• I • A National Monthly

"CATHOLIC ACTION consists not merely of the pursuit of personal Christian perfection, which is however before all others its first and greatest end, but it also consists of a true apostolate in which Catholics of every social class participate, coming thus to be . united in thought and action around those centers of sound doctrine and multiple social activity, legitimately constituted and, as a result, aided and sustained by the authority of the bishops." -Pope Pius XI.

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National Catholic Welfare Conference

VoL XV, No.5 MAY, 1933 .Price 20c 2 CATHOLIC ACTION May, 1933 CATHOLIC ACTION OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE NATIONAL CATHOLIC WELFARE CONFERENCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS FACTS ABOUT THE N. C. w. C. :-: What It Is What It Does :-: MAY, 1933

PAGE "Thu organieation (the N. C. W. C.) i, nof onl." uleful, but necella,.." . .•• The N. C. W. C. and Catholic Action . 3 We praue all tOho in an., toaSf cooperate in thi. (I1"eat tDork."-PoPB PIUS XI. The National Catholic Welfare Conference was organized in September, 1919. Persecution of Catholics in Mexico . . 5 The N. C .. W. C. is a common agency acting under the authority of the bishops to By W m. F . Montavon promote the welfare of the Catholics of the country. It has for its incorporated purposes "unifying, coordinating and organizing the Catholic people of the United States in works of education, social welfare, immigrant The Career of Wife and Mother . . . . 7 aid and other activities." By Mrs. Oharles P. Neill It comprises the following departments and bureaus: EXEOUTIVE-Bureaus maintained: Immigration, PublicitSf and Information, Hilforical The Catholic Hour - Outstanding Record" Publicationa, BUlinell and Auditing and Latin American. Work of the N. C. C. M...... 9 EDUCATION-Divisions: StatuticI and Information, Teacherl' Regiltration, Libra,..". By Joseph M . Tally PUBs-Serves the Catholic press in the United States and abroad with regular neto., feature, editor ' and pictorial le,.."ice•. Catholic Leaders Plead for Economic SOCIAL AC'l'ION--COVers the fields of I ndulfrial RelatiOM, Oitiztmlhip, 80cial Worle, Justice-A Series of Commentaries Famil." Life and Rural W ellMe. on the "Reconstructing the Social LEGAL-Serves as a clearing house of information on federal, state and localle&islation. Order" Encyclical ...... 11 LAY ORGANIZATIONS-I ncludes the National Council of Catholic Men and the National By Dr. J . Fl. Hagerty, Rev. R. A. Council of Catholic Women, which maintain at N. C. W. C. headquarters perma­ McGowan, Rev. Wm. O. Keane, nent representations in the interests of the Catholic laity. These councils function L eo K. Keller, Rev. Francis J. through some 3,000 affiliated societies-national, state, diocesan, district, local Haas, Ph.D., R ev. O. H. Mc­ and parish: also through units of the councils in many of the dioceses. Kenna, O.P., Rev. Wm. A. Bolger, O. S .O., Rev. John A. . The N. C. C. M. maintains at its national headquarters a Oatholic .1Ivid~ Bu­ Ryan, D.D., Pe'rcival D e S t. reau and sponsors a weekly nationwide radio Oatholie Hour over the net'work of the Aubin, Thomas F . Woodlock, National Broadcasting Company. Rev. Wilfrid Parsons, S.J. The N. C. C. W. maintains in Washington, D. C., the National Oatholic 8elo01 ot Social Service. Month by Month with the N.C.W.C. . . 16 The Conference is conducted by an administrative committee composed of seven archbishops and bishops aided by seven assistant bishops. Each department of the N. C. W. C. is administered by an episcopal chairman. May Study Topic-"The Christian Through the general secretary, chief executive officer of the Conference, the reports Way to Economic Justice" ...... 20 of the departments and information on the general work of the headquarter's staff are sent regularly to the members of the administrative committee. Catholic Leaders Discuss World Peace 22 The administrative bishops of the Conference report annually upon their work to the Holy See. Annually at the general meeting of the bishops, detailed reports are submitted by In the Field of Immigration ...... 23 the administrative bishops of the Conference and authorization secured for the work of the coming year. No official action is taken by any N. C. W. C. department without authorization of Meeting of N. C. S. S. S. Board Mem- Us episcopal chairman. bers ...... 25 No official action is taken in the name of the whole Conference without authoriza- tion and approval of the administrative committee. Live Interest of N. C. C. W. Units . . . 26 It is not the policy of the N. C. W. C. to create new organizations. It helps, unifies, and leaves to their own fields those that already exist. It aims to defend and to advance the welfare both of the Catholic Church and of Reports of N. C. C. W. Activities .. . . 26. our beloved Country. It seeks to inform the life of America of right fundamental principles of religion and morality. 1933 Official Catholic Directory It is a central clearing house of information regarding activities of Catholic men Figures ...... 29 and w·omen. AIl that are helped may play their part in promoting the good work and in main­ taining the common agency, the National Catholic Welfare Conference. The contents of CAT H OLIC ACT I ON CATHOLIC ACTION records monthly the work of the Conference and its affiliated are fully indexed in the Oatholic Periodical organizations. It presents our common needs and opportunities. Its special articles IndetD. are helpful to every Catholic organization and individual.

CATHOLIC ACTION published monthly b:y the National Catholic Welfare Conference. Entered as second-class matter at the post-office at Washington, D. C., under the Act of March 3, 1879. All changes of address, renewals and subscrip­ tions should be sent direct to CATHOLIC ACTION, 1312 Massachusetts Ave., N. W., Washington, D. C.

Sub,cription Rate. Publicafion, Bdifonal end li1tDecutive Office. $2.00 per year; outside the United States, :f.2tl· 1312 Massachusetts Ave., N. W. Make checks or postal money orders pa:ya e to WASHINGTON, D. C. CATHOLIC ACTION. May, 1933 CATHOLIC ACTION 3

THE N. C. W. C. AND CATHOLIC ACTION An Answer to a Query Asking the Aims of Catholic Action and the Place and Function of the Conference in the Catholic Action Movement

ONSTANTLY recurring in correspondence received at N. C. W. ·C. headquarters are questions asking the mean­ ing of Catholic Action and the relation of the National Catholic Welfare Conference to this movement so urgently C fostered by our Holy Father. Among the letters recently received was one from a member of the clergy whose questionnaire indicates he is determined to get as much light as possible on the general subject. The questions asked were as follows:

1. Is it the ultimate intention of the Catholic can the N. C. W. C. be said to be directing its Action movement so to oversee and penetrate every energies towards this primary end? class and need of society that, where no organiza­ 4. Are individual sodalities, groups belonging tion exists covering that class or need, the national to an arch-confraternity, councils of the Knights or diocesan council will undertake to form such of Columbus, etc., capable of separate affiliation an organization? with the N. C. W. C.? 2. Is it an ultimate purpose and ideal of the 5. Is it correct to say that the sodality, properly National Catholic Welfare Conference to appor­ organized, is the ideal form for a Catholic Action tion social and other workers of Catholic Action organization? among existing or new societies, assigning limited The writer also asks for copies of the study spheres and definite areas to each? topic discussion of "Catholic Action" and the 3. In what sense is it correct to say that the "Ten Suggestions for Promoting PJ;actical Cath­ primary end of Catholic Action is the spiritual olic Action," published In this magazine in its welfare of the individual, and in what manner October, 1932 issue.

HE reply to these queries was prepared by Patrick J. Ward, director of the N. C. W. C. Bureau of Publicity and In­ T formation, and is here published with .the thought that the information which it contains may be helpful to those of our readers who have felt the need of such a clarifying statement. Mr. Ward's answer to the questions set forth above is as follows:

, '1. It is well to state, before proceeding to a discussion "For the Catholic as an individual, Catholic Action of the general subject of Catholic Action, that the Catholic means the faithful observance of religious and moral duties, Action Movement in this country and the National Catholic the living of a truly Catholic life, seeking always his own Welfare Conference are not one and the same thing. spiritual good and the good of the Church. "But more than this, Catholic Action is an expression "yOUR first question speaks of 'The Catholic Action 'of the doctrine of the Mystical Body of Christ. Each indi­ Movement' as if that movement were definite; as vidual is a member, drawing from that Body, which is the if it had a habitation as well as a name; was guided by Church, his spiritual life and sustenance. He is a nec­ some known, acknowledged authority, for the paragraph essary part of this organization which depends for its asks about the intention of the Catholic Action Movement. "But to my mind the Catholic Action Movement includes spiritual growth upon the progress of the individual to­ all or any Catholic activity that is instituted and carried wards spiritual perfection. For its temporal as well as its out in order, that is, under recognized ecclesiastical author­ spiritual well-being, the Chu~ch relies upon unity of pur­ ity. A parish sewing circle might be, for example, a Cath­ pose in its members responding freely to ·its spiritual olic activity and therefore share in Catholic Action. direction. "Catholic Action is the name given to that great work in every country, inspired by our Holy Father, Pius XI, "T HE Catholic is a part of the organization of this per- which seeks to make more widely known the teachings and fect society, nourished by it and functioning within philosophy of our Catholic Faith and to have them actively it, conveying life and service through every part of it, har­ applied to every phase of life-spiritual, religious, social, moniously united and directed. by a common purpose and economic, and political. intelligence. Organization, with unity of aim and action, 4 CAT H 0 L I .e ACT ION May, 1933

is essential to the life of the Church as it is to the life of you read that portion of the pastoral referring to the for­ society. It is for the group or organization to make society mation of the National Catholic Welfare Conference, and conscious of the spiritual wealth of the Church, of the con­ I would also refer you to 'Facts About the N. C. W. C.' structive and perman.ent value of Catholic doctrine and printed on page two of our monthly magazine CATHOLIC morality. Through organization of the group can the in­ ACTION. Further, I would recommend that you read the terests of the Church, as well as the well-being of society, letter which Our Holy Father addressed to the Cardinals, best be promoted. Archbishops and bishops of the United States in 1927 re­ garding the Conference, in which he said' this organization "THE spiritual motive of Catholic Action is the same is not only useful but als~ necessary for you' and 'it is im­ everywhere. The application of it, the works of perative that by taking counsel together you all agree on Catholic Action, may vary according to the needs of time one common. aim and with one united will strive for its and place.. attainment.' I enclose a copy of that letter. "In every diocese there is the need of federating, of hav­ ing act in common knowledge, all the Catholic organiza­ "IT IS not the ]101icy of the National Catholic Welfare tions of that diocese. This prevents over-lapping and Conference to create new organizations or to supplant duplication and disorder. Moreover, there should be study, any existing organizations. Its purpose is, through federa­ followed up by action, in every diocese, so that every need tion, to unify, coordinate, and direct towards those ends be met, and every class be included, in Catholic action of 'by which the cause of religion is furthered,' all Catholic the diocese. Perhaps it would help to make the discussion organizations and groups in this country. To assist in ful­ clearer to go back and review the circumstances that led filling this purpose is the work of the Department of Lay to the organization o.f the National Catholic Welfare Con­ Urganizations of the National Catholic Welfare Conference. ference and what is the purpose and object of that organi­ "It is vitally necessary to remember first-that the N a­ zation, including its departments. ti nal Catholic Welfare Conference is a voluntary organi­ zation. It is outside the divine organization of the Church. "CATHOLIC organizations existed and flourished long It has no jurisdiction; no authority in the definite sense. be.fore the Nationa} Catholic Welfare Conference was The Bishops are free to support it or not to support it. organized. But the Bishops of the United States realized It is a means, voluntarily fixed upon by the Bishops which that many grave problems, responsibilities and opportuni­ aids them to meet more effectively the work of the Church ties of the Catholic body of the United States were common in this country. I emphasize the note of voluntariness to the entire Catholic body, and could be met only by the because when agreement comes, as it has come almost uni­ common, united action of a Catholic body. This was the versally, on the necessity of the National Catholic Welfare more necessary in a country made up of 48 sovereign states Conference (to use our Holy Father's words) the note of and one common Federal Government. Our strength united voluntariness is at times forgotten and a certain authority would be so much greater than our strength dissipated. Gen­ is ascribed to the National Catholic Welfare Conference. eral knowledge in the common national problems would in­ It should be remembered that any' authority' it has is but form us of our needs, our dangers, our opportunities. Not the voluntary acts of those who join themselves together. to create anything new, therefore, but to ask all to join vol­ untarily in a united Catholic way, was the object of the Bishops when in 1919 they formed the National Catholic "THE Bishops have thus inspired and made known to Welfare Conference. They placed themselves at the head our people the need for this coordination and co­ of the Conference and every year they designate seven of operation. They have outlined the plan through which their own members as an Administrative Committee to they believe it may be best achieved. The responsibility represent them and to supervise the work. Within the con­ for this work of unifying our forces rests, under the leader­ ference they organized certain departments, among them ship and sanction of the Bishops, upon the laity itself and the Department of Lay Organizations divided into the its organizations. National Council of Catholic Men and the National Coun­ "To use the words of the late Archbishop Dowling 'it is cil of Catholic Women. So important did the Bishops of to carry out and sustain this voluntary acceptance of re­ the country consider the work of the Conference that at sponsibility by the laity that the National Council of Cath­ their meeting in 1931 they selected six other Archbishops olic Men and the National Council of Catholic Women and Bishops to assist the Administrative Committee in the were formed, and to this end were made dependent on their direction of the various departments. own resources. 'rhus the National Catholic Welfare Con­ "The general purpose and functions of the National ference is in all its parts a voluntary organization seeking Catholic Welfare Confere1?-ce have been set forth by through a common spirit of Catholic cooperation to serve the Bishops of the United States in their Pastoral Letter in and promote the cause of Catholic unity.' This' will be 1919 when they created this organizat.ion. I suggest that reached only as the consciousness of com- (Turn to page 30) May, 1933 CATHOLIC ACTION 5

PERSECUTION of CATHOLICS

By William F. Montavon, K.S.G. tn• MEXICO THE situation of the Catholic population of Mexico under a despotic government grows daily more desperate. To anyone who has made any effort to follow events in Mexico there must be apparent a note of superficiality and even of irony in the apparent enthusiasm with which the Mexican Government has just greeted our new ambassador, Mr. Daniels. And yet no one can doubt the sincerity of the sentiments of friendship and neighborliness which ani­ mate our government and the American people in their relations with the Mexican nation. Some interesting side­ lights on the present situation in Mexico are given in the accOlnpanying article by Mr. Montavon, director of the N. C. W. C. Legal Department.

o KNOWING AMERICAN can refuse his sympathy many ways, with such exquisite discretion that he ranks N to the Mexican nation who is conscious of the per­ among the most successful ambassadors the United States sistent default of Mexico in her international obli­ has had in Mexico or elsewhere. His work, if Excelsi(}lr is gations, and of the inability of her revolutionary govern­ correct in its appraisals, has been at least partially inter­ ment, after 16 years of absolute control, to concede to all rupted. And while the interruption may have flattered the citizens of Mexico the right to exercise the franchise in and satisfied the revolutionary authorities in Mexico, even the election of national officials, or to have any voice even a cursory comparison of conditions prevailing today with in such local and intimate matters as education and religion. those of three years ago is convincing evidence that while Surely there is no American who does not want to see these little or no progress has been made to solve controversies conditions removed in Mexico. If the new spirit of neigh­ pending between the two nations, defaulted debts, confisca­ borliness, of which Ambassador Daniels has given such tory legislation, etc., the internal conditions have grown frank assurance, meets with an equally frank cooperation worse and banditry, assassination and religious persecution from the Mexican authorities, the future of Mexico will are again threatening to destroy the peace of Mexico. take on a brighter hue. What assurances have been given that the new neighbor­ ISCUSSIONS, begun even before the appointment of liness will meet with ,cooperation? Commenting on the ap­ D Ambassador Morrow and in which Mr. Morrow took pointment of Ambassador Daniels at the time it was con­ an enthusiastic and effective part, resulted in 1929 in what firmed, El Excf)Zsior, an important organ of public opinion many hoped would be a permanent modification of policy in Mexico, drew a comparison between· the method.s of other by the revolutionary government of Mexico with regard to ambassadors. Ambassador Morrow, be.cause of his irre­ the most serious internal problems confronting it. It si. tible personality, the editorial explained, had been able would be difficult to find in the history of American diplo­ to inject himself into the most intimate affairs of Mexico. macy a more striking illustration of how diplomacy may Ambassador Clarke by his strict observance of diplomatic be exercised as the expression of international neighborli­ proprieties had completely abstained from any interference ness and not of international jealousy and rivalry than even the most informal. Of the two methods, Excelsior that to be found in the record of Ambassador Morrow in preferred that of Ambassador Clarke and said that all Mexico. would be well if Ambassador Daniels would make them Not only were the oil laws given a satisfactory interpre­ his own. tation by the Mexican courts and a policy bordering on confiscation abandoned, but in the statements. publicly ERT AINLY the rules governing the official relations made informally at Celaya by the present Mexican secre­ C between two governments are rigid. There is a vast tary of foreign affairs, Dr. Puig y Cassauranc, and publicly field, however, which lies outside the formal, legalistic confirmed by President Portes Gil in June, 1929, the relations governed by the rules of diplomatic intercourse in foundation was laid for an a~icable settlement of the which an embassy can exercise a most powerful influence religious problems. for a more solid and more lasting friendship between his Less than two years after that statement was publicly own nation and that to which he is accredited. made, it beeame evident that an anti-religious faction in This influence was exercised by Ambassador Morrow in the revolutionary party, under the leadership of Governor 6 CATHOLIC ACTION May, 1933

Tejeda, would do all in its power to undermine and destroy acted laws, the avowed purpose of which was to destroy the the foundations upon which it had been hoped to found an identity of the Catholic Church and not only to interfere epoch of internal good will by which all Mexicans could but to prohibit to the Church the exercise of a most impor­ cooperate in a determined effort for the social and economic tant spiritual function, namely, that of educating her development of their country. children in the truths of Christianity. Going even further, the State of Vera Cruz adopted a HE most important clause in the statement of President religion of its own, a weird combination of communism, T Portes Gil was the assurance that Mexican Catholics agrarianism and socialism to which it gave the name of would be respected in the exercise of their right to petition rationalism. It enacted laws compelling all public school and would be permitted to have an official spokesman with teachers to eradicate from the tender minds of their pupils whom the government would discuss amicably and with a every trace of Catholicism and implant therein the view to theJr amendment, laws which Catholics could not principles of rationalism which it left unstated and unde­ accept. fined. Thus the schools of Vera Cruz were dedicated to Pending these discussions, the president gave assurances, an antireligious program at a time when the ministers and these were renewed by his successor President Ortiz of the Church were hounded out of the state. Rubio, that the laws would be enforced in a spirit of justice and good will, and that nothing would be done to de troy HEN the authorized spokesman of the Catholic _the identity of any church or interfere with the exercise of W Church in Mexico protested did the national govern­ its spiritual functions. ment enter into discu sion ~ The Vera Cruz laws were not The revolutionary party in Mexico has consistently only repudiations of the assurances that had been given, claimed that the pu~pose of its legislation affecting religion they are manifestly in violation of the revolutionary consti­ has been to produce in Mexico a sincere separation of tution -which the government is obliged to support and Church and State, "like that existing in the United States. ' , defend and are an invasion of authority which belongs The separation of Church and State in the United States e 'clusively to the national government. Did the govern­ stands on the provision of the First Amendment to the ment take any step to prevent the enforcement of these Federal Constitution: "Congress shall ~ake no law respect­ laws? It did not. Fearful lest the movement beginning ing an establishment of Religion, or prohibiting tlie free in Vera Cruz might spread and ultimately dominate the exercise thereof." The Catholic Church has always ac­ national policy, the government repudiated certain con­ cepted this provision and under it religion has prospered fiscatory policies of the State of Vera Cruz, but abjectly in the United States. surrendered on the religious issue. There at once broke out all over Mexico a campaign ENERAL CALLES and the leaders of the Mexican against religion. The national government led the move­ Grevolution proposed to accept this constitutional prin­ ment by enacting laws reducing the number of priests in ciple and a deliberate effort was made to embody it in the the federal district and territories. In doing this it too statement publicly made by President Portes Gil in 1929. repudiated the assurances given in 1929. The secretary of The language chosen for that purpose is: education by a series of decrees made the teaching of "It is not the purpose of the Constitution, nor of the laws, religion impossible not only in primary chools, but in pre­ nor of the Government to destroy the ide-ntity of the Cath­ paratory schools and institutions of higher learning to olic Church or any other church, or to interfere in any way which the constitution itself guarantees liberty of with the spiritual functions of any church." education. This interpretation of the Constitution, as President Decrees enacted in one state after another reduced the Portes Gil pointed out to the correspondents, was no inven­ number of priests until probably not less than three-fourths tion of his, but is supported by documents in the files of of the Catholic people of Mexico are denied the comforts of his office. It had been applauded by the revolutionary their religion even at the solemn moment of death. leaders at Celaya only a few months before. Certainly a statement confirmed as this one is by three succe sive chief RIESTS daring to violate these tyrannical decrees executives in Mexico must be accepted as the adoption of P have been persecuted, outlawed, deported and even a policy. While it could not have the force of law, in view as assinated, and their right of appeal to the courts has of the fact that Mexico has a one party government com­ been denied. Parents have been denied the right to direct pletely dominated by the revolutionary leaders it could the education of their children. The policy of the national have been given the sanction of law and with a little encour­ government of Mexico today is dominated by the anti­ agement would probably have been made law. religious faction of the revolutionary party. Its method The anti-religious movement became so strong within the is first to stamp out religion among the adult population revolutionary party itself, however, that in 1931 the State by closing churches and prohibiting the priest to exercise of Vera Cruz repudiated the agreement of 1929 and en- their mini try even in private; and second (Turn to page 28) May, 1933 CATHOLIC ACTION 7

The CAREER of By Mrs. Charles P. Neill WIFE and MOTHER*

"IT is gratifying," says Mrs<. Neill, in th~ followin~ a~icIe, "after hal~ a ~~ntury ~f ignoring the home that mother- hood should now be consIdered, even In academIc cIrcles, a professIOn. OutsIde the Catholic Church, however, little consideration is being given to meeting the social and religious responsibilities of marriage, or to preserving its sanctity, permanence and Christian ideals. If present trends continue in the United States, one of every five or six marriages during 1933 will end in divorce. The Catholic remedy for this situation, as well as the Catholic conception of marriage, is admirably here set forth by one eminently qualified to speak on the subject.

HE TITLE OF THIS talk of mine-" The Career terests-she should learn that a golf tee is not a beverage T of Wife and Mother' '-is a surprising and reassur­ and that a hand at contract must be 'played with some ing one to one of my generation. You see I had no regard to rules. She must act the part of gracious hostess voice in the selection of a title. When I was young, mar­ when he brings his friends home-unannounce~to dinner. riage was not looked upon as a career. I am sure that She must express only hope of better things when the stock many of you here have heard girls say, "Oh, I'm not clever market crashes over night. She must prove herself a or talented enough to do anything in the world and so I sympathetic congenial companion always. She must be think I'll just get married." For to the average boy and cheerful, energetic, efficient and nerveless and it is well if girl it was the one avocation left that seemed to call for no she possess an imagination and a sense of humor. I be. study, no preparation, no special aptitude. It was not lieve these little virtues are more important in married even listed by our government statisticians as a profes­ life than the heroic ones for few of us are called upon sion. It was not even considered a job. to exercise real heroism while the little virtues leaven all Many years ago when I was living on Staten Island, I the duties of every day living'. applied to a public library for a card to take out books. Robert Louis Stevenson in one of his charming letters The librarian asked my name and address and then added, to YO,ung people about to get married says ~ 4' And your occupation l' , I said I had four small boys , 'Remember that a quiet evening spent at your own fire­ and a h~sband and that I was trying to keep a home but I side happens more often than having a distinguished guest supposed-strictly speaking, I had no occupation. She to dinner." said with great seriousness, "Presumably not," and she wrote "No occupation" after my name. Now this point of view was really absurd, for the career T IS around the fireside that the -peace, the fidelity, the of wife and mother is the most composite one in the world. I standards of the home are established for these little If she hopes to direct a household with real skill, she should virtues of honesty of purpose, unselfishness, consideration be a health expert., a dietitian, a cook, a trained nurse, a for others must initiate our children into the wider world seamstress, and interior decorator. There are times when where these little virtues will order their confidences, their she is called upon to be veterinarian; for every happy loves, their ambitions. home, with children, harbors a diversity of pets. She And it is here by her own fireside that the Catholic should also be a surgeon to render first aid to the inevitable mother reigns in sweet security believing in the indis­ (!uts and bruises; she should be enough of a diplomat to solubility of her marriage, grateful to the valiant Church placate disgruntled servants and in these days, when auto­ that has waged countless battles and suffered untold loss mobiles are counted a necessity, she is expected to register to bring her the dignity, the- authority, the respect that as a chauffeur. She must study the political problems of she can now rightfully claim. the day so that she may vote with some intelligence. She It seems almost incredible that in the light of irrefutable should be a psychoanalyst so that she may learn to manage history that the modern woman would dare to jeopardize her husband so that he will not know he is .l being managed. her own position by adopting; -so thoughtlessly the present She should try, in loyalty, to comprehend his varied in- loose standards that make marriage in America-accord­ ing to one philosophic writer-r-" more uncertain and in­ * An address delivered at the Charleston Convention, N. C. C.W. stable" than amongst any other people in the world. 8 CATHOLIC ACTION May, 1933

I feel that in this great state of South Carolina which tian marriage which concerns the life and continuance of has so courageously upheld the sanctity of ·the marriage society. We Catholic mothers can find no greater career tie, the sympathetic audience will agree that even if than defending our homes against this insidious propa­ a woman has no spiritual · vision, even if she refuses to ganda that is threatening to destroy thc;lt most precious admit the sacramental force of marriage, she will have to heritage left us by the fathers of our country-the Amer­ acknowledge that in this promiscuous mode of living, which ican home. a succession of divorces seems legally to allow, she . The homes that we build for ourselves when we enter will pay a higher penalty than the ~an. For when she the married state must be strong, founded on faith to pro­ views her life in retrospect, the serenity that comes with old tect the treasure of sacramental grace, flooded by the sun­ age will be denied her as will that sense of immortality shine of God's love, illumined in our darkest hours by the which is a virtuous mother's recompense when her children light that is never denied us when we pray, for the Church and her children's children "arise to call her blessed." like a tender mother, ever mindful of our weakness, offers us many helps in guiding our children on their difficult CATHOLIC friend of mine visiting one of our large way. There is the Sacrament of Confirmation with its A universities asked permission to put one question to multitudinous gifts of knowledge and of wisdom. There the students: "Did they believe in divorce?" Most of them is the greatest of all sacraments, the Holy Eucharist, that said that they did. My friend came home profoundly sad­ promises us divine nourishment and unity with God. dened not only because of the break down of the old relig­ There is the most misunderstood of all sacraments­ ious standards but because she had been a recognized Penance. pioneer in the upbuilding of the social and civic organiza­ tions of her town. She had fixed her hopes for the future OT long ago at a scientific club where the intelligentsia on these young people and she realized that in their false N gather, a friend of mine approached a well known interpretation of this most fundamental safeguard of their Catholic and said: "Mr. So-and-So is heart broken about lives they were layi:p.g a fuse that would undermine the is son. He seems to have gone utterly to the bad. I told rock-ribbed principles of the pioneer home. him there was no USe asking my advice-lam an old For how can family life rest on the basis of imperma­ bachelor-that he had better talk to you; that you had been nence? If marriage is to be made a mere episode it will wonderfully successful in bringing up your boys." be governed by caprice. There will be no effort made to Later on when the Catholic was introduced to the un­ adjust different temperaments, there will be no good­ happy father he said: natured toleration with faults and failings, · no patient "I'm afraid before I can give you any advice, I'll have struggle made to live up to a sacred contract. And in this to ask you a very personal question-' Have you any re­ selfish and sensual clamor for liberty and license how can ligious faith?' " our country be unmindful of the children? The man hesitated for a moment and then he answered: , , Well, I don't believe in. any special creed; I've lived a EV. . J. I. CORRIGAN, S.J., in his eloquent radio ad- ~ R dress during the Catholic Hour said recently: respectable sort of life myself and I've tried to give my , 'Respect for womanhood, wifehood, motherhood is on son a sense of honor." the decline while as a crowning social menace of divorce our The Catholic father said: "I'm afraid I can't help you criminal classes are being recruited from the children of then, for you see the Catholic Church brought up my our broken homes. Ten years ago if a 'hold up case' was boys." being tried you would see in the dock · or on the bench "But how?" the man asked with aroused interest; "I'd reserved for the accused, hard-bitten, experienced law like to know how?" breakers between 35 and 50 years old. Today, ·if some one "Perhaps you wouldn't l.mderstand," said the Catholic, is accused of 'robbery under arms,' one of the most serious "but every w·eek or two my boys went into a silent, dark­ charges after murder in our criminal code, it will be dis­ I3ned church where no services were being held and kneeling covered that the accused persons are mere youths any­ down they thought of the sins they had committed, with where from 17 to 21. sorrow in their hearts making a resolution to avoid them "Why, during the past ten years has the age limit of . in the future. The priest to whom they confessed them such offenders fallen from 40 to 20? Ask them and they and their doubts and difficulties was an expert in matters will tell you! of morals. They listened to his advice." " Of these young criminals over. 70 percent, and that is a This little lay sermon on the confessional was continued conservative estimate, are the children of broken homes." at some length and then the unbeliever said: "It seern.s It is no wonder then that our Holy Father in his last to be an extraordinary system for good. I never under­ encyclical warns us of the forces of evil that are con­ stood it before." eentrating their attack upon this great sacrament of Chris- One of our outstanding sociologists has (Tur:t to page 31) May, 1933 CATHOLIC ACTION 9

By The CATHOLIC HOUR Joseph M. Tally -OUTSTANDING WORK of the N. C. C. M.

IN appraising the Catholic Hour during its first months of existence, The Commonweal referred to it as "the out- standing achievement of Catholic Action in" the United States." In the accom.panying article Mr. Tally, vice presi­ dent of the National Council of Catholic Men, lay organizations branch of the N. C. W. C., spon oring the hour, presents a brief review of its success since its inauguration on March 2, 1930. To aid the N. C. C. M. in financing the Catholic Hour, the officers and directors of the council recently planned an organization of supporters to be known as "The Guild of the Catholic Hour." It is hoped that Catholics everywhere realizing the great good to the cause of religion emanating from the conduct of the hour will give both their moral and financial support to this outstanding work of Catholic evidence. "T HE Catholic Hour mu. t be considered . the out­ the Re-Y-. John J. Burke, C.S.P., general secretary of the standing achievement of Catholic Action in the Conference, committees and offices were planned to remove United States during the last year." uch was the the former difficulty and through the combined efforts of measured editorial opinion of that notably judicious Catho­ the executives of the N. C. W. C. and the N. C. C. M., a lic journal The Commonu eal, in its issue of October 1, sum of money sufficient to finance, at least temporarily, the 1930, when the Catholic Hour was but seven months old. cost of the broadcasts was raised. Now that it is in its fourth year, this opinion is found to be more than verified. T SIX O'CLOCK, Eastern Standard Time, on the eve­ Begun in fear and trepidation on March 2, 1930, on A ning of March 2, 1930, the Catholic Church in the twenty-two stations associated with the National Broad­ United States for the first time in a national way broad­ casting Company, it is now broadcast throughout the length cast its age-old message to a r~dio audience. Participating and breadth of our land on fifty-three tations and is re­ in that brilliant inaugural program were His Eminence, . broadca t on another by short wave length throughout Patrick Cardinal Hayes, His Excellency, Bi hop Schrembs, many distant parts of the world. and the president of the National Broadcasting Company, M. H. Aylesworth. Success was immediate. Letters and A TE in 1929, negotiations looking to the inception of telegrams poured in congratulating the National Council of L such a program were begun, largely through the initia­ Catholic Men upon its undertaking and praying for its continued welfare. tive of the then executive secreta~y of the National Council of Catholic Men, harles F. Dolle, with the National Broad­ Immediately following the inaugural program, Rev. Dr. casting. Company. Protestants had been availing them­ Fulton J. Sheen, noted preacher and writer, delivered a selves of the facilities of this great national network for series of seven addresses entitled "The Divine Romance." seven years. The thing was simply crying to be done, yet So po·pular were these and the addresses delivered subse­ the difficulties were many. The National Broadcasting quently by other equally well-known speakers that to date Company offered its facilities, ar;td those of its stations more than a million and a quarter. copies of the radio ser­ . which wished to cooperate, entirely without charge; but it mons have been distributed upon request to interested desired to deal only with a responsible body, and only with listeners. one which was thoroughly representative of the Catholics At the outset the program lasted for a full hour, which of the country and which was, at the same time, author­ accounts for its name; but on December 6, 1932, because ized by the ecclesiastical authorities of the Church. Tp.e of the trend towards shorter radio programs, it was deemed National Council of Catholic Men was selected as the re­ wise to experiment with a half-hour period. It is still, at sponsible body. The N. C. C. M., however, had at that time the present writing, a half-hour, running from six to six­ no machinery which could undertake such a stupendous thirty, New York time. task and ensure its acceptability and orthodoxy; above all Inasmuch as it "is a gratuitous program, the National it did not have the funds necessary for its maintenance. Broadcasting Company mak~s it optional with the stations Finally, however, through the patient labors of His Ex­ associated in its network whether they shall carry it or cellency, the Most Rev. Joseph Schrembs, D.D., Bishop of not. The fact that an increasing number of stations have Cleveland and chairman of the Lay Organizations Depart­ elected to carry it is an indication of its growing popu­ ment of the National Catholic Welfare ConfereI?-ce, and of larity. As stated before, the first program on March 2, 10 CATHOLIC ACTION May, 1933

1930, was presented by twenty-two stations; the 159th pro­ tant minister's widow in Pasadena, Calif., saying she heard last Sunday on~ of the greatest sermons she had ever heard gram, on March 19, 1933, was offered by fifty-three sta­ ('Dying to Live'-the one to which I refer)." tions besides one re-broadcasting it by short wave length. This station, W2XAF, operated by the General Electric This communication came from a Catholic in North Carolina: Company, ~t Schenectady, N. Y., has given the Catholic Hour an international .character, letters having been re­ "In the. little town of Albemarle, where I live, we have about eight thousand inhabitants and only three Catholic ceived from listeners in Canada, Alaska, England, Ireland, families. These non-Catholic people know absolutely noth­ France, Spain, Turkey, Nigeria, West Africa, Porto Rico, ing about Catholicism but what they have learned through Cuba, Hawaii, the Virgin Islands, the Bahamas, the Philip­ its enemies. But since listening to your lectures, so many have told me their opinion of the Catholic Church had under­ pines; from Mexico and the Canal Zone; from Colombia, gone a great change, as it would be impossible after listen­ Ecuador, Argentina and the Dominican Republic; and even ing to a man so profoundly educated whose lectures con­ from that point on the edge of the Antarctic Circle, the tained so much truth, wisdom and the love of God, could possibly believe in and practice the rot the Church had Falkland Islands. always been accused of. . HE best index of its favor and effect, however, is' the "So your light is shining in Protestant North Carolina. May it be a beacon light to lead us Home." T number and character of the letters it elicits-in other words, its" fan maiL" This has been more than gratify­ HIS letter was received from a correspondent in New ing. During the first six months, the average number of T York: letters received monthly was 752. In the next year, this "I want to add my little mite in recognition of the won­ monthly average had jumped to 1,355. In the following derful work you are doing. Further, we all appreciate yOul' present speaker. He himself will never know what good year, to 2,228; and in the' six months period ended March he is doing. He leaves everyone with a thought and an in­ 31, 1933, to 3,000. In character the great majority of these spiration, and of course, he has to leave the rest with God and the soul. A priest was telling from our pulpit last letters has been not only encouraging, but inspiring. Ex­ Sunday that a man came to him a few days before and asked cerpts from a few of those more recently received will bear to be instructed in our Faith. He said he knew nothing this out. For example, the following letter (in part), was whatever about our Church .but through listening to the Catholic Hour he was convinced he should be converted to received from a pastor of a Congregational Church in it." North Dakota: A correspondent in Oregon wrote to one of the Catholic "I have listened to the sermons on the Catholic Hour every Sunday afternoon this winter and I want to express Hour speakers: my most sincere appreciation for these clear and sound " ... Your sermons have done much to the bringing of messages. We were greatly helped and comforted es­ my husband to the Catholic Church. Twenty-two years ago pecially on Sunday the 29th, by the sermon 'Dying to Live.' we were married and Father baptized him the day On Saturday, January 28, our only son died. On Sunday before ... He went to Church for a short time but after noon the body was brought home. We would not then miss that lost interest and never went.... Last Easter Sunday Dr. Sheen's sermon. It was a God-send and we were deeply he received his first Communion and ... is (now) very de- moved and greatly comforted. It seemed as if that sermon vout.•.. I feel your talks have done much to bring him were for just us alone. But we also realized that at that to the Church.... Just remember that out here in Ore­ moment ever so many fathers and mothers, brothers and gon we are always listening to you, and scores we know sisters, and children all over the world were weeping for wouldn't miss you." their dear ones who had gone on before. The sorrow and grief which then grips the heart can only be understood This letter came from a correspondent in a mid-western by one who has gone through such an experience, and who city, a teacher of German and French: has not? "Since my last communication, I have diligently studied "I am sure that all of the many radio listeners who were most of the works on the reading list you sent me. This in that frame of mind must have felt' the same. It reading under the guidance of God, has led me to become a was a message from above. I would like to have that ser­ convert to the Catholic Faith. I am now studying with mon as a remembrance to read over and over again. But Mother --- of the Convent of to clear up the not only that sermon, but would ask for all of them, so last few difficulties and to be prepared for the great privi­ that we can read them over again and talk about them. lege of becoming a communicant. They are really worth preserving." "Words can not express to you my gratitude for your in­ This letter came recently from a priest in Arkansas: terest and effort, for these led to the successive steps which brought me to the conviction that the Catholic Church is "The enclosed offering is very small, and in no way in­ the one true Church. dicative of the vast amount of good your Sunday Hour is "As a small token of appreciation I am sending $5 to do doing for the Church here in the South. It is impossible its bit in helping to carryon your work. I hope to send more to measure the amount of prejudice and misunderstanding from time to time. that has been allayed; how much the minds of the people have been prepared for the reception of Catholic doc­ "A very dear friend of mine is beginning this same course trine. . . . The question box of the hour is most popular." of reading. May God continue to bless your work." A non-Catholic in Kansas wrote the N. C. C. M. com- Most of our correspondents request copies of the ad­ menting on the current sermon as follows: dresses. In response to such requests, more than a mil­ "The greatest sermon I have ever heard was your 'Dying lion and a quarter copies of single addresses have been to Live,' and four days after I had a letter from a Protes- distributed. All of the addresses pub- (Turn w page 28) May, 1933 CATHOLIC ACTION 11

CATHOLIC LEADERS PLEAD lor A Series 0/ Commentaries on the "Social Order" Encyclical ECONOMIC JUSTICE

wrrH the cooperation of the N. C. W. C. Social Action Department, we present herewith a series of brief conunen- taries on Pope Pius Xl's Encyclical "Reconstructing the Social Order," tog~ther w;.th certain proposals advanced by Catholic leaders to put into effect the provisions of the encyclical or, without direct relation to the encyclical, to remedy the economic evils of the country and the world. The passages are chosen and arrangedato follow, in the main, the order of the quotations from the encyclical itself used in the discussion and study club outline on pages 20, 21 and 29.

THE CONCENTRATION 0/ POWER: By Dr. Hagerty

IVE years ago, a prominent American economist Everyone familiar with the present tendencies of big pointed out the extraordin~ry evils which ~av~ come business knows that Pope Pius has not over-stated the evil F over American business In the centralIzatIOn of influences of the exercise of power by the great captains of financing and in the reorganization of American corpora­ industry. Possessing more than enough income to satisfy tions. Through the consolidation of corporations engaged the most extravagant of economic wants, their chief satis­ in the same line of business and in the formation of hold­ faction in life seems to come from the exercise of power ing companies, it is impossible for the average stockholder over their fellow man. This power not only consists in to have any share whatever in the management of the bus­ controlling rulers and dictating to legisiators in their own iness in which he is a property holder. In issuing different selfish interests, but they also exercise the power to make classes of stock, it is often possible for a board of directors or break all those who either directly or indirectly come who have relatively ' little investments in a company to within their competitive influence. This reasoning applies have practically complete control over very large enter­ not alone to the leaders of industry in the great financial prises. It is well known that those on the inside in the centers, but everywhere, where irresponsible and grasping management of big business in prosperous times may make men of wealth are drunk with the power they may exer­ large sums of money out of all proportion to the services cise. It would be unfair to apply this reasoning to all which they render. Moreover, the services of very able the greater and lesser captains of industry, but it applies to corporation lawyers are at the command of many leaders enough of them to make their ir.fluence a positive menace of finance in advising them how far they can go without to the peace and stability of. the state.-Excerpt from ad­ dress delivered by Dr. J. E. Hagerty, professor of economics at violating law and thus carry them to the very gates of the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, at the Fort Wayne penitentiary. Regional Catholic Industria.l Conference.

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THE PRESENT REGIME: By Father McGowan

N THIS present crisis we are meeting the accumulated to fight, and such are the trade associations and the labor wrongs of five centuries. All along we have let the few unions. We will have to build a democratic cooperation I get as rich as possible, refused to organize economic between the unions and trade associations in each industry, life for justice and economic wisdom and kept government a guild stpucture for every occupation and a federated at arms length. Therefore the crisis has come and it is the unity of the guilds in the common economic life of the deeper because of the great material changes of this gen­ country so as to establish the high level of leisure and liveli­ eration. hood that ought to exist and that has to exist if the new Property ownership was widely distributed in the guild economic change is to be used. cities of the Middle Ages. It is now enormously concen­ Governments are tools of the rich and confused, half­ trated. We will have to have distributed ownership again. hearted, timid, and inadequate guardians o~ the poor. We All occupations were organized into guilds then and the need active governments committed to social justice and the guilds worked closely together. Occupations are now dis­ common good. organized; or when people are organized they are organ­ In a closely knit economic world we have a mixture of ized to dominate, and such are the trade associations; or economic nationalism and the international imperialism of 12 CATHOLIC ACTION May, 1933

finance. We must have a social organization of world eco­ Catholic count~ies. We were unfit to meet the still greater nomic life and a governmental organization to assist in one during the Industrial Revolution; nearly the whole coping with the problems of a new world. world went pagan. We are now unfitted to meet a period Above all we have to change our mental ~urniture. Here of even greater material production and transformation. is our chief trouble. We were unfit to meet the great mate­ The essential thing is that we have to seek our social salva­ rial change in the closing years of the Middle Ages, and tion again in the teachings of Christ.-Ex.cerpt from address deliv.ered by Rev. R. A. McGowan, assistant director, Social Ac­ the greater one in the age of the dis~overies and coloniza­ tion Department, N. C. W. C., and secretary of the Catholic zation; the Christian world went individualist In the Conference on Indust'rial Problems, at the Albany Regional Protestant countries and increasingly secularist in the Catholic Indust1'ial Conference . • ------~------DEPRESSION and RELIEF: By Father Keane

HE effects of a long period of unemployment and times a boy or a girl is the only, or the chief, wage-earner. the consequent privations and hardships on persons Frequently they resent the necessity of foregoing recreation T out of work and their relations to their families and and new clothes. They become quarrelsome, sulky and dis­ on the family life as a whole are very disturbing. While respectfuL Parental authority has inevitably been weak­ family ties, in some instances, have been strengthened by ened. A father dependent on his son or daughter for the experience, in a great majority of cases, the effect upon shelter and food could not easily enforce discipline. Dur­ . the family life has been devastating. Worry, anxiety, loss ing these years of the depression, family affection has been of sleep, insufficient nourishment, irregular hours, daily sorely tried, conjugal and parental ties have been weak­ disappointments, physical and mental weariness, conscious­ ened, family groups have disintegrated, paternal author­ ness of the family needs and of their inability to provide ity has lost force, home discipline has suffered, instability for them have all tended to make men irritable, morose or and insecurity have increased. snappy at home. Relief-giving can not go on apace. There is a limit to Men in the habit of going to work regularly every morn­ the generosity of individual contributors. There is a liD?-it ing and not coming home until evening, do not feel at home to the amount that can be raised by taxation. Above all, in the :house during the day. The children annoy them; there is the danger of educating the coming generation to they do not know how to occupy themselves'- They think subsist on relief rather than by their own efforts. The themselves in the way. As for the wives, their tempers burden has been gradually shifted from the private agen­ too have suffered from the privations, discomforts and un­ cies to the municipal departments of public welfare, from certainty in the constant struggle to make a very little the municipal departments to the states and 'from the money buy food and clothing and other necessities for the states to the federal government. Too long have we talked family. In many instances, they have lost confidence in of depression and relief in the terms of an emergency. A their husbands, feeling that they--the husbands--were not condition that exists for over three years is no longer an trying with sufficient energy to find work. They have be­ emergency. It is a social disorder that can not be cured come slovenly in their housekeeping. They have neglected by palliatives. Its cure depends upon a reconstruction of their children. They nag and reproach their husbands. the social order, as pointed out by Pope Pius XI in his En­ Adolescent children, in many instances, have lost the cyclical Quadragesimo Anno.-Excerpt from address deliv­ sense that they could depend upon their parents. Those ered by Rev. William C. Keane, diocesan director of Catholic who were working or who unwillingly left school to try Charities, Albany, N. Y., at the Albany Regional Catholic Indus­ to find work, resent the burdens put upon them. Some- trial Conferenoe.

------~------THE ENCYCLICAL and WAGE PRINCIPLES: By Dr. Haas

IRST, the worker is to be paid a family wage; and date methods, these are not justification for cutting wages. the employment of mothers because of the inadequate Again, if the firm is unable to pay just wages because of F earnings of the husband is a grave evil not to be the cut-throat competition of competitors, these competi­ tolerated. tors are guilty of a grave wrong to the workers. Finally, Second, in setting wages, the condition of a business is in the case of a concern that is unable to pay just wages to be taken into account. If a firm is suffering from bad and will probably never be able to do so, the decision is to management, lack of enterprise, or adherence to out-of- be made whether the concern should stay in business or May, 1933 CATHOLIC ACTION

whether the working force should be supported in some otherwise unemployment will result. Third, a proper pro­ other way. portion is to be maintained among wages of different Third, the exigencies of the common good are a determi­ groups and between the prices obtained for the products nant in fixing wages. Without qualification the encyclical of different groups, especially between industry and agri­ says that the size of the wage is to be adjusted to the pub­ culture. The foregoing, embodying the requirements of lic economic good. The final determinant is social justice. social justice, indicates one of the most important steps to In this third principle are included others. First, the be taken in the present crisis, and the one that will have to common good requires that the wages of no worker be re­ be taken sooner or later no matter how many devices are duced to a level that makes it impossible for him, after experimented with.-Exc,erpt from address delivered by Rev. supporting his family decently, to lay aside enough to build Francis J. Haas, Ph.D., director of the National Catholic School up a "certain modest fortune." Second, above this level of Social Service, Washington, D. C., at the New York Regional wages are not to be raised too much or lowered too much, Catholic Industrial Conference.

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W AGES and H OURS: By Mr. Keller

ERMANENT loss of employment" was going on The chaotic conditions in which we find ourselves have P throughout our entire industrial system even before been ' caused by a number of things and I do not contend the depression came upon us. On the one hand we that a readjustment of hours with the retention of pre­ had a loss of jobs and on the other an increase in produc­ depression wages constitutes a full and complete solution. tivity. In other words we were producing more at a time Such a contention would be just as absurd as 'is the claim when purchasing power was declining. Wages did not in­ that prosperity can be restored by beating down wages crease -in proportion to the increased values added by man­ and purchasing power. I merely undertake to show the ufacturing. Hours of work did not drop in proportion to relation of wages and hours to employment and to point the increase in output per hour. The profits derived from out that a reduction in hours is one essential step to be lowered costs of production were not equally or properly - taken in re-balancing our industrial life. distributed. A small number of the more fortunate few retained for themselves an unjust and unreasonable share Catholic employers, .Catholic labor leaders, and Catholic of the wealth thus produced while great numbers were wage earners, with the two great economic encyclicals to completely cut off from their sources of income and those guide them, have a golden opportunity, to make a lasting retaining jobs did not experience the reduced hours and contribution to the peace, prosperity and spiritual advance­ adequate income that Christian ideals, social justice and ment of our nation by practicing, in so far as possible, and economic balance dictated. preaching in season and out of season these principles of We violated the law of God, the laws of social justice, justice and charity. If this is achieved, even in a small the laws of economics, and the laws of common sense. It measp.re, then our four years of distress will not have was in~vitable under such circumstances that the bewilder­ been in vain.-Exce?·pt from address delivered by Leo E. Keller, ing and menacing results would follow. To our complete statistician of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Em­ ,amazement we now find ourselves suffering for the neces­ ployees, Detroit, Mich., at the Fort Wayne Regional Catholic sities of life yet surrounded by a surplus of necessities. Industrial Conference.

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ORGANIZATION: By Dr. Haas

HA T would organization of workers have accom­ and conditions in his concern, is protected against the plished if it existed previous to. th~ crash of 1929? under-bidding of the labor exploiter. W First, it would have resulted In Important bene­ The second result that would have followed from .the fits for employers. ' The organization of workers in an in­ organization of workers, let us say up to 75 per cent of dustry enables firms to predict their labor costs. Each their number, would have taken ,the form of benefits to the employer is put on the same minimum basis as every other, community. Unionization would have placed more wages and competition is practically eliminated from the field of in the hands of workers. Far fewer demands would, have labor expense. In consequence, the fair and enlightened been made upon the public treasury for old age pensions, employer, who is determined to maintain fair wage levels mothers' pensions, public health centers, to say nothing 14 C "ATHOLIC ACTION May, 1933 of the tremendous appropriations which have pecome nec­ ing ability. No lesson of the past three years is clearer essary for public poor relief. Those who are raising a than this. hue and cry against mounting taxes should give more and Nothing in the teachings of the Quadragesimo Anno or more attention to this phase of the question. the Rerum N ovarum is clearer than this: organization of The third major result of organization would have been industry is imperative.-Excerpt from address delivered by increased buying power in the hands of wage earners. Rev. Francis J. Haas, Ph.D., director of the National Catholic There are few students of economics who would deny the School of Social Service, Washington, D. C., at the Providence desirability and the urgent necessity of- increased purchas- Regional Catholic Industrial Conferenoe.

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GOVERNMENT ACTION: By Father McKenna

ROADL Y speaking the encyclical steers a middle individuals be permitted to oppress other individuals, and course ' between the extremes of social doctrine. that minorities be permitted to oppress majorities. Un­ B First of all is condemned the laissez-faire, or "hands limited freedom of contract in commerce and industry de­ off" policy, as we might translate the" term into English, prives great masses of persons of their rights to humane which strongly protests against any sort of government working conditions, to a decent livelihood and the oppor­ interference with the free and full action of capital. The tunity to purchase the necessaries and comforts of life at prosperity of all, it is argued, is best promoted by allowing fair prices." More than that, such a policy paves the way each person in the community the widest measure of free­ for excessive state action, for legislators will eventually dom in working out his own interests. By checking or have to yield to the demands of the people and pass laws, regUlating private incentive, the state, it is said, stands in r haps indiscriminately, to compensate for what the state the way of its own advancement, because it thereby stifles ha<; failed to do. Probably much of the new legislation self-interest which is the strongest motive to work and to will be Unwise, but whatever the character of the laws serve. pas ed, whether good or bad, their number will be greatly Such a doctrine causes untold injustices. For in de­ multiplied.-Excerpt from address delivered by Rev. C. H. Mc­ manding that the individual be left alone by the state, the Kenna, O.P., professor, Providence College, Providence, R. I., advocates of the laissez-faire theory really ask '~that some at the Providence Regional Catholic Industrial Conference.

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SOCIAL LEGISLATION: By Father Bolger

HE right to a living wage is merely the ordinary Compulsory social provision of any kind, adequate or in­ means of decent l~velihood unde~ the wage ~ystem. adequate, does not exist in anyone of the forty-eight states T Rights and dutIes are correlatIves, the eXIstence of today against the three major social contingencies which either implies the existence of the other, just as child and stop wages, viz: sickness, invalidity, unemployment. parent are correlative. Today, because the wage system Historic Christianity speaking through Pope Leo XIII in exists if the multitude are to live they must live by the , his encyclical on "The Condition of the Working Classes," wages of their labor and must be paid by the employer of says: "Whenever the general interest or any particular labor. For that reason the right to live on the "earth, the class suffers or is threatened with mischief which can in right to decent livelihood becomes the right to a living wage, or more accur ately the living wage becomes the ordinary no other way be met or pr evented the public authority must means of decent livelihood. step in and deal with it. " These words are as inclusive But does the right to decent livelihood perish when and comprehensive as they could be made. Surely a social wages stop ~ Nonsense. The economic right to decent live­ contingency like widespread unemployment affects the gen­ lihood is merely the economic basis of the right to life. eral interest and affects the laboring classes in a vital man­ When wages, the ordinary means of decent livelihood, are ner. If employers can not or will not act collectively the stopped by social contingencies over which neither em­ state must. Community chests can not function as the or­ ployers nor employees have adequate control, social provi­ dinary means of decent livelihood.-Excerpt from addr~ss sioR must be made against the social contingencies which delivered by Rev. William A. Bolger, C.S.C., professor of ethws, cut off wages or the right to decent livelihood can not be College of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minn., at the Fort Wayne Re­ gional Catholic Industrial Conference. exercised.

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PUBLIC WORKS: By Dr. Ryan

HE only rational measure adequate to bring about which our resources of men and materials are amply able the beginning of business recovery is a very large . to provide in addition to all the necessary private goods T program of public works. Congress should authorize and services. Secondly, the public works program would the sale of six to eight billion dollars of bonds to finance apply the remedial action just where it ought to be applied, federal, state and municipal construction of permanent that is, to the recreation of purchasing power in the hands public utilities. Highways, forestry, reforestation, flood of those who would use it immediately, thus giving an im­ control, improvement of navigation and elimination of mediate impetus to business. In the third place, this pro­ railroad grade crossings, indicate the principal federal gram would be so devised and administered as to provide operations. A large proportion of the proceeds of the bond employment directly and indirectly for several million issue should be loaned to states and cities for a great variety workers within a few months. Finally, it would give to of local utilities, particularly for slum clearance and better our industrial operations all the inflation that is useful and housing for the poor. safe, both for the increase of prices and the benefit of The principal advantages in public works over any other debtors; and the inflation would be under definite control.­ method of reviving business may be thus summarized. In Excerpt from address delivered by Rev. John A. Ryan, D.D., director of the Social Action Department, N. C. W. C., and pro­ the first place, they would enrich the community with pub­ fessor of Moral Theology, Catholic University of America, at lic benefits, public wealth, public utilities and improvements the New York Regional Catholic Industrial Conference.

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INDUSTRIAL STABILIZATION: By Mr. Corcoran

HE question of reduced wor~ing hours per day and bilized industry rather than an influence in stabilizing. the reduced number of workIng days per week must When production is greatly unbalanced, wage rates do not T be considered important features in stabilizing in­ hold and likewise when production is booming the wage dustry. These methods will mean real equal division of rates are least stable, constantly fluctuating upward. Com­ work on a paying basis. If our aggregate consumer de­ petition among manufacturers in the field of hours of labor mand is not to be increased and if our export markets are is detrimental to st.ability and regulated uniform hours of to remain unimproved, the importance and inevitability labor and wage rates for an entire industry would greatly of need of these features becomes very apparent, as the aid stabilization. existing production seasons of many enterprises must be Along this line the stabilization influence of union labor lengthened. Acc~mpanying these elements must be some organization must be noted. They stand for order and consideration gf the restriction of overtime which, other­ proper regulation of industry through collective agreements wise, may be resorted to, and almost nullify the effects of running for long periods of time, introduce an element into the advance obtained by these means. the conduct of industry that standardizes and regulates the To secure the maximum benefit, however, existing wage productive phase of industry, eli~inating cut-throat com­ scales will have to be maintained. Likewise minimum wage petition in that field and leaving to manufacturers regula­ standards and protection of hours and wages of women tion of the field of organization, finance and sale.-Exce1·pt from address delivered by James A. Corcoran, assistant secre­ and child workers help to accomplish the same result. Wage tary, New York State Department of Lab01', at the Albany Re­ rates appear to be more an indication of the state of sta- gional Catholic Industrial Conference.

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STABILIZATION of NDUSTRY:ByMr.DeSt.Aubin

E SHOULD inquire at the very beginning: What function in the economic order. This must be a role he is should be the obj.ective of th.e industrialist ~ What to play in this social drama. In the exercise of ·this function W is to be accomplIshed ~ Is It not to contrIbute to and in the fulfillment of the role, he requires the services the satisfaction of human need for either the material neces­ of employees. He and they together constitute what the sities or the luxuries of life 1 This would seem to be his Quadragesimo Anno terms an occupa- (Turn to ·page 18) MONTH by MONTH Members of Administrative Committee, N. C. W. C., CATHOLIC ACTION Hold Annual Spring Meeting in Washington, D. C. OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE N APRIL 25 and 26, 1933, the archbishops and bishops of NATIONAL CATHOLIC WELFARE CONFERENCE O the Administrative Committee of the National Catholic "We have grouped together, under the NatioftGl Welfare Conference held their annual spring meeting at Oatholic WelfMe Oonference, the VMiou. agencie. N.. C. W. C. headquarters in Washington, D. C. by which the cau.e of religion iI furthered. Bach of Routine matters concerning the management and activities of the8e, continuing it. own special work in it. cho.en the Confel'ence and its various departments occupied the atten­ field, will now derive additioftGl .upport through general cooperation." tion of members during the two days' sessions. There will shortly , -From the 1919 Pastoral Letter of the issue from the committee a statement dealing with the present Archbishops and Bishops of the U. So economic and social crisis. Particular attention was given to N. C. W. C. Administrative Committee the religious care, in cooperation with the authorities of the MOST REV. EDWARD J. HANNA, D.D., Archbishop of San War Department, of the Catholic men in the 1,250 reforestation Francisco, chairman of the committee and of the Executive camps organized for aiding the unemployed. Department; MOST REV. THOMAS F. LILLIs, D.D., Bishop of Attending the meeting were Their Excellencies, Archbishop Kansas City, vice-chairman, and chairman, Department of Social Hanna, of San Francisco, chairman; Archbishop McNicholas, Action; MOST REV. JOHN G. MURRAY, S.T.D., Archbishop of St. Paul, treasurer, and chairman, Legal Department; MOST REV. of Cincinnati, and Archbishop Murray, of St. Paul; and Bishops JOHN F. NOLL, D.D., Bishop of Fort Wayne, secretary; MOST Schrembs, of Cleveland, Lillis, of Kansas City, Boyle, of Pitts­ REV. JOHN T. MoNICHOLAS, O.P., S.T.M., Archbishop of Oin­ burgh, and Noll, of Fort Wayne. cinnati, chairman, Department of Education; MOST REV. JOSEPH His Excellency, Bishop Walsh, of Charleston, S. C., one of SCHBEMBS, D.D., Bishop of Cleveland, chairman, Department of Lay Organizations; and MOST REV. HUGH O. BoYLE, D.D., the assistant bishops to the Administrative Committee, also a­ Bishop of Pittsburgh, chairman, Press Department. tended the sessions as did the Rev. John J. Burke, C.S.P., gen­ eral secretary of the Conference, and Rev. Michael J. Ready, Assistant Bishops, Administrative Committee assistant general secretary. MOST REV. SAMUEL A. STBITCH, D.D., Archbishop of Mil­ waukee; MOST REV. EDWARD F. HOBAN, D.D., Bishop of Rock­ ford; MOST REV. EMMET M. W ALBH, D.D., Bishop of Charles­ ompliments of N. C. W. C. Bishops ton: MOST REV. JOSEPH F. RUMMEL. D.D., Bishop of Omaha: MOST REV. JOHN F. O'HERN, D.D., Bishop of Rochester: and Presented to President by Father Burke MORT REV. EDWIN V. O'HARA, D.D., Bishop of Great Falls. N LINE with the custom that has held since the establish­ REV. JOHN J. BURKE, C.S.P., S.T.D. ment of the National Catholic Welfare Conference, the Rev. General Secretary I Dr. John J. Burke, C. S. P., general secretary, was received CHARLES A. MoMAHON personally by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, April 13, Editor 1933. Father Burke presented the compliments and good wishes of the archbishops and bishops of the Administrative Committee, Opinion8 elDpressed in article. pubUlhed in thill N. C. W. C. magazine are to be regarded a. those of the re8pec­ Father Burke was absent from the country at the time of tive contributor.. They do not nece'8arilv carry with them the formal approval of the Admini.tra­ President Roosevelt's inauguration, having gone to Rome to tive Oommittee, National Oatholic Welfare Oon­ represent the Administrative Committee at the elevation to the ference. Sacred College of His Eminence, Pietro Cardinal Fumasoni­ Biondi, former Apostolic Delegate to the United States.

Religious Vacation Schools Catholic "Parliament" Urges To Exceed 2,000 During Summer Establishment of English N. C. W. C. CCORDING to an estimate made, following a recent survey, PROPOSAL that the bishops of England should start a by the Rev. Dr. Edgar Schmeideler, O. S. B., director of national Catholic welfare conference on the lines of the A the N. C. W. C. Rural Life Bureau, more than 2,000 A organization which operates in the United States was made religious vacation schools will be conducted under Catholic by the Rev. Alfred Winsbol'ough at a recent meeting of the auspices throughout the United States during the coming sum­ Cardiff Catholic "Parliament." The padiament is an important mer. This estimate is based upon evidence showing not only a local debating society which works more or less on lines of more intense but also a more widespread interest in the move­ parliamentary procedure. ment throughout the country. The estimate of 1,500 religious Father Winsborough was a labor union organizer before he vacation schools for 1932 made by the N. C. W. C. Rural Life studied for the priesthood. He has visited the United States, Bureau was exceeded last summer. There is just as solid basis where he made a special study of the organization of the N. C. for a prediction of 2,000 such schools this summer, Dr. W. C. He is general secretary of the Cardiff Catholic Schmiedeler believes. "Parliament." After hearing Father Winsborough's prop'osal, the "parlia­ Evidence of larger programs than last year is discernible in ment" voted unanimously in favor of it. His proposal was "the a number of dioceses where preparations are already going for­ establishment of a national Catholic welfare council for the pur­ ward for the 1933 religious vacation schools. In the opinion of pose of coordinating the work of all Catholic societies, by link­ Dr. Schmeideler, the growth of schools in cities during the last ing them in one plan of action under direct executive contro1." year or two has been perhaps the most striking feature of the Father Winsborough, introducing the motion, said the Holy vacation school movement. Father's appeal fol' Catholic Action was not merely a call to A revised edition of the Manual of Religious Vacation Schools individual Catholics to display more zeal in their private lives. has appeared and is ready for distribution through the N. C. It was, rather, an app'eal for collective action, according to the W. C. Rural Life Bureau. Dr. Schmiedeler believes this will be national dangers, problems and opportunities, he said. After outlining the work of the N. C. W. C. in its various welcome news to the hundreds who have sought copies of this departments. Father Winsborough said: "I sincerely hope that booklet during the last year, but who have been unable to our small voice will be heard, that something serious and definite obtain them. may be undertaken with a view to laying out our plan of 16 the N. c. W. C~ action ... something more in line with that wonderful achieve­ be added to the flourishing lay activity represented by the ment in the United States, the National Catholic Welfare National Council of Catholic Women, organized there just a Conference." year ago. During the past month, the Most Rev. Charles D. White, Bishop of Spokane, called together 200 representatives of the Msgr. Duffy and Father Walsh various parishes in the Spokane Diocese preparatory to the Named Bishops by the Holy See formation of diocesan councils of Catholic men and women to be affiliated with the N~ C. C. M. and N. C. C. W. Bishop White HE RT. REV. MSGR. JOHN ALOYSIUS DUFFY, S. T. D., stressed the need of greater organization of Catholics in the T vicar general of the Diocese of Newark, has been appointed United States, explaining the work of the National Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Syracuse by His Holiness, Pope Pius Welfare Conference. With the generous approval of Bishop' XI, according to word received in Washington, April 24, from O'Hara of the Diocese of Great Falls, Miss Miriam Marks, the Holy See. executive secretary of the Council of Catholic Women in that Monsignor Duffy will succeed the Most Rev. Daniel J. Curley, diocese, was enabled to accept the invitation of Bishop White third Bishop of Syracuse, who died August 3, 1932. to assist in the work of organization. Bishop-elect Duffy was born in Jersey City, N. J., October 29, Plans are also underway for the organization of a diocesan 1884, the son of Patrick Joseph and Anna Maria (Smith) Duffy. unit of the National Council of Catholic Women in the Diocese Following graduation from Seton Hall College, he took up of Indianapolis. studies at tlie North American College in Rome, was ordained to the priesthood on June 13, 1908, and received the degree of Doctor of Sacred Theology. His first assignment following his Growing Interest Noted ordination was as an assistant at St. Mary's Church, Hoboken, In the Rural Life Movement N. J., ,where he served from September, 1908, until July, 1909. N TWO additional dioceses, according to the Rev. Dr. Edgar In the latter year he was named professor of Latin and English Schmiedeler, O. S. B., director of the N. C. W. C. Rural Literature at Seton Hall College, and also became professor of I Life Bureau, the most reverend ordinaries have assigned Church History in the Diocesan Seminary. priests to have charge of diocesan rural life bUl.·"!aus. The Rev. Bishop-elect Duffy was named chancellor of the Diocese of J. M. Campbell, of Ames, Iowa, has been appoint"d director of Newark in August, 1915, and held that office until 1924, when the Rural Life Bureau of the Archdiocese of Dubuque, and the he was appointed vicar general of the diocese. He was reap­ Rev. Ferdinand Mock, of Crete, Nebr., will serve in a similar pointed vicar general of the Diocese of Newark by the Most capadty in the Diocese of Lincoln. His Excellency, Bishop Rev. Thomas J. Walsh, Bishop of Newark. Kucera, has asked Father Mock also to sponsor in the diocese The Holy See has also announced the selection of the Very the organization known as the .{\ssociation of the Holy Family. Rev. James A. Walsh, M. M., M. Ap., co-founder and superior This organization is a project fostered by the Family Life Sec­ general of the Catholic FOl'eign Mission Society of America to tion of the N. C. W. C. Social Action Department. be a titular bishop-a merited recognition of his work in Another note of progress reported by Dr. Schmiedeler is the organizing and directing the great American mission society. appointment of the Rev. William M. Mcquire, of Genoa, Ill., To both bishops-elect, CATHOLIC ACTION offers sincere con­ long a leader in the Catholic Rural Life Movement, to be a gratulations and be3t wishes. director of the Illinois Credit Union League, the president of which is T. J. O'Shaughnessy, a prominent Catholic layman of Chicago, who has done much to promote credit union work. N. C. C. W. Lay Organizations Department Extends Its Organization in Several Dioceses A 'COMPLIMENT FROM CALIFORNIA NC.OURAGING progress is being made in the extension of E the Lay Organization Dep'artment of the N. C. W. C. in a N A RECENT letter received at N. C. C. W. head­ number of dioceses. At the present writing field organizers I quarters, Miss Mary Workman, prominent Catholic . representing the National Council of Catholic Men and the leader in Los Angeles and first president of the Los National Council of Catholic Women are addressing the various Angeles Diocesan Council, stated: deaner~ units in the St. Paul Archdiocese preliminary to organiz­ "I enjoyed reading about the great regional conference ing there early in May diocesan councils of Catholic men and in San Francisco in the March issue of CATHOLIC ACTION. women. In a letter addressed to the clergy of the archdiocese, The Conference magazine is very fine, I think. I like it His Excellency, Archbishop Murray stated: better than any Catholic paper I read. It has neither "Since the Church cannot remain isolated in the current of time nor space to waste on carping criticism but is con­ everyday life, it is quite important that her voice should be structive in every word, building up the noble edifice of a made articulate in the decisions of our great social organism, Christian society and a social progress based on the whenever those decisions affect the moral integrity of the home, moral code." the schools, the Church and various' groups from within the CATHOLIC ACTION is grateful for this compliment, and Church that through adversity or misfortune have become hopes to merit our well-known reader's continued appro­ dependent on the governing powers of society. bation. Additional commendations, together with some "Hence it is that the bishops of the United States have sought reasons why CATHOLIC ACTION should be read by all ac­ to establish harmony of thought and action among the various tively participating in practical works of Catholic Action, societies with Catholic membership by the formation of the are set forth on Page 32 of this issue. National Council of Catholic Men and the National Council of We shall be most grateful to our subscribers for any Catholic Women .... It has been decided to invite all the units steps they may take to promote the further circulation of of organized Catholics within the Archdiocese of St. Paul to this magazine. We respectfully make the following sug­ affiliate with the National Council of Catholic Men in the case gestions: (1) Solimt from or donate a subscription for of men's societies and the National Council of Catholic Women CATHOLIC ACTION to a friend; (2) 80limt from or donate a in the case of women's societies." subscription for CATHOLIC ACTION to your pastor school Following the organization of the N. C. C. M. in the 'St. Paul library, club, parish society, etc.; (3) 'renew your ~wn sub~ Archdiocese, the N. C. C. M. representative will proceed to the scription to CA1'HOLIC ACTION. Dubuque Archdiocese, where it is expected a men's council will 17 18 CATHOLIC ACTION May, 1933

Stabilization of Industry-(Continued fr~ page 15)

tional society. Neither the employer nor the employe sepa­ wages. But in any event, each is entitled to that which rately is an economic unit; together they constitute an will enable him to live decently and comfortably, enjoying organic whole. the benefits of modern progress and developments. Since their purpose is to provide for the material welfare The institution of occupational societies whose members of society it would be unreasonable to . suppose that, while are bound together by common interests and directed by .carrying out their particular assrgnment, they should be real charity with the desire for the establishment of social unable to enjoy a decent and respectable livelihood. The justice as outlined by the encyclical, supplemented by many :same economic, social and political organization which has of the specific suggestions that have already been presented .created the industrial unit has the obligation of rewarding even in this very conference, is the seed of a new industrial that unit for the service it is rendering. It must be ad­ era, an era of more sincere and honest cooperation, of 'mitted, however, that since the service is rendered by the greater respect for human values and of a far more endur­ ,employer and. employe as a unit they must be recompensed ing peace and security and happiness.-Excerpt f'rom address ,as a unit. delivered by Percival De St. Aubin, treasurer, Vesta Underwear The employer is entitled to compensation in the form of Co., Providence, R. I., at the Providence Regional Catholic reasonable profits and the employe in the form of fair Industrial Conference.

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AN ApPRAISAL 0/ AMERICAN INDUSTRY: By Mr. Woodlock

HAVE no patent "way out" of the present crisis. ..I r individual initiative and ability-a most difficult thing So far as emergency measures are concerned I favor to achieve, but we must aim at it; I anything which will not in the long run-and not in a Third-which must in time come first-a recognition very long run-cost more to society than it is worth, and that a great part of existing debt can not be paid and must can be effectuated without destroying more with the left somehow be written off the slate before we can start hand than it produces with the right. That is the only test afresh; and I would apply to any proposal. For a restoration of rea­ Lastly, we must somehow endeavor to avoid either ex­ sonably normal economic conditions, it seems to me that the treme in dealing with these problems--that of hasty grasp­ following things are indispensable; they are stated in the ing at anything that seems to offer remedy and that of order of their importance as I see that order: despair over the difficulties. Above all it is necessary for First, the achievement of international peace. Modern us to understand the true n;:tture of the problems. My pur­ civilization can not exist if there are to be any more modern pose has been to suggest some of its main characteristics.­ wars. The two are absolutely incompatible; Excerpt from address delivered by Thomas F. Woodlock, editor Second, such a coordination and control of industry as of WALL STREET JOURNAL, New York, at the New York will make it consciously cooperative and yet preserve a field Regional Catholic Industrial Conference.

RECONSTRUCTING the SOCIAL ORDER: By Father Parsons, S.J.

HEN he' comes to rep~rt his .specifications fo~ recon­ the same lines, and if necessary will call in the state to see struction, a CatholIc· phllosopher-economlst-eng­ to it that social morality is practiced. He will recommend W ineer will enter the fields of morality and that the state be brought back to its proper functions of economics. general guidance of industry along social lines, and not for In the field of morality, he will recommend the moral special privilege. renovation of the individual proceeding from the necessity He will insist that each industry be organized in groups of social justice: the greedy 'and the powerful individual along vocatioiIal lines, and that the interests of capital, must curb his instincts in the interests of society and ulti­ labor, and the consuming public be considered in all policies mately of his own as a member of society. This involves regarding new financing, further building, production the rejection of laissez-faire, under which social morality schedules, advertising campaigns, distribution and mer­ .could not be preached or practiced. chandising. He will also recommend the renovation of industry along He will also urge that all industries be united in a May, 1933 CATHOLIC ACTION 19

national planning board, so that capital will flow evenly He will not recommend that this plan be put into action into those channels which most need it here and now; so all at once, but that in the interests of safeguarding the that one industry by undue expansion does not ruin another institution of private property it be adopted as the ultimate industry; so that new inventions will be used for progress aim, and that a list of limited objectives be set by which the and not for immediate and costly profits to society; and so plan can be brought about in an orderly and just manner. that a steady rise in the standard of living will take place -Excerpt from address delivered by Rev. Wilfrid Parsons, S. J., with an equitable distribution of wealth by an equitable editor of AMERICA, New York, at the New York Regional distribution of income. Catholic Industrial Conference.

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GOVERNMENT ACTION and the ENCYCLICAL: By Father McGowan

SHOULD like to suggest the following legislative pro­ Formation, under the direction and with the continuing gram. The first section deals with legislation apart assistance of the federal government, of joint councils for I from an organized economic life. It is: A billion dol- each line of industry and for agriculture, based in agricul­ lar federal relief; a five billion federal public works fund; ture upon the crop cooperatives and in each city industry state laws limiting labor injunctions; if possible, a federal upon its existing trade associations and labor unions. These limitation on hours of work; state and, if possible, federal bodies shall be an autonomous economic legislature, execu­ compulsory unemployment insurance and old age pensions tive and judiciary for each industry separately and all administered by representatives of trade associations, labor industry jointly. The aims shall be: a living wage; such unions and the public; very high taxes on large incomes, wage rates, property return, hours of work, rice parities excess· profits and large inheritances; voluntary domestic and production as will give the greatest employment and a allotment plan to provide fair prices for major farm crops high living standard for all; such social insurance as is and moratoria on farm mortgages and home mortgages and necessary; a stable coinage; profit sharing by all who work; refinancing them at lower interest rates; federal incorpora­ purchase of capital stock by the personnel of concerns and tion of all businesses and regulation of their stock structure industries under guild and governmental supervision and labor conditions under a code of minimum standards through savings and profit sharings; assistance to farm by a board composed in part of representatives of the em­ tenants to become owners; government . ownership of any ployers' associations and the labor unions; international, industry that canr:ot be otherwise dealt with; similar economic conferences to reduce international debts, tariffs regional, state and municipal councils and international and armaments, stabilize the coinage and help international councils; inclusion of the non-industrial and non-agricul­ access to resources, trade and areas of settlement. tural occupations into the organized guild federation; en­ The second section deals with the organization of a couragement of cooperative consumption and banking.­ modern guild system. The known evils in a great growth Excerpt from address delivered at the New York Regional Cath­ of the first ty e of legislation will be the sooner offset, the olic Industrial Conference by Rev. R. A. McGowan, assistant speedier the second section is adopted. The second line of director, Social Action Department, N. C. W. C., and secretary legislation is this: of the Catholic Conference on Industrial Problems.

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CATHOLIC ACTION and ECONOMIC JUSTICE

URING the yea'" at the indust'rial conferences and at the . 4. Use of the 8tudy club outlines and reading lists of the special meetings of priests on Pius Xl's encyclical, the N.C.W.C. D following points and items of information upon means of 5. Strengthening the courses in colleges, extending them in learning and making Catholic social teaching kn~wn were under high schools and inco'rporating Catholic social teaching in grade discussion: schools. 1. The distinction between the moral teaching on economic 6. Seminary courses and the work of priests in individual problems and the practical ways and means of making the moral contacts with the laity, including lay organization leaders, busi­ p'rinciples efJeotive. ness and labor officials, oivic . leaders, etc., and sermons and 2. The primary function of the Church in the field of the writing. moral teaching. 7. Distribution of pamphlets. 3. The necessity of Catholic lay organization federated in dioceses and nationally to put through a program of self-educa­ 8. The College Catholic Action Program of the N. C. W. C. tion through ·study clubs and lectures on Catholic social teach­ 9. Magazines, particularly CATHOLIC ACTION, "America," ing so that Catholics will know the moral teaohing and reason­ "The Commonweal," and "Social Justice," the ot'gan of thg able applications of it. Central Bureau of the Central Verein. ------~------20 CATHO.LIC ACTION· May, 1933

MAY STUDY TOPIC-"TH'E CHRISTIAN WAY To ECONOMIC JUSTICE" The Problem; The Standards and the Methods to Meet the Problem-Catholics and Economic R-econstruction NOTE-With the publication of the accompanying study topic, CATHOLIC ACTION concludes its 1932-33 series of study club discussions, which have included: "Catholic Action," "Catholic Education," "Lay Organization," "The Family," "The Catholic Press," "World Peace," "Evidencing Our Catholic Faith and Preventing Leakage," and the one printed herewith on "The Christian Way to Economic Justice." This month's discussion presents throughout the words of His Holiness, Pope Pius Xl, as taken from his encyclical "Reconstructing the Social Order." The' excerpts selected, which follow the u-sual plan of argument of previous discussions, should be studied, . or when used as the basis of addresses, rood in connection with the symposium, beginning on page 11 of this issue, which presents a series of pertinent extracts from addresses delivered at recently conducted meetings of the Catholic Conference on Industrial Problems on the general subject matter of the encyclical. The page references appearing below are to the N. C. W. C. printing of "Forty Years After: Reconstructing the Social Order." I. THE PROBLEM THE PRESENT REGIME. . liNot alone is wealth accumulated, submerged and overwhelmed by an infinity of affairs and duties." but immense power and despotic economic domination is con­ (p. 26) .... "Human society appeared more and more divided centrated in the hands of a few, and those few are frequently into two classes." (p. 4). "Capital ... claimed all the product not the owners, but only the trustees and directors of invested and nrofits and left to the laborer the bal'est minimum necessary funds, who administer them at their good pleasure. This power to pair his strength and to ensure the continuation of his becomes particularly irresistible when exercised by those who, class ... The actual state of things was not always and every­ beca use they hold and control money, are able also to govern where as deplorable as the Liberalistic tenets of the so-called credit and determine its allotment." (p. 32). "This concentra­ Manchester School might lead us to conclude; but ... a steady tion of power has led to a threefold struggle for domination ... drift of economic and social tendencies was in this direction." for dictatorship in the economic sphere itself; . . . to acquire (p. 19). control of the state; ... finally, the clash between states them­ THE ORIGIN OF INDIVIDUALISM: THE DESTRUCTION OF GUILD selves." (p. 33). "The whole economic life has become hard, AND MORALITY. "... On account of the evil of Individualism cruel and relentless in' a ghastly measure." (p. 33). ""., .. The . , . the highly developed social life which once flourished in a intermingling and scandalous confusil1g of the duties and offices variety of prosperous institutions organically linked with each of civil authority and of economics has produced crying evils and other, has been damaged and all but ruined ...." (p. 26). "A has gone so far as to degrade the majesty of the state." (p. stern insistence on the moral law, enforced with vigor by civil 33) .... "The conditions of social and economic life are such that authority, could have dispelled or perhaps averted these enor­ vast multitudes of men can only with great difficulty pay atten­ mous evils. This, however, was too often lamentably wanting. tion to that one thing necessary, namely their eternal salvation." For at the time when the new social order was beginning, the (p. 40). doctrines of Rationalism had already taken firm hold of large ITS ORIGIN: THE PREVIOUS INDIVIDUALISM. "You assuredly numbers, and an economic science alien to the true moral law had know, Venerable Brethren and Beloved Children, and you lament the ultimate consequences of this Individualistic spirit in eco­ soon arisen, whence it followed that free rein was given to human avarice." (p. 42). nomic affairs." (p. 33). " ... Limitless free competition ... per­ mits the survival of those only who are the strongest, which THE TRUE PURPOSE OF ECONOMIC LIFE. ... "The perfect often means those who fight most relentlessly, who pay least order ... places God as the first and supreme end of all created heed to the dictates of conscience." (p. 33). " ... Liberalism activity and regards all created goods as mere instruments . . . regarded . . . unions of workingmen with disfavor, if not under God, to be used only in so far as they help towards the with open hostility." (p. 11). " ... Liberalism ... proclaimed attainment of our supreme end." (p. 43). " ... Then only the doctrine that the civil power is ... the mere guardian of will the economic and social organism be soundly established law and order.... " (p. 9). "This state of things ... the and attain its end, when it secures for all and each those goods wealthy ... looked upon ... as the consequence of inevitable which the wealth and resources of nature, technical achievement, and natural economic laws, and ... were content to abandon to and the social organization of economic affairs can give. These charity alone the full care of relieving the unfortunate, as goods should be sufficient to supply all needs and an honest liveli­ though it were the task of charity to make amends for the open hood, and to uplift men to that higher level of prosperity and violation of justice." (p. 4). culture which, provided it be used with prudence, is not only "Social life lost entirely its organic form." (p. 26). "The no hindrance but is of singular help to ·virtue." (p. 25) .. state, which now was encumbered with all the burdens once "Bodily labor ... was decreed by Providence for the good of borne by associat,ions rendered extinct by it, was in consequence man's body and soul even after original sin." (p. 42).

II. THE STANDARDS AND THE METHODS TO MEET THE PROBLEM OWNERSHIP. " .. The right to own private- property has have termed individual and social, that men must take into been given to man by nature or rather by the Creator Himself, account in this matter not only their own advantage but also not only in order that individuals may be able to provide for the common good." (p. 17). "Leo XIII wisely taught that 'the their own needs and those of their families, but also that by defining of private possession has been left by God to man's means of it, the goods which the Creator has destined for the industry and to the laws of individual peoples'." (p. 17). human race may truly serve this purpose." (pp. 15-16). "It WORKERS SHARING IN MANAGEMENT, PROFITS AND OWNERSHIP. follows from the two-fold character of ownership, ' which we "Wealth, ... constantly ... augmented by social and economic },!lay, 1933 CATHOLIC ACTION 21

progress, must be so distributed amongst the various individuals property by inheritance must be kept intact and cannot be taken and classes of society that the common good of all, of which away by the state from man.''' (p. 17). "The prudent Pontiff Leo XIII spoke, be therepy promoted." (p. 20). "By these ... declared it unlawful for the state to exhaust the means of principles of social justice one class is forbidden to exclude the individuals by crushing taxes and tributes ..." (p. 17). other from a share in the profits." (p. 20). "It is conducive (a) Competition and Domina.tion. H ••• Social rulership, ... to the common good that wage-earners of all kinds be enabled in violation of all justice, ... seized and usurped by the owners by economizing that portion of their wages which remains after of wealth ... in fact belongs, not to the individual owners, but necessary expenses have been met, to attain to the possession of to the state." (p. 35). "Free competition and still more eco­ a certain modest fortune." (p. 25). " ... Unless serious nomic domination must be kept within just and definite limits attempts be made with all energy and without delay to put ... under the effectiv(~ control of the public authority, in matters them (the above) into practice, let nobody persuade himself appertaining to this latter's competence." (p. 34). that the peace and tranquillity of human society can be (b) Labor Legislation. " ... There has arisen a new branch effectively defended against the forces of revolution!" (p. 22). of jurisprudence unknown to earlier times, whose aim is the "In the present state of human society, we deem it advisable that energetic defense of those sacred rights of the workingman the wage-contract should, when possible, be modified somewhat which proceed from his dignity as a man and as a Christian ... by a contract of partnership ... In this way wage-earners are Even _though these regUlations do not agree always and in every made sharers in some sort in the ownership, or the management, detail with the recommendations of Pope Leo it is none the less or the profits." (pp. 22-3). certain that much which they contain is str~ngly suggestive of WAGES. If the social and individual character of labor be Rerum Novarum ..." (p. 10). overlooked, it can be neither equitably appraised nor properly (c) Public Ownership. "Certain forms of property must be recompensed according to strict justice. From this double reserved to the state, since they carry with them an opportunity aspect, ... follow important conclusions for the regulation and of dOl,l1ination too great to be left to private individuals without fixing of wages." (p.' 23) . injury to the community at large." (pp. 35-36). (a) The Living Wage. " ... The wage paid to the working­ man must be sufficient for the support of himself and of his (d) Internatio'YlJ(1,l Action. "When after the great war the family." (p. 23). rulers of the leading nations wished to restore peace by an (b) The Condition 01 the Business. "It is unjust to demand entire reform of social conditions, and among other measures drew up principles to regulate the just rights of labor, many wages so high that an employer cannot pay them without ruin, and without consequent distress amongst the working people of their conclusions agreed so perfectly with the lrinciples and warnings of Leo XIII as to seem expressly deduced from them." themselves. If the business make smaller profit on account of (p. 8). bad management, want of enterprise or out-of-date methods, this is not a just reason for reducing the workingmen's wages. " ... It would be well if the various nations in common counsel If, however, the business does not make enough money to pay and endeavor strove to promote a healthy economic cooperation the workman a just wage, either because it is overwhelmed with by prudent pacts and institutions .. ." (p. 29). unjust burdens, or because, it is compelled to sell its products A NEW ECONOMIC AND JURIDICAL ORDER: THE FULL SOLU­ at an unjustly low price, those who thus injure it are guilty of TION. H... As nature induces those who dwell in close prox­ grievous wrong ..." (p. 24). imity to unite into municipalities, so those who practice the (c) The Maximum EmploYTnent Wage. The size of the wage same trade or profession, economic or otherwise, combine into or salary "finally must be regulated with a view to the economic vocational groups ... binding men together not according to welfare of the whole people." (p. 24). "Social justice ... de­ the position they occupy in the labor market, but according to mands that by union of effort and goodwill such a scale of wages the diverse functions which they exercise in society." (p. 27). be set up, if possible, as to offer to the greatest number oppor­ H. • • In these associations the common interest of the whole tunities of employment and of securing for themselves suitable group must predominate: and among these interests the most means of livelihood. A reasonable relationship between different important is the directing of the activities of the group to the wages here enters into consideration. Intimately connected ... common good ... which all groups should unite to promote, each is a reasonable relationship between the prices obtained for the in its own sphere, with friendly harmony." , (pp. 27-28). products' of the various economic groups, agrarian, industrial, "Regarding cases in which interests of employers and em­ etc." (p. 25). _ ployes call for special care and protection against opposing CLASS ORGANIZATIONS: A MEANS OF ACCOMPLISHMENT. " ... interests, separate deliberation will take place in their respec­ Not only is man free to institute these unions which are of a tive assemblies and separate votes will be taken as the matter private character, but he has the right to adopt such organiza­ may require." (p. 28). " ... Those who are engaged in the tion and such rules as may best conduce to the attainment of same trade or profession will form . free associations among their respective objects. The same liberty must be claimed f'Or themselves, for purposes connected with their occupations." the founding of associations which extend beyond the limits of (p. 28). a single trade." (p. 28). "Associations of employers and cap­ "The aim of social legislation must ... be the reestablishment tains of industry, ... Our Predecessor .•. earnestly pleaded of vocational groups." (p. 27). HIt (government) will thus for . .." (p. 13). "Let employers, therefore, and employed carry out with greater freedom, power ~nd success the tasks join in their plans and efforts to overcome all difficulties and belonging to it, because it alone can effectively accomplish these, obstacles, and let them be aided in this wholesome endeavor by directing, watching, stimUlating and restraining, as circum­ the wise, measures of the public authority." (p. 24). " ... The stances suggest or necessity demands." (p. 26). H ••• The duty Encyclical is in no small measure responsible for the gratifying of the state will be to protect and defend it (i. e., the new eco­ increase and spread of associations amongst farmers and others nomic order) effectively." (p. 29). "The public institutions of­ of the middle classes." (p. 13). the nations must be such as to make the whole of human society LEGISLATION: A SECOND MEANS OF ACCOMPLISHMENT. " conform to the common good, i. e., to the standard of social The civil power is more than the mere guardian of law and justice." (p. 34). . order, and ... must strive with all zeal 'to make sure that the " ... All the institutions of _pUblic and social life must be laws and institutions, the general character and administration imbued with the spirit of justice, and this justice (social justice) of the commonwealth, should be such as of themselves to realize must above all be truly operative. It must build up a juridical public well-being and private prosperity'." (p. 9). It ••• In and social order able to pervade all economic activity." (p. 29). protecting the rights of individuals they must have special "If ... the members of the social body be thus reformed and if regard for the infirm and needy." (p. 9). "To define in detail the true directive principle of social and economic acti~ity be these duties (of ownership), when the need occurs and when the thus reestablished, it will be possible to say, in a sense of this natural law does not do so, is the function of the goverhment." body what the Apostle said of the Mystical Body of Ch;ist .. " (p. 17). "'Man's natural right of possessing and transmitting (p. 29). (Turn to page 29) 22 CATHOLIC ACTION May, 1933

CATHOLIC LEADERS DISCUSS WORLD PEACE c. A. I. P. Holds Successful Meeting in Washington, D. C.

NTERNATIONAL economic cooperation,.education for peace, governmental order. The economic organization would there­ with particular stress placed up'on the personal responsi­ fore exist on the regional level within some countries and on I bility of men and women, the constant efforts of the Church the national level in all. It would have a regional international to bring about peace-these were all strongly emphasized at organization in some parts of the world to fit regional interna­ the sessions of the seventh annual conference of the Catholic tional economic subdivisions. It would have a world existence Association for International Peace which met in Washington, to fit the world economic life and to fit the world society which April 17 and 18. is struggling to find for itself governmental organization." Attending this gathering, which was held at the Catholic University of America, were outstanding Catholic authorities of R. RYAN, in his talk on the report, attacked the mainte­ the country in international matters, representatives of religious D nance of high tariffs on imports as "one of the very greatest orders of men and women and members of the faculty and stu­ economic evils in present-day international life," outlined the dent body from twenty-three universities and colleges. moral principles embraced in the problem of immigration and Dr. Parker T. Moon, head of the Department of International immigration restriction, and referred back to his statements Law at Columbia University, New York, was reelected president concerning war debts made at the dinner session Monday eve­ of the association. Mrs. George E. Brennan, of Chicago, and ning. "As to loans in general, apart from the war debts," the the Rev. Dr. Charles C. Miltner, C.S.C., of the University of general report said, "supervision of foreign loans is needed to Notre Dame, were elected vice presidents. Frederick P. Kenkel, check the flotation of unnecessary and unsound loans, to protect of St. Louis, director of the Central Bureau of the Central investors, and likewise to protect borrowing nations." Verein, and the Rev. Linus A. Lilly, S.J., of St. Louis Univer­ The report added the consumer would be provided with more sity, were reelected vice presidents. Miss Marie R. Madden, of security through consumers' cooperative organizations and buy­ Fordham University, was reelected treasurer, and Miss Eliza­ ers' pools than through simple governmental regulation; that beth B. Sweeney, of Washington, D. C., was reelected exec]ltive strong labor unions in every country to protect all wage labor secretary. a . the close international cooperation of such unions "is a first Most constructive factors of the conference were the separate step in protecting the working people"; that in the case of the round table meetings held by the following committees on the farmers "the first requirement is crop cooperatives and credit morning of the first day: International Ethics, International cooperatives and the international federation of such organiza­ Law and Organization, Economic Relations, Agriculture, His­ tion ," and, emphasized the moral obligation of international tory, National Attitudes, Latin America, U. S. Dependencies, cooperation generally. Europe, an~ Asia. Presenting a paper prepared by Dr. William F. Roemer, of the University of Notre Dame, chairman of the association's SYMPOSIUM, "International Cooperation-The New Posi­ Historical Committee, the Rev. Dr. William Bolger, C.S.C., of A tion of the United States," was presented by the chairmen the College of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minneapolis, reviewed some of the various committees at the opening session. Discussion of the many and varied efforts exerted in behalf of peace by the followed the speeches. ' successors of St. Peter. The International Dinner, attended by the Most Rev. John M. The association fixed its attention upon education for peace McN amara, Auxiliary Bishop of Baltimore, members of the at a luncheon meeting presided over by the Rev. Dr. Maurice S. Diplomatic Corps, of Congress, and many socially prominent Sheehy, assistant to the rector of the Catholic University of persons of Washington and other cities, was a colorful session America. Miss Anna Dill Gamble discussed what she has found of the conference. At this gathering Rev. Dr. John A. Ryan, to be the best methods by which the message of peace can be director of the N. C. W. C. Department of Social Action, spoke brought home to women's organizations. Sister Rose de Lima, on "The Right and the Wrong of War Debts," and Professor of the College of St. Elizabeth, Convent Station, N. J., spoke on Parker T. Moon, of Columbia University, on "The Solution of education for peace in Catholic colleges. Dr. Carlton J. H. International Conflicts." Bishop McNamara closed the meeting Hayes, head of the Department of History at Columbia Uni­ with an appropriate talk on "The Papacy and World Peace" versity, New York,' spoke on education for peace in national and the need of a dE.eper knowledge of and closer cooperation groups. with international problems. . "International Economic Reconstruction," a joint study by the 'ISTER ROSE DE LIMA said that the motto of the associa­ association's committe:es on Ethics and International Economics, S tion, "The Peace of Christ iIi the Reign of Christ," should was presented at the second day's session by the Rev. R. A. be the motto of every Catholic college, "especially the woman's McGowan, assistant director of the Dep'artment of Social Action college, to which is entrusted the training of future teachers of the National Catholic Welfare Conference and chairman of and mothers." Declaring that the leadership in the movement the association's Latin America Committee. Rev. Dr. John A. for peace should come from Catholic colleges, she outlined the Ryan presented a portion of this report which dealt with work being done at the College of St. Elizabeth, where sound "Ethical Aspects of Certain International Problems." principles calculated to pTomote better international understand­ "World economic life," said Father McGowan, "is now closely ing are brought out in many different courses, and through interdependent. It is objectively almost a single trading, pro­ several special projects. duction and credit unit. Within it, however, there is from place Citing as one of the biggest problems of any peace movement to place a vast variety and inequality of resources, equipment, the difficulty in getting the peace message to the general pub­ means of transport and communication, density of popUlation lic, Miss Gamble said "you have to build up from what people and human economic abilities. Throughout it, there is also vast know; you have to take their contacts and background into and continuous change." consideration." Father McGowan pointed to Pope Pius Xl's Encyclical Quadra­ Speaking on "Arbitration and Conciliation in Latin America," gesVmo Anno as a document in which is found "a certain basic Dr. Herbert Wright, professor of International Law at the moral proposition which, when thought of on the world level, Catholic University of America, mentioned the Gondra Treaty lifts the whole discussion of international economic relations into signed at the Fifth Pan-American conference at Sanitago de an unaccustomed sphere." . . . "The implication of the en­ Chile, on May 3, 1923, providing that all disputes shall be sub­ cyclical," he continued, "is that t~e organized economic order mitted for investigation and report, which it has been impossible is to fit the underlying economic facts of the market and the to submit to arbitration in accordance (TuTn to page 29) May, 1933 CATHOLIC ACTION 23'·

IN THE FIELD OF IMMIGRATION Contributed by the Bureau of Immigration, N. C. W. C.

LAST month we discussed in these pages types of p'l'oblems which the N. C. W. C. Bureau of lm.tmigration refers to its' fo'reign correspondents at the request of the looal agencies in this countiy which have been faced with effecting a solution. In this issue the bureau presents for consideration illu.strations of the types of requests referred to it from abroad by cooperating agencies.

Visa Difficulty Tenninates in Attempt to organization which originally referred her relatives, so that the father's request Prevent Divorce the case to obtain documentary evidence sent from across the ocean has resulted of Mrs. V.'s efforts to obtain a visa from in a practical adviser and ~riend being T FREQUENTLY happens that a the consul in Pl'ague, birth certificate of found, not only for his young daughter, I case which begins as one type of the children, etc., and requested that a but for the entire family. problem evolves into quite another. This complete investigation be made in order is what happened when a certain Slovak to procure all the available evidence in Aid to Mother in Jugo Slavia housewife encountered difficulty in com­ the wife's favor. ing to the United States to join her hus­ The investigation showed ,that the old­ N UNUSUAL request came not band. In August, 1930, the Czecho­ est child was undoubtedly legitimate and A long ago from the bureau's corre­ slovak correspondent of the N. C. W. C. had been born before her father had· spondent in J ugo Slavia. It was made Bureau. of Immigration wrote: "Mrs. come to the United States and that both in behalf of a poor mother whose son Sdenka V. came today to Prague to get younger children had been registered as , had died from wounds received while her visa. Unfortunately, she had to re­ legitimate with the husband's full knowl­ fighting with the U. S. troops in the turn home as she had neither an au­ edge and consent. It further demon­ World War. , thorization from Washington nor the strated that the man had not sent for The son was illegitimate ~nd had been verification of her husband's legal his wife until 1929 and that she had at reared and educated by his mother at entry." once obtained a passport and had gone great sacrifice until his fifteenth year. Investigation by the bureau revealed to Prague in the hope of securing an Then the boy's father sent for him to that the husband had come to the United American visa. come to America and the mother, wish­ States in 1905 and was quite unable to This evidence is now being used in ing him to have the opportunity she was give the exact date or the ' name of the contesting the divorce suit which is still unable to ·give him, let him go. When steamship. Official verification of his pending. leaving, the boy promised his mother legal admission therefore could not be that he would never forget her and he made. The bureau consequently in­ Appeal from a Dying Father in Italy kept the promise; each month what he structed and assisted him in obtaining could spare from his wages went back ROM a remote part of Italy a few to Jugo Slavia until the World War registration of entry and in subsequently weeks ago came a letter to the N. C. filing the necessary application to insure F cut off that country from the United W. C. Bureau of Immigration from the States. the consul's being informed of his legal Catholic Action Association of Young status. It was not until some time after the Women of the parish. son's death that the mothel learned of All arrangements seemed completed to It stated that in accordance with the it and much later that, on advice of make it possible for the wife to obtain wish of a father, who had just died, the friends, she applied to this g'overnment a visa when to our great surprise the writer was communicating to the N. C. for compensation. , She was informed husband filed suit for divorce on the W. C. his anxiety that his ten-year-old that, the father having died, the com­ ground that his wife had refused to join daughter in Brooklyn be taught the prin­ pensation had been paid to the father'~ him here and that she had had three ciples of the Catholic religion. wife who had stood in the position of illegitimate children. The ehild had returned to Italy with mother to the soldier during the period Inasmuch as it at least seemed evident her father two years previously and be­ immediately prior to his enlistment. that the wife had tried to come to the fore his death had been brought back This is in accordance with government United States, and that, if the children to the United States by her step-sisters. regUlations when there is a conflict as were illegitimate, the husband must have The last thought of the dying father had to who shall receive the benefits as had this knowledge for a good many been for his little daughter's spiritual mother of a service 'man, years since the eldest was 19, the bureau welfare. He had originally meant to ask In the hope that something could be decided to make every effort to have the the N. C. W. C. bureau to have one of its done to change this decision the corre­ wife's interests defended. It is unfor­ port workers meet her at the ship upon spondent in Jugo Slavia appealed to the tunately the case that men residing in her return but there had been no time N. C. W. C. Investigation made by the this country can with the greatest ease for that. He had still realized, however, bureau disclosed that it was quite true divorce their wives in Europe without that he could ask the bureau to see that that the step-mother had cared for the the latter having any knowledge of the she was properly safeguarded. boy as she had for her own children and proceedings. They never seem to have The case was at once referred to the that she was, under the ruling in force, difficulty in providing witnesses to testify Brooklyn corresponding agency and a entitled to the compensation. Investiga­ that the wives have been unwilling to reply received back that the little girl tion further revealed, however, that the join them, although it would seem that was found to have a very good home soldier had left $10,000 government in­ the courts should by this time be aware under Catholic supervision and that she surance, the beneficiaries of which were of the immigration difficulties to be was attending a Catholic school. his father and one of his half-sisters. overcome. As a result of the investigation, how­ The father had died while $3,621 of his The bureau consequently enlisted the ev~r, several other problems, including share of the insurance was yet unpaid. assistance of the Czechoslovak consul in that of an insurance difficulty had come The bureau, inquiring further, found that whose district the suit had been filed and to light, in all of which the visitor has letters 'of administration had been at the same time engaged the foreign been of assistance to the little girl and granted to a half-brother so that the 24 CATHOLIC ACTION May, 1933 fund could be distributed under the Death Record Makes Marriage Possible ' The resulting investigation made by intestacy laws of the state in which the the bureau's cooperating agency in N IT AL Y one must be able to present soldier had lived. Strange to relate, Brooklyn disclosed that the father was however, no accounting had ever been I very definite proof that one is free to illiterate, which accounted for his neglect marry before a ceremony will be per­ made by the administrator. to answer his daughter's letters, but that formed. Consequently a certain good The bureau immediately took steps to he was entirely willing to give his con­ man whose difficulties were referred to sent to the marriage. The statement learn if the Probate Court was ac­ the N. C. W. C. bureau had found it im- quainted with the fact that the soldier was drawn up in proper form and read . possible to take a second wife because to the father who made his mark and was an illegitimate child whose mother his first wife's death had been recorded consequently was entitled under the law swore to it in the presence of a notary. incorrectly. The wife had run away to To complete the formalities it was then to inherit his estate, inasmuch as he had America many years before with a fel­ necessary to have the affidavit counter­ died intestate. The court lost no time low-townsman, had lived as the latter's signed by the father's pastor and by the in issuing a citation to compel the ad­ wife in a small city in New Jersey and Italian consul in New York, after which ministrator to file an account, when it had borne him children. When she died it V(as in shape to be forwarded to Italy. was learned that the money had been a year or two ago, it was under the sec­ turned over to a half-sister for no par­ ond man's name that her death was re­ ticular reason that anyone could discover.' corded. The death certificate was useless Assists in FaInily Reconciliation The net result of the bureau's activities to the deserted husband when he at­ ROM the Island of Malta, the bureau was that arrangements have now been tempted to remarry in spite of the fact F received an appeal on behalf of a made by which the mother in J ugo that almost everyone in the small father who complained that his son, a Slavia is receiving in installments her Italian town in which he lived knew of grocer in this country, had not com­ share of her son's insurance. the elopement, and the certificate fur­ municated with his family for fourteen thermore definitely identified the woman months at which time he had enclosed by giving the names of her parents. Volunteer Worker's Search Rewarded twenty-five dollars towards their main­ So the bureau's correspondent in Italy tenance. It was explained that the fathel' HE boys had grown to manhood in asked for assistance in having the cer­ was 6~ years old, the mother dead, and T Czechoslovakia carrying always in tificate corrected. Through the bureau's the brother seriously ill. The remaining their memories the thought of the mother efforts, a photostatic copy of the registry brothers and sisters were married and who had sailed away from them to Amer­ of death in the Cathol" cemetery was not in a position to offer any financial ica many years previously and who had obtained. This gave h correct name help. The N. C. W. C. was asked to in­ afterward married in this country. Since and that of her lawful husband. as well duce the son to write to his father and 1923, however, they had received no let­ as the fact that she had passed as the if possible to send him a small monthly ters and knew of no way of learning wife of the other man. It also stated remittance. what had become of her. that all the facts had been known to The bureau referred the matter to its the parish priest for some years, that A year ago they appealed to the Cath­ Detroit cooperating agency which located the couple had sought to become Tecon­ olic Emigration Agency in Prague and the man and reported that he was living ciled with the Church, had made known that organization asked the bureau to in the most poverty-stricken section of the irregular nature of their union and find the mother. Her last address had the city. He was the owner of a little had given up living together for two been in Cleveland and the investigation grocery store, the back of which he used years prior to the woman's death. was accordingly referred to the National for living quarters and in which he was Council of Catholic Women of that This photostatic copy was presented to also sheltering a number of unemployed diocese. For months a volunteer worker the Tegistrar of vital statistics who Maltese boys. His gas and water bills during her spare time tracked down thereupon issued a corrected death cer­ had not been paid for seve;ral months as every clue. After repeated calls in the tificate. The bureau had this in turn his customers had not been able to pay neighborhood where the woman had for­ authenticated by the Italian consul in any of the grocery bills. merly lived and interviews with many New Jersey in accordance with the re­ In the beginning, the man did not seem former neighbors, she learned that Mrs. quirements of the Italian Tegulations. to respond very well but finally explained S. had separated from her husband and It was then forwarded to the proper au­ that he felt his famIly did not care about had gone to live on a farm. While all thorities in Italy and thus at last the him any more. For some time he had not concerned felt that the sons were wasting desired marriage became possible. heard from his father or oldest brother. a good deal of affection on a mother who If he wrote to them, the younger boy had evidently not concerned herself over­ Aids Italian Girl to Marry invariably answered the letter and asked much with them, nevertheless for the for money, which had led him to believe comfort it would give them to have news NOTHER request which came from A Italy was made by the International that this was his family's only interest of her, the worker persevered with her in him and since he no longer had any efforts. Catholic Association for the Protection of Young Girls in behalf of one of their money to send, he had ceased writing. After ten months she was successful protegees who wished to marry. The The visitor explained the situation in and felt rewarded as she read to the consent of her father in this country was Malta as well as she could and the bu­ mother the elder son's letter in which he required before the marriage could take reau saw to it that the father and broth­ had appealed for help in finding her and place, and according to the association, ers learned of the desperate plight of noted the deep emotion it evoked. Tears he had answered none of his daughter's their relative in this country, of his real fell copiously from the mother's eyes ·requests for his written consent. The affection for them as well as his hurt and she promised to write her children association offered the assurance that the feelings. Soon letters started going back and assure them of her interest and young man was desirable in every way and forth across the Atlantic again filled affection. She even felt that she might and that his family were well thought with explanations and apologies and ex­ soon go back to Slovakia to be with of in the community. pressions of confidence; somehow or them. "Many times I felt that I should other, the son in Detroit managed to be obliged to give up finding her," wrote scrape together a few dollars to send the volunteer worker in her report, "but The Immigration Notes for the coming home. In the meantime, the discouraged the splendid devotion and love shown by month will be devoted to the numerous Maltese had been put in touch with a the anxious son spurred me on. I won­ and varied kinds of documents required priest from his own island and, when last der if you can realize the real thrill I to establish a specific status under the heard of, was gradually being restored got when I actually found her." immigration laws and regulations. to faith and hope in the future.

------~------May, 1933 CATHOLIC ACTION 25

BOARD MEMBERS DISCUSS NEEDS of the NATIONAL CATHOLIC SCHOOL of SOCIAL SERVICE

HE National Catholic School of Social Service, now estab­ workers, he said, adding that applications from agencies through­ lished entirely on a graduate school basis, has .an enrollm~nt out the country bear testimony to this need. T of 50 students representing 17 States, Austraha, Porto RICO, Miss Mary G. Hawks, president of the National Council of and China, the Rev. Dr. Francis J. Haas, director, revealed in Catholic Women and a member of the board of trustees, re­ his report. to the annual meeting of the board of trustees of the ported on the plan recently initiated by the cooperating com­ school here in Washington, April 19, 1933. mittee formed to aid in securing funds to increase the mainten­ During the past year, Dr. Haas reported, students of the ance fund of the school. Appeal has been made to the organiza­ tions affiliated with the National Council of Catholic Women, school engaged in the following practIcal works: ~ study of she said, to aid in raising necessary funds. It is hoped, Miss probation for the United States Department. o~ JustIc.e, Bureau of Prisons' a study of employment opportumtIes of hIgh school Hawks reported, that, through adequate publicity, persons who graduates 'of the Washington public schools, 3;nd a st~~y o~ recognize the imperative need for Catholic training in this field 1,800 aged persons in their h?mes for the Washmgton CItIzens may make possible the extension of the work of the school ' through contributions to its maintenance and in the establishing Committee on Old Age SecurIty. of scholarship's and fellowships. Dr. Haas also directed attention to the fact that reports from The board of trustees registered its appreciation of the co­ abroad are indicative of a worldwide recognition of the need of peration of 18 social agencies of Washington and Baltimore in Catholic workers for this very important field of social service, providing opportunity for field work for students. more than ever emphasized by the present economic situation. The following were elected members of the board of trustees In this connection he said, it is of great interest to note that and officers for the year 1933-34: as the first training ~chool in 'Spain for Social Service w: opened i in Barcelona, Spain, last October, and .that a gra~uate. of the HE Rev. Dr. John J. Burke, C.S.P., general secretary of the National Catholic School of Social ServIce--a BelgIan gIrl now T National Catholic Welfare Conference, president; the Very a resident of Barcelona-because of her training in Washington, Rev. Dr. William J. Kerby, of the Catholic University of assisted in the organization and is now directing field work. America, vice president; Miss Agnes G. Regan, executive secre­ The establishment of schools in Czechoslovakia, Lithuania, Por­ tary of the National Council of· Catholic Women, secretary; tugal, and Ireland is also being considered, it was brought out. Bruce M. Mohler, director of the N. C. W. C. Bureau of Immi­ In this international field Dr. Haas continued, the National gration, treasurer; the Most Rev. Karl J. Alter, Bishop of Catholic School of Social S~rvice is represented by workers in Toledo; the Rt. Rev. Msgr. James H. Ryan, rector of the Catho­ Belgium, Poland, France, Spain, Australia, ~exico, Porto Rico, lic University of America; the Rt. Rev. Msgr. Robert Keegan, Canada the Philippines, Guatemala, and Chma. director of Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of New York; The training of these foreign students for this work, Dr. Mrs. Harry Benzinger, of Baltimore; Mrs. J. J. Bernet, of Cleve­ Haas pointed out, has been accomplished through the ge~erosity land; Mrs. M. B. Daly, of Cleveland; Miss Katherine Donohue, and interest of Catholics in this country who made pOSSIble the of Menlo Park, Calif.; Miss Anna Dill Gamble, of York, Pa.; establishment of this school. Conducted under the auspices of Miss Hawks; Dr. Carlton J. H. Hayes, head of the Department the National Council of Catholic Women, it devolves on that body of History of Columbia University, New York; Mrs. Edward to find means to carryon this great work, he said. Hines, of Chicago; O. H. P. Johnson, of Washington, D. . C.; the Rev. Hubert C. LeBlond, director of Catholic Charities of the NTERESTING and vital as is this field, Dr. Haas continued, Diocese of Cleveland; Mrs. John MacMahon, of Chicago; Mrs. I of even greater importance is the growing need for Catholic W. E. Montgomery, of Washington, D. C.; Mrs. Arthur Mullen, workers in this country. The wider development in family case of Omaha and Washington, D. C.; John J. Pulleyn, of New work child welfare, juvenile courts, probation work, medical York; Mrs. D. C. Stapleton, of Washington, D. C.; Thomas F. and ~sychiatric social service is increasing the demands for Woodlock, of New York; and Mrs. R. K. LeBlond, of Cincinnati.

------I~------Southern Judge Pleads for Tolerance and Impartial Justice N CHARGING the jury recently in the retrial of the first of court desires to see done, and the great thing the jury desires the much discussed Scottsboro cases, Judge James E. Hor­ to see done, and that is to see justice done in this case ... I, as I ton, of Alabama, made a .vigorous plea for tolerance and well as you, have no desire in any way to do anything that would impartial justice and took' occasion to stress the fact that not reflect credit on the South, and whatever I say, and what­ neither bigotry nor race prejudice should sway the minds or ever I do, remember, it is for justice and right and that they influence the judgment of the members. Judge Horton's remarks may prevail. came at the close of the summing up of the State's case by "We are a white race and a Negro race here together; we are Attorney General Knight, during the course of which that here to live together; our interests are together. The world at official disclaimed sympathy with the open appeal to racial this time and in many lands is showing intolerance and showing prejudice made by Circuit Solicitor Wade Wright. hate. It seems sometimes that ·love has almost deserted the "You are not trying," Judge Horton charged the jurors, human bosom. It seems that hate has taken its place. It is "whether or not the defendant is white or black; you are not only for a time, gentlemen, because the great things in life, no trying lawyers; you are not trying state lines; but you are here matter what they are, it is God's great principles, matters of at home as jurors-a jury of your citizens, sitting in a jury box, eternal right, that alone live. Wrong dies and truth forever taking the evidence and considering it and leaving out any lasts, and we should have faith in that." outside influences." Referring to the flood of telegrams received by the court and Judge Horton's courageous and very appropriate remarks the pressure of outside influences, Judge Horton said: "They convey a lesson which lawyers, jurors and citizens generally do not affect me whatever or the great principle -which the would do well to keep in mind.

------~I------26 CATHOLIC ACTION May, 1933

LIVE INTEREST of N. C. C. W. UNITS '8 uSTAINED activity on the part of Catholic women through­ Gennazano, about forty miles from Rome. All of the members " out the country is indicated by the, large number of dio- of the council are include.d in the novena of Masses arranged cesan council conventions scheduled for' April and May. at that time. 'Two archdioceses-San Antonio and San Francisco; nine dio­ Dr. Anne M. Nicholson, field representative; is in St. Paul ceses-Charleston, Mobile, Natchez, St. Augustine, Duluth, assisting in the organization of an archdiocesan council there. "Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, and Seattle, are included in The organization meeting will be held May 11. Plans are the list. State councils in Wisconsin and Minnesota will meet underway for the inauguration of the council in the Diocese in May. Milwaukee Archdiocese will hold a series of district of Indianapolis. meetings preparatory to its annual meeting in the fall. Headquarters of the council is busy with plans for the annual Miss Mary G. Hawks, president of the National Council of convention which will be held ~n St. Paul, Minnesota, October 'Catholic Women, will address the meetings in Charleston, Mo­ 8-11. An appeal for a record attendance has been made, bile, and Harrisburg. Late in May she sails for Europe where through its Monthly M essage to Affiliated Organizations. Cor­ she has been invited to preside at a sectional meeting of the respondence received recently would indicate that member groups International Congress on the Industrial Work of Mothers and are making a very special effort to be represented. The presi­ the Workingman's Home which will be held in· Paris, June 6-11, dent of the St. Augustine Council writes: "St. Augustine Dio­ under the auspices of the Woman's Civic and Social Union. The cesan Council had twenty-five representatives at the national . -congress is an outgrowth of a campaign to influence public convention in Charleston, and will be represented at St. Paul opinion with regard to the evil consequences both upon the no matter how great the distance, or how deep the depression." family and upon industry through employment of the mother 'outside of the home. The' conventions in Cleveland, St. Augustine, and Harrisburg HE Diocese of Great Falls plans to send at least an auto­ will be addressed by the Council's executive secretary, Miss T mobile load from each of its eight districts. The Diocese of Agnes G. Regan. Miss Regan recently returned from Rome, Wichita, where plans for the organization of a diocesan council where she had the privilege of assisting at the public consistory are b '1g discussed, will be represented by Rev. Leon A. Mc­ when His Eminence, Pietro CarcFnal Fumasoni-Biondi, was Neill, director of the Catholic Action Committee in the Diocese, elevated to the Cardinalate. She had the further privilege of a a large representation from that committee as well as from each visit to the Shrine of Our Lady of Good Counsel, patroness of of the deaneries within the diocese. Cooperation of all Catholic the National Council of Catholic Women, at the little town of women is invited to ~ake this meeting a memorable one. REPORTS OF N. ·C. C. W. ACTIVITIES

Dangers to Youth Stressed by Bishop Turner Archbishop Howard Commends Portland N. C. C. W. HE Buffalo Diocesan Council held its twelfth annual con­ Assuring his listeners that genuine religion manifests itself vention Tuesday, March 28. in practical ways and that it alone will solve life's problems, T The Very.Rev. Edward J. Rengel, of Olean, N. Y., opened the Most Reverend Edward D. Howard, Archbishop of Portland, the morning session. The president, Mrs. Henry G. Girvin Oreg., addressed the ninth annual convention of the Portland greeted the members of the council following which the officers Archdiocesan Council of Catholic Women March 30. and chairmen of special committees presented their reports. "The truly religious soul guides and uplifts, by its superior A vivid picture of the Shrine of Lourdes, France, was given spiritual force, all those with whom it comes in contact," said the by the luncheon speaker, Rev. Felix McCabe. Archbishop. He complimented the members of the council on The Most Rev. William Turner urged the council to do all their spirit of cooperation and paid tribute to the retiring presi­ in its power to guide and protect the youth of today. "Young dent, Mrs. B. F. Stingl, for her valuable work in behalf of the people have declared their independence; they claim to be open­ council since its inauguration. minded, which is not a bad thing in itself; but carried on by Speakers at the luncheon, which followed the business session the wave of paganism that exists today, they claim a freedom at the Hotel Portland, included Archbishop Howard, Rev. which has its dangers," His Excellency said. Bishop Turner Thomas Tierney, C.S.P., speaking on "Timely Topics;" Miss appealed to the women to be sympathetic, not condemnatory in Evangeline Philbin, who spoke on "Woman's Place in Economic Rehabilitation;" and Worth W. Caldwell, whose topic was their dealings with youth and to aid the younger generation by example and by an under standing of the' hearts of young people. "Future Outlook of this Relief Issue." Mrs. O. C. Tingley acted as t oastmist ress. The Rev. John J . Keane, moderator, reaffirmed the words of Presidents of affiliated organizations presented their reports the bishop concerning the influence of the members on youth. during the afternoon. Addresses on "Catholic Social Work," by Paul L. Benjamin, executive secretary of the Buffalo Coun cil Sister Miriam Theresa, Ph.D., of the Sister s of the Holy Names of Social Agencies, spoke on "Discovery of the Individual." of Jesus and Mary; "Study Clubs," by Rev. John Laidlaw; "The A contribution of $500 to the Catholic Charities was reported Problems in Child Welfare," by Miss Marion Crowe,' secretary by Mrs. Girvin, and Mrs. Louis R. Culliton, chairman of Social of Visiting Nurses Association. Mrs. E. J. Fraights, chairman Affairs, reported on the annual scholarship to Canis ius College of Immigrant Aid, reported on this work. given by the council. Mrs. A. R. Zeller was elected president to succeed Mrs. Sting!. Serving with her are: Mrs. Leo Boire, treasurer; and . Miss Following the reelection of Mrs. Girvin, other officers were Elizabeth McMahon, secretary. installed as follows: Mrs. John E. Kelsey, Mrs. Joseph M. Kertz, Mrs. Stephen Doherty, and Mrs. Katherine Winkler, vice-presi­ dents; Mrs. William P. Starks, recording secretary; Mrs. J. Dayton Meeting Attended by Bishop Albers, 20 Pastors and 550 Robert Stephanski, Jr., financial secretary; Mrs. Dorothy L. Women Febrey, treasurer; Mrs. Francis J. Eagan, auditor, and Mrs. Mrs. John Westendorf, president, Dayton Region, and her John W. Henry, corresponding secretary. splendid committee who worked to make the first seasonal May, 1933 CATHOLIC ACTION~ 27 regional meeting of the Cincinnati Archdiocesan Federation which marked the opening of the meeting. In his sermon, Father achieve such outstanding success are to be congratulated. -Barbian urged the need of Catholic lay leadership stressing the The conference opened with holy Mass, in the Chapel of the importance of being well informed concerning the Catholic Loretto-Dayton's club for business women. The luncheon and religion in order that intelligent answers may be given to ques­ program followed at the Biltmore Hotel. Those who attended tions from those outside the Church. Discussing modern youth, were: Most Reverend Joseph H. Albers, Auxiliary Bishop of Father Barbian pointed-out the value of the practice of Chris­ Cincinnati, 20 pastors, representing Dayton's 20 churches, boards tian virtue, which he stated is no less effective today than it of directors from the eight regions, the guest speakers and 550 was when it brought so many pagans in ancient Rome to accept women. the religion of Christ. At the business session, Miss Mary Walsh, Cincinnati, pre­ In response to the message of Archbishop Stritch as expressed sided and read telegrams from Miss Mary Hawks, national by Father ;Barbian, that the young women pray for him and president, Washington, and one from Miss Cecelia Hellmuth, the work of the Church, each member of the group pledged to Chillicothe, who was unable to be present. assist at Mass and receive Holy Communion for His Excellency's Mrs. Westendorf gave a happy, sincere welcome to the assem­ intentions. bly, and introduced His Excellency, Bishop Albers, moderator Committee meetings were followed by luncheon served in the of the federation. He outlined the importance of the organiza­ school cafeteria by the Sisters of Charity, B. V. M., in charge of tion to the Church and country and brought a kind, thoughtful the high school. message from the president, Mrs. R. K. LeBlond, Cincinnati. Among the activities in which Father Barbian during the Reverend Francis J. Kunneke, S. M., dean of the College of afternoon session asked the group to cooperate was that of inter­ Arts and Sciences, Dayton University, took for his subject "The esting themselves in First Communion classes, assisting in Catholic Women in the Present Crisis" and made a strong plea instructing the children when necessary and providing suitable to return to the first principles of religion-to go back to Christ outfits for those who cannot be outfitted by their families. if they wish to recover from the depression." The "Meaning of Ideals" was the topic of an inspiring address The next meeting of the federation will be held in Cincinnati, by the Very Rev. Dr. William P. O'Connor, of St. Francis Semi­ early in June. nary. He urged the young women to set for them.::elves ideals truly exalted yet conformable to their state. _Toledo Council Reports Wide Variety of Work The special activities in which the Young Ladies' Section is The Toledo Diocesan Council of Catholic Women is to be interested, including a speakers' bureau; study clubs; relief congratulated upon the systematic way in which it reports its work; Tekakwitha lodge, a vacation home for working girls; annual and quarterly meetings. The report which has just Catholic Instruction League and religious vacation schools, were reached headquarters concerning a quarterly meeting on April reported and discussed. 3 is replete with activity: study clubs; food and clothing pro­ The Most Reverend William..J. Hafey, Bishop of Raleigh, vided for needy children; watchfulness in legislative matters; North Carolina, gave a splendid address on "Catholic Action" sewing for the Red Cross and numerous other projects which pointing out definite fields in which the young women might have been carried out in the various deaneries with splendid promote the work of the Church through lay -activity. success. Due to the illness of the president, Mrs. E. F. Brucker, The message of the senior organization was brought to the the first vice-president, Mrs. George N. Fell, presided at the gathering by Miss Katherine R. Williams, member of the board meeting which was held at the National Catholic Community of directors of the National Council of Catholic Women and House, in Toledo. Miss Minnie Byrne, director of the Com­ president of the Milwaukee Archdiocesan Council. munity House, is also corresponding secretary for the diocesan Miss Leona Kamps, Waukesha, was reelected chairman. Other council. officers include: Misses Esther Murray, Marie Heim, Mary Wag­ ner, Marie Brandel, vice chairman; Miss Myrtle Prutchell, re­ St. Augustine Council Seeks 100 Per Cent Membership cordi.ng secretary; Misses Cecilia Winking, Theresa Hahn, "To Reach Every Catholic in the State of Florida" is the aim CamIlla Michels, Marion Helber, Lucile Merten Elinor Mc- of the St. Augustine Diocesan Council of Catholic Women. The Ginnis, and Anna Vogel, district chairman. ' council has utilized Catholic facilities in the diocese to great advantage-district and board meetings have been held at Crane Hall, Gainesville, in a chapel and dormitory for students at the State University; at Lake Wales, the site of a Shrine of St. STUDY CLUB ACTIVITIES Anne-one of the few in America-where the board was enter­ tained with a concert at the Bok Singing Tower; and at St. Leo's Abbey in celebration of St. Benedict's Day. DES MOINES, IOWA Major projects for the year included unemployment relief; The concerted efforts of the women of the Des Moines Dio­ provision of clothing for orphans; organization and conduct of cesan Council, comprising four districts-Des Moines, Council study clubs; retreat for women; supplying of religious articles Bluffs, Creston and Stuart, in the formation of study clubs for as well as Catholic literature to inmates of state institutions; the st~dy of the liturgy of the Mass during the Lenten period, and provision of entertainment for patients at the Veterans' met WIth unprecedented success. A total of 71 clubs with a Hospital. The six districts within the diocese-Jacksonville, membership of 2,263 is reported by the diocesan chairman, Mrs. Tampa, St. Augustine, Miami Beach, West Palm Beach and John M. Galvin. In a recent letter to headquarters, Mrs. Galvin Orlando-are busy perfecting plans for the convention at Sara­ says: "Our intensive work came just before Lent, using the sota, Fla., May 13 to 15. outline of the 'Mass' with the purpose of understanding the Mrs. J. W. McCollum, president of the diocesan council, has Mass on Easter morning better than we had hitherto. We have been untiring in her efforts to promote the work of the diocesan had fine cooperation on the part of the clergy. Esp_ecially sig­ as well as the national council in Florida. nificant, I think, is the interest of the young women who will so soon be our leaders. I have made an extra effort to enlist them and hope they will continue their interest." Milwaukee Juniors Hear Bishop Hafey on Catholic Action Prior to Lent and during the early part of Lent, Mrs. Henry Four hundred young women of the Milwaukee Archdiocese, F. Rohling, president of the Des Moines Diocesan Council, members of the Young Ladies' Section of the Milwaukee Arch­ together with Mrs. Galvin, journeyed throughout the diocese diocesan .Council of Catholic Women, assembled at Holy Angels meeting various groups of women in the four deaneries explain~ High School, Sunday, March 26, for the first annual meeting ing and defining the study club projects with the result men- of their group. tioned above. ' Due to the illness of His Excellency, the Most Reverend In addition to stUdying the liturgy certain groups have taken Samuel A. Stritch, Bishop of Toledo, the Very Rev. Joseph F. up "Civics," "The Family and Parent Education," and Barbian, spiritual director of the council, celebrated the Mass "Psychology." 28 CATHOLIC ACTION May, 1933

DENVER, COLORADO PERSECUTION OF CATHOLICS IN MEXICO "To help friends patrons and students of Regis (College) Continued from page 6 to have an adequate survey of current literature bearing on to prevel)t so far as possible the teaching of Christianity to the philosophy, sociology, education, science, history, religion, and children of Mexico, e-ven to the children of Catholic parents who literature, as it appears in new books, pamphlets, and magazine have repeatedly petitioned state and national authorities not to articles," is given as the purpose of the Regis Current Litera­ deny them the rights which are guaranteed under the revolu­ ture Club which meets monthly in the library of Regis College, tionary constitution. Denver. Recently, in connection with the antisemitic poli.cy of the Lecturers include, in addition to members of the faculty of National Socialist· party in Germany, we have WItnessed a Regis College, members of the staff of the Denver Public l'emarkable outburst of popular indignation in the United States. Library, members of the faculty of the University of Denver Through mass meetings and an intensive campaign in the press School of Librarianship, and members of the staff of the Colo­ an effort has been made to arouse national indignation. rado Agricultural College Library. The Catholic women of Denver are enthusiastic over this very splendid opportunity to Certainly public opinion in the United States is a powerful keep abreast of worth-while literature. influence in shaping the policies even of other nations than our own. The question naturally has been raised why should not WICHITA, KANSAS twenty millions of Catholics in the United States arouse national indignation against the persecution of their coreligionists in A record of 55 study clubs with many more forming for special Mexico. study during Lent was recently reported by Mrs. John W. Clen­ We must distinguish between indignation, which is a senti­ denin, in charge of this work for the Diocese of Wichita. "Altar mental flare up-an explosion and just as apt to go up in use­ and Sanctuary," an exposition of the externals of the Mass, is less smoke as to produce any lasting effect-and indignation the first of a series of three courses on the Holy Sacrifice of the that is based on complete knowledge of the facts. What has Mass, and is being used with success in all the study clubs of the been written and published on either side of the Mexican contro­ Wichita Diocese. versy, with very few exceptions, has been for the purpose of UTICA, NEW YORK produc; g indignation of the explosive kind. Too little has been written nd published which by a careful analysis of the facts A series of lectures and a play written by a member of the would lead to a soun::l public opinion which alone can be the basis· group add interest to the program of the Catholic Women's Club of any effective international cooperation. of Utica, N. Y. Mrs. T. Wood Clarke, a student of the Bible, is When we study the process which led in 1929 to the effort to giving the talks which include: "The Unknown Classic-The embody true separation of Church and State in the national Bible," "Story of the Bible," "Our Heritage from Israel," "Story policy of Mexico; when we review the discussions which lead of the Mass." The play-"His First Miracle"-which has been up to that effort; we realize the importance of facts and of presented in Utica several times, was written by Miss Mary G. calm analysis in a controversy like that which is destroying Lawlor. Miss Anna M. Maloy is president of this very active the religious life of the Mexican nation. club which has a membership of more than 600. What is needed, if this controversy is to end in anything SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS but disaster, is a scholarly man capable and courageous, willing to face facts objectively, who will devote himself to the state­ The Blessed Sacrament Study Club, of Springfield, Ill., is ment of the Mexican religious problem, to the tracing of its studying legislation with particular emphasis on those phases origin, to the analysis of the mistakes and errors that accom­ which are of paramount interest to Catholics. Mrs. H. William pany its development and thus provide the basis for a just and Berning is president of the club. sound solution. ------+------The Catholic Hour-Outstanding Work of the N. C. C. M.-Continued from page 10 lished by Our Sunday Visitor Press, are still available at ous inquiries about him. The most frequent of these has been nominal cost. concerning his religion, and the answer has been: "He is a Many other correspondents have asked questions .of various Catholic." kinds, relating to the teaching and practice of the Church. Father Finn, the director of music, is also in no small manner Nearly all of these received within the past year have been an­ responsible for the success of the program. He has brought the swered directly by mail. In addition, where they were of gen­ offerings of his famed Paulist Choristers and Medievalists to eral interest, questions were answered over the air, for during the microphone, and has presented many outstanding vocalists. the greater part of the past three years, questions and answers Father Finn has also been the one member of the executive have been a regular feature of the program. This feature has committee who has been present in the studio every Sunday and been temporarily discontinued now, but it will be resumed in has there looked aftel' the proper ordering and execution of the the fall. program. Such a program with so many great achievements already to The answers given by mail were either formulated or pro­ its credit and so many great possibilities yet before it, should cured by our Catholic Evidence Bureau, which also offered many have no difficulty in receiving support, even in such times as other services to inquirers; such as providing them with litera­ these. Yet the fact has been the converse. The necessary ex­ ture, reading lists, references of various kinds, etc. penses for its maintenance-traveling expenses, telephone, tele­ The National Council of Catholic Men is much indebted to graph, postage, printing, office staff, music, speakers, honorar!a, the priests and laymen who have served in connection with the etc., must be met entirely from general and voluntary subscrIp­ management of the hour as members of its executive, 'program, tions. These subscriptions have been so alarmingly meager of and advisory committees; also to the National Broadcasting late that it has been necessary to ask the speakers temporarily Company and associated stations for the privilege of presenting to waive their honoraria, notwithstanding the fact that they are these programs. Likewise the N. C. C. M. is grateful especially put to the expense of answering many letters themselves, of pro­ to John W. Elwood, N. B. C. vice president in charge of re­ curing secretarial service, etc., and to ask that the music like­ ligious programs. Mr. Elwood has offered freely of his time wise be contributed without charge. Plans are now going for­ and advice, and has been most helpful because of his thoroughly ward, however, to form an organization of supporters to be seasoned experience. Another especial debt ·of gratitude is due known as the "Guild of the Catholic Hour," and it is hoped that John S. Young, who has been the Catholic Hour announcer al­ many will rally to its assistance. Surely the Catholics of the most continuously since its inception. Many listeners have writ­ United States can not permit so great and beneficent an under­ ten in to commend Mr. Young's announcing and to make vari- taking to fail.

------~------May, 1933 CATHOLIC ACTION 29

The Christian Way to Economic JustiCe-Continued from page 21 III. CATHOLICS AND ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION A MORAL PROBLEM. "This longed-for social reconstruction METHODS. "... Use .' . . the powerful resources of Christian must be preceded by a profound renewal of the Christian spirit, training, by instructjng youth, by founding Christian associa­ from which multitudes engaged in industry in every country tions, by forming study circles on Christian lines" (p. 47) have unhappily departed." (p. 40). "Then only will it be pos­ " ... by social congresses and weeks held at frequent intervals sible to unite all in harmonious striving for the common good, and with gratifying success, by study circles, by sound and when all sections of society have the intimate conviction that timely publications spread far and wide." (p. 8). "Above all, they are members of a single family and children of the same let them hold in high esteem and employ with diligence for the Heavenly Father, and further, that they are 'one body in Christ benefit of their disciples the Spiritual Exercises ..." (p. 47). and everyone members one of another'." (p. 44.). "It ,is your chief duty, Venerable Brethren, and that of your CATHOLIC ACTION. "The end intended will be the more cer­ clergy, to seek diligently, to select prudently, and train fittingly tainly attained the greater the contribution furnished . . . by these lay apostles amongst workingmen and amongst em­ Catholic principles and their application. We look for this con­ ployers." (p. 46). " ... Wherefore all candidates for the sacred tribution, not to Catholic Action which has no intention of dis­ priesthood must be adequately prepared to meet it by intense playing any strictly syndical (i. e., of labor unions or employers' study of social matters." (p. 46). organizations) or political activities, but to Our sons, whom Catholic Action imbues with these principles and trains for the NOTE: F or study dub groups or individuals desir­ Apostolate under the guidance and direction of the Church, ..." ous of making a more dl3tailed study of the tt Recon­ (p. 31). ' '' ... The first and immediate apostles of the working­ str7.wting the Social Order" encyclical than is provided men must themselves be workingmen, while the apostles of the in the foregoing brief excerpts, thl3 N. O. W. C. Study industrial and commercial world should themselves be employers Clu,b C ormmittee has prepared a complete outline which and merchants." (p. 46). will be sent free upon requl3St. Correspondence with SPECIAL NEED OF CATHOLIC ACTION WHERE ECONOMIC ORGAN­ interested persons is invited. IZATIONS ARE SECULAR. " ... The first and most important (of the precautions of Fius X) is that, side by side with these trade Available also are copies of CATHOLIC ACTION, unions (i. e., economic organizations) there must always be in which the eight st'udy club discussions in the 1932-33 associations which aim at giving their members a thorough series,. together '/.{vith collateral articles, have appeared. religious and moral training ~ .." (p. 12). Price 20 cents per copy.

New Directory Places Number of U. S. Catholics at 20;268,403

IGURES compiled in The Official Catholic Directory for totaling 18,260 and including 12,537 churches with resident 1933, published by P. J. Kenedy & Sons, N. Y., put the Cath­ priests and 5,723 missions with churches. F olic population of the United States proper at 20,268,403. The number of semina,ries increased by nine, the total being This total for 1933 indicates an increase of 32,012 over 1932. 181, including novitiates, preparatory seminaries, etc., and the Last year the increase over 1931 was 21,293., In ten years, number of seminarians was given as 20,993, a gain of 1,550. according to the summary, the increase in the Catholic popula­ There are listed 195 colleges for boys, an increase of 27 over tion of the country has been in excess of two million, and in last year. This figure, the directory states, is due in part to the twenty years more than five million. fact that the chancellors of some dioceses included academies The number of converts this year is given as 41,226, or 957 and colleges in this classification under separate headings. more than the number in the 1932 directory, which in turn was Academies for girls totaled' 656, a gain of 16. There are listed 741 in excess of the figure reported in 1931. 966 high schools, 29 more than last year, with a total attendance of 158,352, a gain of 13,960. The hierarchy now numbers 118 for the United States, includ­ The number of parochial schools was put at 7,462, a decrease ing 16 archbishops-four of whom are cardinals-and 102 of 52 from the previous years, and the attendance was given as bishops. 2,170,102, a decrease of 107,089. The number of orphanages is The directory lists the names and addresses of 29,782 mem­ 327, one less than last year, and the number of orphans cared bers of the clergy, an increase of 1,485 over last year. The for 50,154, which is 564 less than in 1932. number of secular priests is given as 21,016, an increase of There are 146 homes for the aged poor being conducted, one 1,367, and the prjests of religious orders now total 8,766, an in­ less than last year, while hospitals show a gain of five, the crease of 118. The total number of churches increased 108, now total being 650.

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Catholic Leaders Discuss World Peace-(Continued from page 22) with existing treaties, and said: "This treaty has been ratified United States," Dr. Wright continued. "Colombia and Peru by all of the twenty-one American republics with exception of have both ratified, but have not deposited their instruments of Argentina and Bolivia. It is not beyond the realm of possibility ratification. Therefore, the convention is not in force between that the present difficulties between Bolivia and Paraguay might them. One can easily conjure up in this case also the possi­ have been avoided, had Bolivia ratified the Gondra Treaty." bilities of preventing the clash between these two nations, had their instruments of ratification been deposited. Had they both "The General Convention of Inter-American Conciliation has done so, the probabilities of avoiding that controversy would been ratified by eleven of the American Republics including the have been greatly increased."-ELIZABETH B. SWEENEY.

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The N. C. W. C. and Catholic Action-Continu,ed jrcJ1:n. page 4 mon responsibility increases and deepens in our Catholic of organizatio:n, but all such programs must be submitted lay organizations.' to and are entirely subject to the Ordinary of the diocese. Frequently, therefore, they are changed or carried out in "ALL CATHOLIC organizations wishing to cooperate part. What your question speaks of would be an ideal con­ in and bring to success the plan thus laid down dition-namely, to have a Diocesan council, say of the or­ by the Bishops ought willingly to affiliate themselves with ganizations of the diocese, which would include representa­ the two national coordinating groups, the National Coun­ tives from all men's and women's existing diocesan or cil of Catholic Men and the National Council of Catholic parish organizations; which could survey the diocese as a Women. whole and see that all the needs were met, all classes and , 'The success of the Bishop's program and the strength every class included. and effectiveness with which Catholic principles may be ap­ plieq. to such problems as education, social action, legisla­ " p ERHAPS the day will come when this is accom- tion, immigrant aid and welfare, citizenship, etc., depends plished, but the accomplishment of it does not de­ in large measure upon the extent to which coordination of pend-at least not in authority and primarily-on the N a­ all our Catholic forces is carried out. tional Council of Catholic Men or the National Council of "Secondly, it must be remembered that the only charter Catholic Women. the National Catholic Welfare Conference has from the "- It is the ideal of the National Catholic Welfare Con­ Bishops is to unify the Catholic organizations of the coun­ ference to. help every diocese to complete such an organiza­ try. But here again the Bishops can lay down no hard and tion or federation of its organizations. It is a further fast rules for any diocese. The Bishop of the diocese is ideal that all should, in turn, interest themselves in national supreme in his diocese. problems so that Catholic truth and Catholic principles "It is not the function of either the National Council of should more and more be known, should more and more Catholic Men or the National Council of Catholic Women be made to energize the shaping of the new world. For to form any organization covering a particular class or our present world is rapidly changing, and the preserva­ need. I t is the function of both to try to coordinate our tion of her principles, of the rights of the Church in this organizations and infuse each affiliated organization with changing world should be the preoccupation of every Cath­ a sense of unity and membership in the whole Catholic olic and of every Catholic organization. Yet it will never group. be possible for the National Catholic Welfare Conference to apportion social works among existing or new Catholic " E ACH organization, so affiliated, works for its particu- societies. To my mind that belongs to the diocese, to the lar aims and needs but is at the same time conscious initiative of the articular national Catholic organization. of its place in the group and in the general body of the For again, I repeat, neither the National Catholic Welfare Chur.ch. It profits in turn by that membership and gives Conference nor any of its Departments has the right even added strength to the directed work of the Church. to ask curtailment or increase, but rather has the obligation "The National Catholic Welfare Conference seeks to of allowing every Catholic organization not only to have unify, to federate, to bring together into common mutual its own development but to develop as it sees fit. knowledge and under common inspiration, to give even to the smallest of Catholic organizations that all-stimulating "I THINK it appropriate here to speak of two or three sense of the one, universal Church. Out of this union will special works of both the National Catholic Welfare neeessarily come stimulation, guidance, increase, leadership Conference and the National Council of Catholic Men and in different fields of Catholic Action. But it is not pri­ the National Council of Catholic 'Vomen. In these works marily the work of the National Catholic Welfare Confer­ the Conference and its Department of Lay Organizations ence to increase Catholic activity-that will come as a con­ do not enter into the domain of any authority or organiza­ sequence of the union, the common working together which tion. They place themselves, in as far as they may, at the the National Catholic Welfare Conference is commissioned service of every dioce e and of all our people. to effect. The National Catholic Welfare Conference may "The National Council of Catholic Women has under­ advise this or that, but it is the right of the diocese and of taken a specific work of vast importance in the National the Catholic organization of the diocese to see to it that Catholic School of Social Service here in Washington to every need is filled, that Catholic Action penetrates into train young women to play an adequate part in Catholic and covers every field of life. . social action. The National Council of Catholic Men has "The National Council of Catholic Men and the National contributed an outstanding service both to the Church and Council of Catholic Women have their definite programs the Nation through the Catholic Radio Hour which is par- May, 1933 CATHOLIC ACTION 31 ticipated in by more than fifty stations over the National "3. The primary end of Catholic Action is personal in­ Broadcasting Company's network, reaching every corner dividual perfection, for everything the individual does must of the land. be done through his personal love of our Lord Jesus Christ and the more he cultivates personal perfection, the greater "THROUGH the National Council of Catholic Men and wonder will be his spirit of sacrifice and of service. But the National Council of Catholic Women the Confer­ the National Catholic Welfare Conference is not directing ence keeps itself informed constantly of Catholic affairs in its energies towards that end. The _National Catholic Wel­ the international field and cooperates when necessary with fare Conference has no right to speak in those religious~ Catholic groups in other countries. In this way our Cath­ spiritual fields that are in charge of the Bishops as the olic people are informed of matters of great importance shepherds of the Church. The National Catholic Welfare to the welfare of the Church both here and abroad. Thus Conference can and does always, of course, preach the is their vision widened and they become more conscious of Catholic truth, but again it was never instituted to supple~ their place and responsibility in the universal Church. ment the magisterium of the Church. "The N. C. W. C. News Service which constitutes the "4. -Any individual sodality or group of an archconfra~ chief function of one of the departments of the National ternity may become affiliated with either of the National Catholic Welfare Conference-the Press Department­ Councils as also may councils of the Knights of Columbus. brings almost daily to our people from every quarter of Any organization of Catholic men or ~f Catholic women the earth immediatE: news of the work and welfare of the or of both men and women may and have becowe affiliated Church Universal, its glories and its trials. Through the organizations. Latin-American Bureau and the Bureau of Publicity and Information contact is kept with Latin-American countries "AFFILIATED with the National Council of Catholic and with countries in other parts of the world. Thus is a Men there are 11 National Organizations, 2 State truly Catholic cooperation effected. Organizations, 2 Diocesan Organizations, and 1,280 Local "By means of its official journal CATHOLIC ACTION, pub­ Organizations. lished each month, the Conference seeks to assist our people " Affiliated with the National Council of Catholic Women to realize that objective of which I have already spoken, there are 15 National Organizations, 7 State Organizations, the bringing together in common mutual knowledge and 5 Diocesan Organizations, 50 Dior.esan Councils, and 1,800- under common inspiration that sense of unity character­ local organizations. _ istic of the universal Church, out of which unity will come "5. I am not in a position to state if there is an ideal stimulation, guidance, increase, and leadership in the vari­ form for a Catholic Action organization. Unless a sodality ous fields of Catholic Action. In CATHOLIC ACTION are dis­ were willing to extend its activities beyond what is immedi­ cussed the problems, the work, and the progress of the Na­ ately religious, I do not see how it would be an ideal Catho-­ tional Catholic Welfare Conference and the National Coun­ lic Action organization if we .take Catholic Action in its'. cils with their hundreds of affiliated organizations. Also fuller sense. . there may be found there a record of the results of the ap­ , 'I hope this answers satisfactorily the questions you plication to many local, diocesan, and national problems of have raised and makes clear the purpose and functions of those principles which the Bishops have indicated may be the National Catholic Welfare Conference and it~ relation applied through intelligent direction and common purpose. to Catholic Action."

------~------The Career of Wife and Mother-Continued from page 8 declared the confessional to be "the greatest social force we have to mobilize the services of as many women competent in the fields in the world today." of economics, hygiene, psychology, pedagogy, and especially; I sometimes wonder if we Catholic mothers, in this important those who have shown ability in their high p'rofession as mothers-._ work of directing the souls that God has entrusted to our keep­ It is gratifying, after half a century of ignoring the home, ing, are aware of all the aids that the Church is offering us that motherhood should now be considered even in academiC' today. One of the most promising developments in our field of circles a profession. endeavor is the present rapid growth in our Catholic college~ The National Council of Catholic Women is a great power-, of special courses on marriage and family and parent education. The force of its inspiration must be felt. If our leaders of today The intense interest aroused by these courses proves their prac­ will show our young people who will be the leaders of tomorrow tical value and their prophesy of greater growth, and our own the genuine, social, as well as the religious, value of marriage National Council of Catholic women, striving since the beginning they will be armed against these pagan doctrines that threaten to preserve the Christian family, has consistently and effectively the durability of our family life. They will stand firm when opposed all attempts to break down those safeguards of the temptations assail them, they will understand that marriage family ideal provided by state and federal laws. is no passionate romantic interlude but a noble and sanctified The council has also formed a definite Committee on Family vocation. Greater than a business career, where success is and Parent Education. No doubt many of you have read that measured only by money; greater than art, for we work with ambitious and constructive program published in CATHOLIC plastic minds and souls instead of color and cold clay; greater ACTION for July, 1932. If not I hope you will do so at your than literature for we create life itself. Let us teach our chil~ earliest opportunity. dren to approach this high and holy sacrament with a sense of As the first requisite for its success, the committee is trying consecration and deep humility in their hearts.

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CATHOLIC ACTION (( Organ of our common Catholic work. "-ARCHBISHOP HANNA.

s THE official organ of the National Catholic Welfare Conference, CATHOLIC ACTION records monthly the A. work of the Conference, which, in the United States, is the principal" center of multiple social activity," sustained by the Archbishops and Bishops of the country and administered by a committee of their number. CATHOLIC AC'rION is also the official organ of the National Council of Catholic Men and the National Council of Catholic Women, coordinate branches of the N. C. W. C. Lay Organizations Department, established as an integral part of the Conference for the purpose of aiding, stimUlating and unifying the manifold activities of the Catholic Action Apostolate and of bringing about a more effective so]~ arity of the Catholic body.

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