, it stabilizes both the AP C3 and C5 convertases. Only the AP C5 convertase (C3bBb3b) is shown; a CP/LP C5 convertase (C4b2b3b) is also formed. The enzymatic fragment of C2 is referred to as C2binthisreview;thesamefragmentis sometimes designated as C2a in literature. **The regulation of the CP/LP C3 convertase is depicted a one-step process but follows a two-step mechanism similar to C3b, includ- ing decay acceleration (C4BP, CD35) and factor I (FI)–mediated degradation to iC4b Downloaded from (C4BP, CD35, CD46). ***The function of C5a receptor-like 2 (C5L2) is not fully de- scribed and may be content-specific; C5a andC5a-desArgbindequallywelltoC5L2, whereas their binding and signaling profiles on C5aR are distinct. The binding of C3a- desArg to C5L2 remains controversial. C1- http://www.jimmunol.org/ INH, C1 inhibitor; Clu, clusterin; CPN, car- boxypeptidase-N; CR, complement receptor; FB, factor B; Fcn, ficolins; FD, factor D; FH, factor H; MAC, membrane attack complex; RCA, regulator of complement activation; Vn, vitronectin. by guest on September 29, 2021 (C3a) and the opsonin C3b. The alternative pathway (AP) is reduces the threshold of B cell activation. Additional recep- induced by conversion of C3 to its hydrolyzed form C3 tors for C3b/iC3b (i.e., CR of the Ig superfamily, CRIg) and (H2O), either spontaneously at a low rate in solution or ac- for C1q (e.g., gC1qR) also participate in the recognition and celerated by contact of C3 with various surfaces (tick-over) elimination of opsonized cells. Although host cells are probed (7), which leads to the formation of initial AP C3 con- by a constant low level of AP activation (referred to as the vertases. Once C3b is deposited on target surfaces, it pro- tick-over mechanism), they express membrane-bound regu- motes amplification of the response via the AP by forming lators of complement activation (RCA) that either destabilize additional C3 convertases via a tiered mechanism that in- convertases (CD35, CD55) or act as cofactors for the FI- volves binding of factor B (FB) and proteolytic
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