Stress and the Immune System Tracy B
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
White Blood Cells and Severe COVID-19: a Mendelian Randomization Study
Journal of Personalized Medicine Article White Blood Cells and Severe COVID-19: A Mendelian Randomization Study Yitang Sun 1 , Jingqi Zhou 1,2 and Kaixiong Ye 1,3,* 1 Department of Genetics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; [email protected] (Y.S.); [email protected] (J.Z.) 2 School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China 3 Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-706-542-5898; Fax: +1-706-542-3910 Abstract: Increasing evidence shows that white blood cells are associated with the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the direction and causality of this association are not clear. To evaluate the causal associations between various white blood cell traits and the COVID-19 susceptibility and severity, we conducted two-sample bidirectional Mendelian Randomization (MR) analyses with summary statistics from the largest and most recent genome-wide association studies. Our MR results indicated causal protective effects of higher basophil count, basophil percentage of white blood cells, and myeloid white blood cell count on severe COVID-19, with odds ratios (OR) per standard deviation increment of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.60–0.95), 0.70 (95% CI: 0.54–0.92), and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.73–0.98), respectively. Neither COVID-19 severity nor susceptibility was associated with white blood cell traits in our reverse MR results. Genetically predicted high basophil count, basophil percentage of white blood cells, and myeloid white blood cell count are associated with a lower risk of developing severe COVID-19. -
WHITE BLOOD CELLS Formation Function ~ TEST YOURSELF
Chapter 9 Blood, Lymph, and Immunity 231 WHITE BLOOD CELLS All white blood cells develop in the bone marrow except Any nucleated cell normally found in blood is a white blood for some lymphocytes (they start out in bone marrow but cell. White blood cells are also known as WBCs or leukocytes. develop elsewhere). At the beginning of leukopoiesis all the When white blood cells accumulate in one place, they grossly immature white blood cells look alike even though they're appear white or cream-colored. For example, pus is an accu- already committed to a specific cell line. It's not until the mulation of white blood cells. Mature white blood cells are cells start developing some of their unique characteristics larger than mature red blood cells. that we can tell them apart. There are five types of white blood cells. They are neu- Function trophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes (Table 9-2). The function of all white blood cells is to provide a defense White blood cells can be classified in three different ways: for the body against foreign invaders. Each type of white 1. Type of defense function blood cell has its own unique role in this defense. If all the • Phagocytosis: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mono- white blood cells are functioning properly, an animal has a cytes good chance of remaining healthy. Individual white blood • Antibody production and cellular immunity: lympho- cell functions will be discussed with each cell type (see cytes Table 9-2). 2. Shape of nucleus In providing defense against foreign invaders, the white • Polymorphonuclear (multilobed, segmented nucleus): blood cells do their jobs primarily out in the tissues. -
Adaptive Tdetect Fact Sheet for Recipient
FACT SHEET FOR RECIPIENTS Coronavirus Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation September 2, 2021 Disease 2019 T-Detect COVID Test (COVID-19) You are being given this Fact Sheet because your coughing, difficulty breathing, etc.). A full list of sample is being tested or was tested for an adaptive T- symptoms of COVID-19 can be found at the following cell immune response to the virus that causes link: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019- Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) using the T- ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html. Detect COVID Test. How are people tested for COVID-19? Two main kinds of tests are currently available for You should not interpret the results of this COVID-19: diagnostic tests and adaptive immune response tests. test to indicate the presence or absence of immunity or protection from COVID-19 • A diagnostic test tells you if you have a current infection. infection. • An adaptive immune response test tells you if you may have had a previous infection This Fact Sheet contains information to help you understand the risks and benefits of using this test to What is the T-Detect COVID Test? evaluate your adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV- This test is similar to an antibody test in that it measures 2, the virus that causes COVID-19. After reading this your adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2, the Fact Sheet, if you have questions or would like to virus that causes COVID-19. However in this case it discuss the information provided, please talk to your specifically measures your adaptive T-cell immune healthcare provider. -
Stem Cell Or Bone Marrow Transplant
cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Stem Cell or Bone Marrow Transplant A stem cell transplant, also called a bone marrow transplant, can be used to treat certain types of cancer. This procedure might be called peripheral stem cell transplant or cord blood transplant, depending on where the stem cells come from. Here we’ll explain stem cells and stem cell transplant, cover some of the issues that come with transplants, and describe what it's like to donate stem cells. ● How Stem Cell and Bone Marrow Transplants Are Used to Treat Cancer ● Types of Stem Cell and Bone Marrow Transplants ● Donating Stem Cells and Bone Marrow ● Getting a Stem Cell or Bone Marrow Transplant ● Stem Cell or Bone Marrow Transplant Side Effects How Stem Cell and Bone Marrow Transplants Are Used to Treat Cancer What are stem cells? All of the blood cells in your body - white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets - start out as young (immature) cells called hematopoietic stem cells. Hematopoietic means blood-forming. These are very young cells that are not fully developed. Even though they start out the same, these stem cells can mature into any type of blood cell, depending on what the body needs when each stem cell is developing. 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Stem cells mostly live in the bone marrow (the spongy center of certain bones). This is where they divide to make new blood cells. Once blood cells mature, they leave the bone marrow and enter the bloodstream. A small number of the immature stem cells also get into the bloodstream. -
Adaptive Immune Systems
Immunology 101 (for the Non-Immunologist) Abhinav Deol, MD Assistant Professor of Oncology Wayne State University/ Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit MI Presentation originally prepared and presented by Stephen Shiao MD, PhD Department of Radiation Oncology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Disclosures Bristol-Myers Squibb – Contracted Research What is the immune system? A network of proteins, cells, tissues and organs all coordinated for one purpose: to defend one organism from another It is an infinitely adaptable system to combat the complex and endless variety of pathogens it must address Outline Structure of the immune system Anatomy of an immune response Role of the immune system in disease: infection, cancer and autoimmunity Organs of the Immune System Major organs of the immune system 1. Bone marrow – production of immune cells 2. Thymus – education of immune cells 3. Lymph Nodes – where an immune response is produced 4. Spleen – dual role for immune responses (especially antibody production) and cell recycling Origins of the Immune System B-Cell B-Cell Self-Renewing Common Progenitor Natural Killer Lymphoid Cell Progenitor Thymic T-Cell Selection Hematopoetic T-Cell Stem Cell Progenitor Dendritic Cell Myeloid Progenitor Granulocyte/M Macrophage onocyte Progenitor The Immune Response: The Art of War “Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred battles without disaster.” -Sun Tzu, The Art of War Immunity: Two Systems and Their Key Players Adaptive Immunity Innate Immunity Dendritic cells (DC) B cells Phagocytes (Macrophages, Neutrophils) Natural Killer (NK) Cells T cells Dendritic Cells: “Commanders-in-Chief” • Function: Serve as the gateway between the innate and adaptive immune systems. -
Automatic White Blood Cell Measuring Aid for Medical Diagnosis
Automatic White Blood Cell Measuring Aid for Medical Diagnosis Pramit Ghosh, Debotosh Bhattacharjee, Mita Nasipuri and Dipak Kumar Basu Abstract— Blood related invasive pathological investigations increases. It turns into a vicious cycle. On the other hand, a play a major role in diagnosis of diseases. But in India and low count of white blood cells indicates viral infections, low other third world countries there are no enough pathological immunity and bone marrow failure [3]. A severely low white infrastructures for medical diagnosis. Moreover, most of the blood count that is the count of less than 2500 cells per remote places of those countries have neither pathologists nor micro-litre is a cause for a critical alert and possesses a high physicians. Telemedicine partially solves the lack of physicians. But the pathological investigation infrastructure can’t be risk of sepsis [4]. integrated with the telemedicine technology. The objective of In conventional procedure, glass slides containing blood this work is to automate the blood related pathological samples are dipped into Lisman solution before placing it investigation process. Detection of different white blood cells into microscope [5]. Microscope enlarges the pictures of has been automated in this work. This system can be deployed blood samples for manual detection of different white blood in the remote area as a supporting aid for telemedicine technology and only high school education is sufficient to cells; but this manual process totally depends on pathologist. operate it. The proposed system achieved 97.33% accuracy for Some auto cell counting units exist like Cellometer [15], the samples collected to test this system. -
Lymphocyte Separation Medium (LSM
THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY Bionetics does it for you. Lymphocyte Separation Medium (LSM wenient One-Step Centrifugation Method _ayer diluted blood on LSM. 2,entrifuge for 30-40 min., 18-20°C, ~.00 x g. ~,spirate and discard plasma layer -larvest lymphocyte layer. Quality Control Assurance Each lot is tested for: • Lymphocyte separation and recovery. • Lymphocyte viability. • Sterility. • Consistent density (1.077-1.080 at 20°C). Packaging • Packaged in amber, screw-cap bottles. • 5 x 100 ml bottles per carton. Storage. • Stored at room temperature. Reference Boyum, A. (1968): Isolation of mononuclear cells and granulocytes from human blood. Scand J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 21, Suppl. 97. Aspirate I IC[OI I IC~ LJI Catalog number: 8410-01 & discard serum Lymphocyte For Laboratory Use Aspirate layer & use (mononuclear Please write for our current Price List and Catalog. cells and Original platelets) ITi BIONETICS° LSM layer Erythrocytes Laboratory Products and Litton granulocytes 5516 Nicholson Lane, Kensington, Maryland 20795 Telephone: (301) 881-1557 1979 Litton Bionetics, tnc Get the most out of your high quality cytotoxic antibodies with LOW-TOX-M RABBIT COMPLEMENT LOW TOXICITY HIGH ACTIVITY Presentation: CL 3051 5 x 1 ml, lyophilized $30.00 When it comes to COMPLEMENT... come to CEDARLANE Direct orders or inquiries to: UNITED STATES: WORLDWIDE EXCEPT U.S. ,4 C~L CEDARLANE ACCURATE CHEMICAL & LABORATO RI ES SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION LIMITED 5516-8TH LINE, R.R. 2 28 TEC STREET, HICKSVtLLE, N.Y. 11801 HORNBY, ONTARIO, CANADA LOP 1E0 Telephone -
Association Between Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio and Herpes Zoster Infection in 1688 Living Donor Liver Transplantation Recipients at a Large Single Center
biomedicines Article Association between Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio and Herpes Zoster Infection in 1688 Living Donor Liver Transplantation Recipients at a Large Single Center Ji-Hoon Sim, Young-Jin Moon, Sung-Hoon Kim, Kyoung-Sun Kim , Ju-Seung Lee, Jun-Gol Song * and Gyu-Sam Hwang Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; [email protected] (J.-H.S.); [email protected] (Y.-J.M.); [email protected] (S.-H.K.); [email protected] (K.-S.K.); [email protected] (J.-S.L.); [email protected] (G.-S.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-3010-3869 Abstract: Liver transplantation (LT) is closely associated with decreased immune function, a contrib- utor to herpes zoster (HZ). However, risk factors for HZ in living donor LT (LDLT) remain unknown. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and immune system function are reportedly correlated. This study investigated the association between NLR and HZ in 1688 patients who underwent LDLT between January 2010 and July 2020 and evaluated risk factors for HZ and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). The predictive power of NLR was assessed through the concordance index and an integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) analysis. Of the total cohort, 138 (8.2%) had HZ. The incidence of HZ after LT was 11.2 per 1000 person-years and 0.1%, 1.3%, 2.9%, and 13.5% at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years, Citation: Sim, J.-H.; Moon, Y.-J.; Kim, respectively. In the Cox regression analysis, preoperative NLR was significantly associated with HZ S.-H.; Kim, K.-S.; Lee, J.-S.; Song, J.-G.; (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.09; p = 0.005) and PHN (HR, Hwang, G.-S. -
Rapid Induction of Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells Guides Coordinated Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to SARS-Cov-2 Mrna Vaccination
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.21.440862; this version posted April 22, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Rapid induction of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells guides coordinated humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination Authors: Mark M. Painter1,2, †, Divij Mathew1,2, †, Rishi R. Goel1,2, †, Sokratis A. Apostolidis1,2,3, †, Ajinkya Pattekar2, Oliva Kuthuru1, Amy E. Baxter1, Ramin S. Herati4, Derek A. Oldridge1,5, Sigrid Gouma6, Philip Hicks6, Sarah Dysinger6, Kendall A. Lundgreen6, Leticia Kuri-Cervantes1,6, Sharon Adamski2, Amanda Hicks2, Scott Korte2, Josephine R. Giles1,7,8, Madison E. Weirick6, Christopher M. McAllister6, Jeanette Dougherty1, Sherea Long1, Kurt D’Andrea1, Jacob T. Hamilton2,6, Michael R. Betts1,6, Paul Bates6, Scott E. Hensley6, Alba Grifoni9, Daniela Weiskopf9, Alessandro Sette9, Allison R. Greenplate1,2, E. John Wherry1,2,7,8,* Affiliations 1 Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 2 Immune Health™, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 3 Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA 4 NYU Langone Vaccine Center, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 5 Department -
Understanding the Complement System
Understanding the Complement System WHAT IS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM? The immune system is a complex network of organs, cells and proteins which work together to protect the body against infection and disease. WHAT IS THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM? The complement system is a part of the immune system and is essential to the body’s defense against infection. Classical Pathway Lectin Pathway Alternative Pathway Made up of 3 UNIQUE PATHWAYS (Classical, Lectin and Alternative) Each pathway can become activated to trigger a cascade of protein reactions that initiate an immune response Inflammation Marks pathogen/damaged to detect and eliminate: cells for elimination Bacteria Viruses Inflammation Targeted destruction of damaged cells Dead cells When the complement system is working properly, it is a strong and powerful tool that protects the body against harmful invaders. • brain But when the system is thrown out of • nervous system balance, or dysregulated, the proteins can trigger a dangerous, uncontrolled cascade • blood stream of reactions that attack cells and tissues. • kidneys UNLOCKING THE POTENTIAL OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM Alexion’s pioneering legacy in rare diseases is rooted in being the first to translate the complex biology of the complement system into transformative medicines. 3 DECADES 20 YEARS of complement of real-world evidence demonstrating the safety inhibition research and power of targeted complement inhibitors Dysregulation of the complement system is a key driver of many devastating diseases. Alexion has paved the way for a new class of medicines that inhibit the complement system, prevent further damage and reduce disease symptoms. Alexion is committed to continue unlocking the potential of the complement system and accelerating the discovery and development of new life-changing therapies for even more patients. -
Hormones and the Immune Response
Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.48.1.1 on 1 January 1989. Downloaded from Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 1989; 48, 1-6 Review Hormones and the immune response Recent advances suggest that the immune system cells, are present on mouse spleen cells3 and human does not function in isolation but is influenced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells.4 Receptors, other physiological systems such as the endocrine identical to those in the central nervous system, for and neuroendocrine systems. This review discusses methionine enkephalin are present on splenocytes aspects of immune function altered by neuroendo- and T lymphocytes.3 In contrast, leucine enkephalin crine peptides, sex hormones, and vitamin D and j3-endorphin receptors on T lymphocyte differ metabolites. from those in the central nervous system as binding cannot be inhibited by opiate antagonists.5 6 In the Neuroendocrine effects case of ,3-endorphin the bindings occur through its carboxy terminal, whereas opiates bind their A system of bidirectional communication between receptor through the amino terminus. This raises the immune and neuroendocrine system exists, in an interesting possibility that a peptide such as which the two systems share a common set of f6-endorphin could form a bridge between two hormones and receptors.'2 Not only do immune lymphocyte subtypes by binding to one through its for peptides, to the and cells possess receptors neuroendocrine amino terminus opiate receptor through copyright. they are also capable of synthesising them and of its carboxy terminus to the non-opiate receptor on responding to them. Products of immune cells affect another lymphocyte.4 the central nervous system, which possesses recep- Other neuroendocrine peptide receptors present tors for cytokines and can also synthesise them on leucocztes include those for neurotensin,7 sub- (Fig. -
Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG-3) Immune Pathway
Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG-3) About LAG-3 LAG-3 Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is an immune checkpoint receptor protein found on the cell surface of effector T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) and functions to control T cell response, activation and growth.1 TCR T cells are a type of white blood cell that are part of the immune system. Activation of cytotoxic T cells by antigens enables them to 1 kill unhealthy or foreign cells. Inactive T cell Antigen MHC Dendritic cell (APC) LAG-3 and LAG-3 and LAG-3 and Immune Function T Cell Exhaustion Cancer • After a T cell is activated to kill its • However, in certain situations where T • Because of its critical role in regulating target cell, LAG-3 expression is cells experience prolonged exposure to an exhaustion of cytotoxic T cells and Treg increased to turn off the immune antigen, such as cancer or chronic function, LAG-3 has become a target of response, so that the T cell does not go infection, the T cells become desensitized study in the cancer field. on to attack healthy cells.2 and lose their ability to activate and multiply in the presence of the antigen.4 • In cancer, LAG-3 expressing exhausted • Inhibition of the immune response is cytotoxic T cells and Tregs expressing accomplished through activation of • The desensitized T cell will also LAG-3 gather at tumor sites.5,6 the LAG-3 pathway, which can occur progressively fail to produce cytokines via binding of LAG-3 to a type of (proteins that assist in the immune • Preclinical studies suggest that inhibiting antigen-presenting complex called response) and kill the target cells.4 LAG-3 allows T cells to regain their MHC II.