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Vol. 3 No. 2 - September 2016 VOL. 3 NO. 2 - SEPTEMBER 2016 Editors: Michael T. Kezirian, Ph.D. Joseph Pelton, Ph.D. Tommaso Sgobba Journal of Space Safety Engineering – Vol. 3 No. 2 - September 2016 JOURNAL of SPACE SAFETY ENGINEERING Volume 3 No. 2 – September 2016 EDITORS Michael T. Kezirian, Ph.D. Tommaso Sgobba Joseph Pelton, Ph.D. The Boeing Company European Space Agency (ret.) George Washington University (ret.) University of Southern California Senior Editor Senior Editor Editor-in-Chief EDITORIAL BOARD George W. S. Abbey Joe H. Engle Isabelle Rongier National Aeronautics and Space Administration (ret.) Maj Gen. USAF (ret.) Airbus Safran Launchers Sayavur Bakhtiyarov, Ph.D. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Kai-Uwe Schrogl, Ph.D. University of New Mexico Herve Gilibert European Space Agency Kenneth Cameron Airbus Space & Defense Zhumabek Zhantayev Science Applications International Corporation Jeffrey A. Hoffman, Ph.D. National Center of Space Researches and Luigi De Luca, Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Technologies (NCSRT)- Kazakhstan Politecnico di Milano Ernst Messerschmid, Ph.D. University of Stuttgart (ret.) FIELD EDITORS William Ailor, Ph.D. Gary Johnson Erwin Mooij, Ph.D. The Aerospace Corporation Science Application International Corporation Delft University of Technology Christophe Bonnal Barbara Kanki John D. Olivas, PhD, PE Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales National Aeronautics and Space Administration (ret.) University of Texas El Paso Jonathan B. Clark, M.D., M.P.H Bruno Lazare Nobuo Takeuchi Baylor College of Medicine Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Victor Chang Carine Leveau Brian Weeden Canadian Space Agency Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales Secure World Foundation Paul J. Coleman, Jr., Ph.D. Tobias Lips Paul D. Wilde, Ph.D., P.E. University of California at Los Angeles (Emeritus) Hypersonic Technology Goettingen Federal Aviation Administration Natalie Costedoat Michael Lutomski Uwe Wirt Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales Space Exploration Technologies German Aerospace Center (DLR) MANAGING EDITOR Arif Göktuğ Karacalıoğlu, International Space University AIMS and SCOPE The Journal of Space Safety Engineering (JSSE) provides an authoritative source of information in the field of space safety design, research and develop- ment. It serves applied scientists, engineers, policy makers and safety advocates with a platform to develop, promote and coordinate the science, technol- ogy and practice of space safety. JSSE seeks to establish channels of communication between industry, academy and government in the field of space safety and sustainability. MAIN JSSE TOPICS • Safety by design • Human factors and performance • Space Situational Awareness • Safety on long duration missions • Safety critical software design • Space traffic control • Launch and re-entry safety • Safety risk assessment • Space traffic and air traffic interfaces • Space hazards (debris, NEO objects) • Safety risk management • Space materials safety • Space weather and radiation • Organizational culture and safety • Safe & Rescue • Environmental impacts • Regulations and standards for safety • Safety lessons learned • Nuclear safety for space systems • Space-based safety critical systems Publication information: The Journal of Space Safety Engineering (ISSN Pending) is a quarterly publication of the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS). You can read about IAASS mission, goals, organization, membership and activities at: http://iaass.space-safety. org/. The JSSE is published using an open access publication model, meaning that all interested readers are able to freely access the journal online without the need for a subscription, and authors are not charged. Authors inquiries: For inquiries relating to the submission of articles please contact the Editor-in-Chief at: [email protected]. For all information about the journal, please visit the journal web page http://iaass.space-safety.org/publications/journal/. Authors instructions on preparation and submittal at: http://iaass.space-safety.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/07/JSSE-authors_instructions.pdf. Advertising information: if you are interested in advertising or other commercial opportunities please e-mail [email protected] and your inquiry will be passed to the correct person who will respond to you within 48 hours. Copyright and photocopying: Authors retain the copyright of their work. The IAASS maintains the copyright of the Journal as a whole. Single photocopies or electronic scans of single articles may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Authors or IAASS permission and the payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. For information on how to seek permission please contact the Editor-in-Chief at [email protected]. Notice: No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher IAASS and by Editors and Editorial Board for any injury and/or damage to persons or property from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the journal. Although all advertising material is expected to conform to ethical professional conduct of IAASS, inclusion in this publication does not represent an endorsement of the quality or value of such product or service. Credits: Kristhian Mason, IAASS graphic designer, for graphic work, layout and paginations. Cover picture: Drem Chaser, Sierra Nevada Corporation/ NASA KSC Media Archive International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety Journal of Space Safety Engineering – Vol. 3 No. 2 - September 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS GUEST EDITORIAL NASA ADMINISTRATOR CHARLES BOLDEN OPENING REMARKS ..................................46 Charles Bolden DEVELOPING COMPLETE ULTRASONIC MANAGEMENT OF KIDNEY STONES FOR SPACEFLIGHT ................................................................................................50 Julianna C. Simon, Barbrina Dunmire, Michael R. Bailey, Mathew D. Sorensen FILLING THE REGULATORY VOID FOR LAUNCH AND REENTRY SAFETY RESULTING FROM THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF SPACE OPERATIONS ..........................58 Ruth Stilwell THE EVOLUTION OF CONTINUING EDUCATION & TRAINING FOR SAFETY & MISSION ASSURANCE PROFESSIONALS ................................................................65 Megan K. Stroud, Tom Pfitzer REGULATION OF SAFETY OF SPACE MINING AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SPACE SAFETY 67 Ram S. Jakhu and Joseph N. Pelton DEBRIS REMEDIATION EXAMINED VIA AN OPERATIONAL SUCCESS FRAMEWORK ..........73 Darren McKnight DEMISE AND SURVIVABILITY CRITERIA FOR SPACECRAFT DESIGN OPTIMIZATION .........83 Mirko Trisolini, Hugh G. Lewis, Camilla Colombo LAUNCH SYSTEM HAZARD STUDY: METHODOLOGY AND LESSONS LEARNT AFTER 5 YEARS OF APPLICATION ............................................................................94 D. Delorme, A. Biard 45 International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety Journal of Space Safety Engineering – Vol. 3 No. 2 - September 2016 GUEST EDITORIAL NASA ADMINISTRATOR CHARLES BOLDEN OPENING REMARKS Opening speech given at the 8th International Space Safety Conference, Space First, Safety for All, in Melbourne, Florida (USA) held from May 18-20, 2016. Thank you, Mr. [Mark] Glissman for your very kind in- could become excited and inspired by the many facets troduction. It’s a pleasure to be here. I also want to thank of exploration. From business to science to engineering IAASS President Isabelle Rongier for guiding this orga- and design, there’s a reflection of your passions in our nization in all the good work it does. modern space program. You know, since I’ve become NASA Administrator, there All that said, today we’re focused on a very necessary has been an incredible expansion of our capabilities, and topic. our vision. When I started, commercial space was a con- crete program, but its future was still a foggy notion. The launches and the waving astronauts on TV; the in- I don’t think anyone would have predicted 7 years ago credible homecoming after a one-year mission; the pros- that today we’d not only have two fully functional com- pect of humans finally traveling to Mars – none of that mercial resupply partners, but that they would already be can happen without a strong safety presence. critical components in our ISS supply chain. I’ve said from day one that our commercial space trans- It’s also important to note that both of them have recov- portation systems will fly only when they meet NASA’s ered from mishaps, which is the true test of their mettle stringent safety requirements. Some fault NASA for be- and ability to learn from mistakes, correct them and get ing slow in its development programs, but a lot of that is better. Nor would we have guessed that a third commer- because of our early and often focus on the safety factor. cial cargo partner would have been added for the second While commercial companies have moved rapidly to de- phase of the program to resupply an International Space velop their systems, it has also been with careful insight Station that we’ve now committed to through at least by NASA – insuring they meet important safety mile- 2024. stones and conduct testing and more testing. In commercial crew, it also was not a foregone conclu- We’ve progressed at the rate at which funding allowed. sion that we would be successful, but now The Boeing We aren’t going to rush the development of our commer- Company and SpaceX are
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