Periodic Table Atomic Properties of the Elements
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An Alternate Graphical Representation of Periodic Table of Chemical Elements Mohd Abubakr1, Microsoft India (R&D) Pvt
An Alternate Graphical Representation of Periodic table of Chemical Elements Mohd Abubakr1, Microsoft India (R&D) Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India. [email protected] Abstract Periodic table of chemical elements symbolizes an elegant graphical representation of symmetry at atomic level and provides an overview on arrangement of electrons. It started merely as tabular representation of chemical elements, later got strengthened with quantum mechanical description of atomic structure and recent studies have revealed that periodic table can be formulated using SO(4,2) SU(2) group. IUPAC, the governing body in Chemistry, doesn‟t approve any periodic table as a standard periodic table. The only specific recommendation provided by IUPAC is that the periodic table should follow the 1 to 18 group numbering. In this technical paper, we describe a new graphical representation of periodic table, referred as „Circular form of Periodic table‟. The advantages of circular form of periodic table over other representations are discussed along with a brief discussion on history of periodic tables. 1. Introduction The profoundness of inherent symmetry in nature can be seen at different depths of atomic scales. Periodic table symbolizes one such elegant symmetry existing within the atomic structure of chemical elements. This so called „symmetry‟ within the atomic structures has been widely studied from different prospects and over the last hundreds years more than 700 different graphical representations of Periodic tables have emerged [1]. Each graphical representation of chemical elements attempted to portray certain symmetries in form of columns, rows, spirals, dimensions etc. Out of all the graphical representations, the rectangular form of periodic table (also referred as Long form of periodic table or Modern periodic table) has gained wide acceptance. -
Actinide Ground-State Properties-Theoretical Predictions
Actinide Ground-State Properties Theoretical predictions John M. Wills and Olle Eriksson electron-electron correlations—the electronic energy of the ground state of or nearly fifty years, the actinides interactions among the 5f electrons and solids, molecules, and atoms as a func- defied the efforts of solid-state between them and other electrons—are tional of electron density. The DFT Ftheorists to understand their expected to affect the bonding. prescription has had such a profound properties. These metals are among Low-symmetry crystal structures, impact on basic research in both the most complex of the long-lived relativistic effects, and electron- chemistry and solid-state physics that elements, and in the solid state, they electron correlations are very difficult Walter Kohn, its main inventor, was display some of the most unusual to treat in traditional electronic- one of the recipients of the 1998 behaviors of any series in the periodic structure calculations of metals and, Nobel Prize in Chemistry. table. Very low melting temperatures, until the last decade, were outside the In general, it is not possible to apply large anisotropic thermal-expansion realm of computational ability. And DFT without some approximation. coefficients, very low symmetry crystal yet, it is essential to treat these effects But many man-years of intense research structures, many solid-to-solid phase properly in order to understand the have yielded reliable approximate transitions—the list is daunting. Where physics of the actinides. Electron- expressions for the total energy in does one begin to put together an electron correlations are important in which all terms, except for a single- understanding of these elements? determining the degree to which 5f particle kinetic-energy term, can be In the last 10 years, together with electrons are localized at lattice sites. -
Introduction to Chemistry
Introduction to Chemistry Author: Tracy Poulsen Digital Proofer Supported by CK-12 Foundation CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook Introduction to Chem... materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based Authored by Tracy Poulsen collaborative model termed the “FlexBook,” CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and 8.5" x 11.0" (21.59 x 27.94 cm) distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide Black & White on White paper an adaptive environment for learning. 250 pages ISBN-13: 9781478298601 Copyright © 2010, CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org ISBN-10: 147829860X Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made Please carefully review your Digital Proof download for formatting, available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share grammar, and design issues that may need to be corrected. Alike 3.0 Unported (CC-by-NC-SA) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- sa/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), We recommend that you review your book three times, with each time focusing on a different aspect. which is incorporated herein by this reference. Specific details can be found at http://about.ck12.org/terms. Check the format, including headers, footers, page 1 numbers, spacing, table of contents, and index. 2 Review any images or graphics and captions if applicable. -
Science-8 Module-8 Version-3.Pdf
Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula 8 SCIENCE Quarter 3 - Module 8 PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS Name of Learner: ___________________________ Grade & Section: ___________________________ Name of School: ___________________________ Science- Grade 8 Support Material for Independent Learning Engagement (SMILE) Quarter 3 - Module 8: Periodic Properties of Elements First Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for the exploitation of such work for a profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalty. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Development Team of the Module Writer: Galo M. Salinas Editor: Teodelen S. Aleta Reviewers: Teodelen S. Aleta, Zyhrine P. Mayormita Lay-out Artists: Zyhrine P. Mayormita, Chris Raymund M. Bermudo Management Team: Virgilio P. Batan Jr. - Schools Division Superintendent Lourma I. Poculan - Asst. Schools Division Superintendent Amelinda D. Montero - Chief Education Supervisor, CID Nur N. Hussien - Chief Education Supervisor, SGOD Ronillo S. Yarag - Education Program Supervisor, LRMS Zyhrine P. Mayormita - Education Program Supervisor, Science Leo Martinno O. Alejo - Project Development Officer II, LRMS Janette A. Zamoras - Public Schools District Supervisor Adrian G. -
Structures of Cobalt, Zinc and Lead Niobates Based On
1 Structures at the Atomic Level of Cobalt, Zinc and Lead Niobates Raji Heyrovska Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 135 Kralovopolska, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic. Email: [email protected] The author has found in recent years that bond lengths are exact sums of the radii of adjacent atoms and or ions, where the ions have Golden ratio based radii. This work was prompted by the exciting observation last year of the Golden ratio in the magnetic properties of cobalt niobate. It is shown here that in cobalt and zinc niobates, cobalt, zinc and oxygen ions have Golden ratio based ionic radii, whereas in lead niobate, all atoms have covalent radii. Also, the angles at the single bond oxygen anion and atom are close to 1080, as in a pentagon. 1-3 The experimental finding of the E8 symmetry in the magnetic properties of cobalt niobate, CoNb2O6 provoked the author's interest to look into the atomic Nature Precedings : hdl:10101/npre.2011.6059.1 Posted 24 Jun 2011 structures of niobates. It was found4-7 in recent years that the Golden sections of the covalent bond lengths d(AA) between two atoms of the same kind are sums of the radii of Pauling's ionic resonance forms8, which are the cations and anions of the atom (A), i.e., d(AA) = d(AA)/φ + d(AA)/φ2, where φ (= 51/2 + 1)/2 is the Golden ratio. In particular, the inter-ionic distances in all alkali halides (M+X-) were shown to be exact sums of the Golden ratio based ionic radii, d(M+) = d(MM)/φ2 and d(X-) = d(XX)/φ. -
Study of Heavy Metal Contamination on Soil and Water in Major Vegetable Tracks of Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, India
International Journal of Engineering Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726 www.ijesi.org ||Volume 3 Issue 12 || December 2014 || PP.34-39 Study of Heavy Metal Contamination on Soil and Water in Major Vegetable Tracks of Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, India 1,Shakhila.S.S, 2,Keshav Mohan 1.PhD (Environmental Chemistry) Scholor, Karpagam University, Coimbatore 2.Director, Institute of Land and Disaster Management, Govt of Kerala ABSTRACT : Heavy metal contamination on soil and water causes a serious environmental problem because it does not biodegrade. It accumulates in different levels of the food chain. The aim of the present study is to assess the heavy metal contamination on soil and water in the major vegetable tracks of Pathanamthitta district, Kerala, India. The concentrations of heavy metals namely Zinc, Iron, Lead,Chromium, Copper and Cadmium were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The concentration of heavy metals in soil from the study sites ranged from Zn (0.07-0.2mg/kg), Fe(0.2-1.4 mg/kg), Pb(0-0.5mg/kg), and Cu (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) respectively. Iron was detected in water samples (0.35-0.41 mg/kg). Water sample showed low values of BOD , COD and slightly acidic pH. KEY WORDS: AAS, Heavy metals, Pesticide, pH, Pesticides impact assessment. I. INTRODUCTION The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that is toxic. Examples of heavy metals include Iron, Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic, Copper, Chromium, Thallium, Lead etc. Of these Iron, Cobalt, Copper, Manganese, Molybdenum, and Zinc are essential elements. Other heavy metals such as Mercury, Plutonium, and Lead are toxic and their accumulation over time in the bodies of animals can cause serious health problems. -
UNIT 11 CHEMISTRY of D- Andf-BLOCK ELEMENTS
UNIT 11 CHEMISTRY OF d- ANDf-BLOCK ELEMENTS Structure 11.1 Introduction Objectives 11.2 Transition and Inner Transition Elements - An Introduction 11.3 IUPAC Nomenclature of 6d Transition Series Elements 11.4 .Electronic Configuration of d-Block and f-Block Elements Electronic Configurations of Transition Elements and Ions Electronic Configurations of Lanthanide and Actinide Elements 11.5 Periodic Trends in Properties Atomic Radii and Ioaic Rad~i Melting and Boiling Points Enthalpies of Ionization Oxidation States Colour of the Complexes Magnetic Properties Catalytic Properties Formation of Complexes Formation of Interstitial Compounds (Interstitial Solid Solutions) and Alloys (Substitutional Solid Solutions) 11.6 Summary 11.7 Terminal Questions 11.1 INTRODUCTION In last unit we have studies about the periodicity and representative elements. In this unit we will study the chemistry of d and f block elements. First we will study the IUPAC nomenclature of these elements then we will discuss the electronic configuration, periodicity, variation of size, melting and boiling points. We shall also study the ionization energy, electronegativity, electrode potential, oxidation sate of these elements in detail. Objectives After studying this unit, you should be able to: explain the IUPAC nomenclature of d and f block elements, describe the electronic configuration of d and f block elements, outline the general properties of these elements, and discuss the colour, magnetic complex formation catalytic properties. 1 1.2 TRANSITION AND INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS - AN INTRODUCTION We already know that in the periodic table the elements are classified into four blocks; namely, s-block, p-block, d-block andfiblock, based on the name of atomic orbital that accepts the valence or differentiating electrons. -
Periodic Table 1 Periodic Table
Periodic table 1 Periodic table This article is about the table used in chemistry. For other uses, see Periodic table (disambiguation). The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers (numbers of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with the chemical symbol in each box. The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 Standard 18-column form of the periodic table. For the color legend, see section Layout, rows, with a double row of elements under the larger table. below that. The table can also be deconstructed into four rectangular blocks: the s-block to the left, the p-block to the right, the d-block in the middle, and the f-block below that. The rows of the table are called periods; the columns are called groups, with some of these having names such as halogens or noble gases. Since, by definition, a periodic table incorporates recurring trends, any such table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements and predict the properties of new, yet to be discovered or synthesized, elements. As a result, a periodic table—whether in the standard form or some other variant—provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior, and such tables are widely used in chemistry and other sciences. Although precursors exist, Dmitri Mendeleev is generally credited with the publication, in 1869, of the first widely recognized periodic table. -
90398. O Conceito De Vida
OUTROS TEMAS O Conceito de Vida: uma discussão à luz da educação José Luís Schifino FerraroI IPontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre/RS – Brasil RESUMO – O Conceito de Vida: uma discussão à luz da educação. Recolo- car o conceito de vida no centro da discussão epistemológica é essencial para que se possa compreender sua potência e seus efeitos no interior de um discurso que antes de pretender ser científico, é filosófico. Nesse sen- tido, o presente ensaio joga luzes sobre a vida inserindo-a em uma espécie de grade de inteligibilidade construída a partir de autores como Nietzsche, Bachelard, Canguilhem, Wittgenstein, Foucault, Deleuze, Guattari entre outros. Assim, trata-se de uma aproximação epistemológica possível para esse conceito no entrecruzamento da filosofia e das ciências biológicas com referências práticas que advém do campo da educação, onde percebe- mos sua funcionalidade. Palavras-chave: Conceito de Vida. Discurso sobre a Vida. Epistemologia. Educação. Biologia. ABSTRACT – Life Concept: a debate in the light of education. Reestablish- ing the concept of life at the center of the epistemological discussion is essential to understanding its power and effects within a discourse that, prior to being scientific, is philosophical. In this sense, the present essay provides some insights into the concept of life by placing it in a kind of grid of intelligibility created according to authors such as Nietzsche, Bachelard, Canguilhem, Wittgenstein, Foucault, Deleuze, Guattari, and others. Thus, it is a possible epistemological approach to this concept at the interface between philosophy and the biological sciences with practical references from the field of education, where its function has been observed. -
Chapter 7 Periodic Properties of the Elements Learning Outcomes
Chapter 7 Periodic Properties of the Elements Learning Outcomes: Explain the meaning of effective nuclear charge, Zeff, and how Zeff depends on nuclear charge and electron configuration. Predict the trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization energy, and electron affinity by using the periodic table. Explain how the radius of an atom changes upon losing electrons to form a cation or gaining electrons to form an anion. Write the electron configurations of ions. Explain how the ionization energy changes as we remove successive electrons, and the jump in ionization energy that occurs when the ionization corresponds to removing a core electron. Explain how irregularities in the periodic trends for electron affinity can be related to electron configuration. Explain the differences in chemical and physical properties of metals and nonmetals, including the basicity of metal oxides and the acidity of nonmetal oxides. Correlate atomic properties, such as ionization energy, with electron configuration, and explain how these relate to the chemical reactivity and physical properties of the alkali and alkaline earth metals (groups 1A and 2A). Write balanced equations for the reactions of the group 1A and 2A metals with water, oxygen, hydrogen, and the halogens. List and explain the unique characteristics of hydrogen. Correlate the atomic properties (such as ionization energy, electron configuration, and electron affinity) of group 6A, 7A, and 8A elements with their chemical reactivity and physical properties. Development of Periodic Table •Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer (~1869) independently came to the same conclusion about how elements should be grouped in the periodic table. •Henry Moseley (1913) developed the concept of atomic numbers (the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom) 1 Predictions and the Periodic Table Mendeleev, for instance, predicted the discovery of germanium (which he called eka-silicon) as an element with an atomic weight between that of zinc and arsenic, but with chemical properties similar to those of silicon. -
Periodicity Covalent Radius
Higher Chemistry St. Ninian’s High School Higher Chemistry: Unit 1 – Chemical Changes and Structure Part A – Periodicity and Bonding Lesson 2 – Periodicity: Covalent Radius Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you should know: 1. What is meant by the term covalent radius 2. That there is a pattern in the periodic table in covalent radius as you go along a period and down a group. 3. How to explain this pattern across the periods terms of the positive force of the nucleus and its pull on electrons 4. How to explain this pattern in groups in terms of number of occupied electron shells. Success Criteria You will have been successful in this lesson if you: 1. Read and learn the notes given 2. Watch the links provided 3. Complete Exercise 1.2 and check your answers. There is also a further reading section to help you gain more depth of understanding for this section. MS Teams will be monitored throughout the week by a chemistry teacher. If you need help or clarification with either the task or the content of the lesson, just ask. Links to Prior Knowledge You may wish to revise the following to help you understand this lesson: - National 5 chemistry – atomic structure, protons, electrons and electron arrangement CCS: Part A Lesson 2 – Periodicity: Covalent Radius Page 1 Higher Chemistry St. Ninian’s High School For reference, the periodic table is given in the data booklet. Download or print a copy of the Higher Chemistry Data Booklet from MS Teams or from the SQA website - https://www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/files_ccc/ChemistryDataBooklet_NewH_AH-Sep2016.pdf Notes Structure of the Atom The structure of an atom consists of a dense nucleus, containing protons which carry a positive charge and neutrons which carry no charge. -
The Periodic System of Chemical Elements: Old and New Developments
^o-f^oiî-irt, Lycen 87*i^ bept. lyfl; THE PERIODIC SYSTEM OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS: OLD AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS fl. KIBl.EH Institut de Physique Nucléaire (et IN2P3)» Université Lyon-1. 43. Bd du 11 Novembre 1918. 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex (France) (Invited conference to the: "XVII CONGRESO DE BUI Ml COS TEORICOS DE EXPRES I ON LATIN A". Pemscola. Spain. September 20-25. 1987. ) Article accepted for publication in J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM). THE PERIODIC SYSTEM OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS: OLD AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS M. K1BLER Institut de Physique Nucléaire (et IN2P3). Université Lyon-1. 43. Bd du 11 Novembre 1918. 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex (France) SUMMARY Some historical facts about the construction of a periodic system of chemical elements are reviewed. The Madelung rule is used to generate an unusual format for the periodic table. Following the uork of Byakov< Kulakov. Rumer and Fet. such a format is further refined on the basis of a chain of groups starting with SU(2)xS0(4.2). HISTORICAL FACETS The list of chemical elements has not stopped to grow during the last two centuries. In a schematic way. ue have the following guiding-marks (where [xxx. xxx. xxx ] stands for [year. number of elements. representative person(a) ]): (1789. 23. Lavoisier!. C1815. 30. FroutJ. C1818. 40. Berzeliusl. C1828. 49, Berzeliusl. C1849, 61. Gmelin]. I 1865. 63. Meyer and Mendeleev]. C1940. 86. - 3, C1973. 105. - ] and C1987. 109. - 3. Among the first attempts to classify chemical elements. we may mention the Doebereiner triads, the Pettenkofer groupings. the Chancourtois spiral. the Newlands octaves and the tableB by Olding and Lothar Meyer (cf.