DOCSLIB.ORG

CHAPTER 2 Research Methods

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CHAPTER 2 Research Methods CHAPTER 2 Research Methods social psychologist, like any other sci- TYPES OF STUDIES A entist, utilizes a specific set of proce- dures to examine the phenomena of interest Descriptive to him. This is otherwise known as the sci- entific method. The scientific method is One of the first questionsdistribute researchers a way of understanding the natural world. need to ask is what type of data they are seek- It is a set of assumptions and procedures ing. Do we merely want to ask questions of that guide the way we gather data, and they the subjects? Do weor merely want to describe specify the conditions under which we can people, or a person, or an interaction? This trust the data that are obtained. For exam- basic type of research is termed descrip- ple, one principle of the scientific method tive research and encompasses very simple is standardization. It stipulates that, in an methods such as surveys, or case studies, or experiment, all aspects of the experiment naturalistic observation (whereby a subject is are the same for all experimental condi- observedpost, but is unaware of being observed; tions except the levels of the independent for example, people-watching in a mall). It is variables. Doing this helps the researcher important to note that these studies do not make the assertion that, if she obtains dif- manipulate variables, and they don’t allow us ferences on the dependent variable between to make any cause–effect statements about experimental conditions, then those must behavior. But these types of studies are good have been caused by the differencescopy, in the places to get ideas for experiments. independent variable between the condi- tions, because each group was exposed to Correlations the same procedures and stimuli in all other respects. In thisnot chapter, we discuss fur- Another source for experiment ideas is ther how social psychologists conduct their correlational research. Remember that a research. Of course, this is by no means correlation is the naturally occurring rela- meantDo to be an exhaustive review, and those tionship between any two variables. For interested in a more complete discussion example, there is a strong positive correla- are advised to consult other detailed sources tion between physical violence and ice cream (e.g., Aronson, Brewer, & Carlsmith, 1985; sales. Huh? Does that mean that eating a lot Aronson, Ellsworth, Carlsmith, & Gonzales, of ice cream makes you more likely to hit 1990; Reis & Judd, 2000). someone? Or is it the other way around? Copyright ©2019 by SAGE Publications, Inc. 37 This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the publisher. 38 Classic and Contemporary Studies in Social Psychology: A Text-Reader Hitting someone makes you crave a nice on the dependent variable(s) (DV; the vari- bowl of rocky road ice cream? Both of those ables the experimenter measures). seem unlikely. Perhaps a third explanation In the smallest, simplest type of experi- would make more sense. What do the two ment design, a 2 × 2, there are two inde- have in common? They both increase in the pendent variables, with two levels of each summer. So, perhaps it is the case that this variable. This forms four experimental third variable, summer, causes an increase conditions. Subjects are randomly selected in both, and in so doing, causes an artificial (everyone in the population of interest has correlation between ice cream sales and rates an equal chance of being selected for the of physical violence. This illustrates one of experiment) and then randomly assigned the problems with correlational research: (each subject has an equal chance of being the so-called third variable problem whereby assigned to any of the experiment condi- two variables are correlated only because tions) to one of the four experimental con- they are linked to a third variable that is the ditions. Remember, an IV is something that reason for elevations in those two variables the experimenter manipulates. We cannot (Brewer, 2000). Correlations tell us that manipulate aspects of the subject, such as two variables are related but not how they their gender, religion, socioeconomic status. are related. You may have heard the axiom Those are termed subject variables. Suppose “Correlation does not equal causation.” That our variables distributeare mood and comfort. For is unfortunate, because more often than not, mood, we will assign people to either expe- social psychologists are seeking to discover rienceor happiness or anger. For comfort, we the causes of behavior in a given situation. will assign people to either a high comfort or If the goal of science in general is to explain low comfort condition. We write this design and predict observed phenomena, then it like this: it is a 2 (mood: happy vs. anger) × would be best to be able to know what tends 2 (comfort: high vs. low) between-subjects to reliably cause a particular behavior (or design. The between-subjects designation thought, or feeling) to occur. So, post,just like says that each subject is exposed to one level descriptive research, correlational studies of each of the variables. In a within-subjects are good points for researchers to get ideas design, all the subjects are exposed to all for experiments that will help reveal causation. levels of all variables. So, if we hold all vari- ables constant, and only vary those we want Experiments to vary (the IVs), then to the extent that we copy, find differences between the experimental The great majority of research in social groups on their answers on the dependent psychology comes in the form of experiments. variable (in this example, let’s say the DV is There is a good reason for that. Experiments expectations for future success on a task), arenot the only way that we can establish cause we can say with some confidence that the and effect relationships between variables. different levels of the IV are the cause of the Experiments allow researchers to examine differences on the DV. the influence of one variable (or several) on Do the individual, and by holding other vari- ables constant, we can establish the causal THEORY AND HYPOTHESES influence (if any) of that variable on behav- ior. We are seeking to discover if there is a Good research must be based on a theory. causal effect of the independent variable(s) The goal of the research is to develop data (IV; the variables the experimenter manipulates) that speak to the theory either in terms of Copyright ©2019 by SAGE Publications, Inc. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the publisher. Chapter 2 Research Methods 39 support or no support. A theory is an inte- DOING EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH: grated set of principles that explains and FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS predicts some phenomenon. In psychology, we can’t say that our data “prove” a theory Suppose you are ready to start recruiting (as one can in some other sciences), because your subjects for your experiment. First, how we are dealing with humans and humans are many subjects do you need? Researchers messy. There will always be outliers in any can get a fairly exact number (N) for their experiment, testing any theory. We never study from a computer statistical program. get to 100% perfect results all the time, A rough rule of thumb I used to use was to but we can get very close. We set very high strive for about 20 per experiment condi- standards for accepting that there is a true tion for between-subjects designs. Too few cause and effect relationship between two subjects, and one will not have the statistical variables. This is the statistical likelihood power to find an effect if it is there (Type II that the results are due to chance. We say error—incorrectly believing there is no effect that we will only consider a finding a reli- when there is one). On the other hand, if able and causal factor in changing the DV you have too many subjects, tiny effects may when there is less than a 5% chance that that look significant erroneously (Type I error— change is due to random error. The hypoth- incorrectly believing there is a significant eses we derive from the theory are testable distribute finding when there is none in reality). predictions about what we believe will hap- Second, how and who do we recruit? pen in a given situation, with certain factors Ideally we would likeor to have our results gen- present. For example, given the theory of eralize to the entire world, but that isn’t pos- cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957), we sible because of cross-cultural differences. might make a prediction about what a per- So we (researchers in the United States) son will do when they say one thing that is will restrict our population to people in the incompatible with a behavior that they just United States.1 How do we find our sample performed. If we find evidence that the pre- (thepost, group of people from the population diction was not supported, and assuming we who do the experiment)? We randomly didn’t have any major flaws in our design, select them from the population. This means method, or statistical power, we would say that everyone in the population has an equal that the theory is thus not supported. If the chance to be selected for the experiment. theory continues to bring no supportive This, as you might guess, is an ideal that no data, it will be abandoned in favor of a differ- copy, one ever reaches.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Social Animal Revealed
    COMMENT BOOKS & ARTS are cleverly designed and he insists on rigorous standards. His co-authored chap- ter on experimental methods in the second M. WUSCHNIG M. edition of the Handbook of Social Psychol- ogy (Addison-Wesley, 1968) helped to make the field credible as a science. Experimental social psychology is often criticized for relying on deceit and theatri- cality. Its test subjects must not know the point of the enterprise. Aronson believes that such experimental design is justified because it gives real insight into human behaviour. He describes how social psychol- ogist Stanley Milgram discussed with him early plans for a con- troversial ‘obedi- ence to authority’ experiment, in which subjects were told to inflict what they thought were increas- ing levels of pain on other participants by Not by Chance administering fake Alone: My Life electric shocks. Mil- as a Social Psychologist gram’s results — that ELLIOT ARONSON most subjects inflicted Basic Books: 2010. ‘pain’ on others when 304 pp. £15.99 commanded — gener- ated ire from both the public and the scien- tific community. Aronson defends the tests as showing how ordinary citizens might have acted in the Nazi era. Much of the autobiography is devoted to Elliot Aronson has studied the psychology of how people cope with conflicting beliefs and experiences. Aronson’s career at several US universities, including Stanford University, California; PSYCHOLOGY the University of Minnesota in Minneapo- lis; the University of Texas at Austin and the University of California, Santa Cruz, where he is an emeritus professor today. He A social animal also taught at Harvard for a couple of years, from 1959 to 1961, but he liked the place lit- tle more than the place liked him.
    [Show full text]
  • Festinger Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Pdf
    Festinger theory of cognitive dissonance pdf Continue Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been widely recognized for his important and influential concepts in motivation and social psychology. The dissonance theory here applies to the problem of why partial remuneration, delayed remuneration, and effort costs during training lead to increased resistance to extinction. The author argues that there is a stalemate in learning theory, mainly because some of its basic assumptions are clearly opposed to established experimental results. The book puts forward a new theory that seems to reconcile this data and assumptions. This new theory may take into account data that other theories have difficulties with: it integrates empirical phenomena that have been considered unrelated and is supported by experiments designed specifically to verify its effects. These experiments are fully described in the text. Psychological stress experienced by a person who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time Part of the series onPsychology Outline History Subfields Basic Types abnormal behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive / Cognitiveism Comparative cross-cultural differential development of evolutionary experimental mathematical neuropsychology Personality Positive quantitative social social Applied Psychology Applied Behavior Analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Industrial and Organizational Legal Military Music Professional School of Health Sports Traffic Lists Discipline Organization Psychology Publishing Research Methods Theory Theory Topics portalvte In psychology, cognitive dissonance occurs when a person adheres to conflicting beliefs, ideas, or values, and are usually experienced as psychological stress when they engage in an action that goes against one or more of them.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Synthesize Psychological Science”
    PSY 225 – Research Methods Professor Gernsbacher’s Lecture Video “How to Synthesize Psychological Science” By now you’ve read several psychological science articles. And no doubt you’ve noticed that scientific articles are not the easiest to read. Why not? Well, one obvious reason is that scientific articles are often written about technical topics, and readers without expertise in those techniques don’t always have the background to understand the technical writing. But another reason why scientific articles are often hard to read is that scientists are often lousy writers. And sadly, as illustrated by a recent empirical study titled CLICK: The readability of scientific texts is decreasing over time, scientific articles are getting harder not easier to read, which is unfortunate. However, not all scientists are bad writers, and not all scientific articles are poorly written. In this video, we’re going to look at excerpts of well-written scientific articles. In particular, we’re going to look at excerpts of well- written scientific articles that synthesize psychological science. What do I mean by synthesize psychological science? Well, one of the definitions of CLICK: synthesize is “To combine (a number of things) into a coherent whole.” And that’s what the excerpts that we’re going to look at do: They CLICK: combine the results of OTHER scientific articles into a coherent paragraph. When writers combine the results of other scientific articles into a coherent paragraph, it’s called reviewing the literature or writing a literature review. Unfortunately, not a lot of students have been taught how to write a literature review.
    [Show full text]
  • A Paradox of Privacy: Unravelling the Reasoning Behind Online Location Sharing
    University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON A Paradox of Privacy: Unravelling the Reasoning behind Online Location Sharing by Aristea Maria Zafeiropoulou A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering School of Electronics and Computer Science November 2014 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE Doctor of Philosophy by Aristea Maria Zafeiropoulou With the emergence of web applications that enabled user-generated content and social interactions, the Web became a place where people can engage in a number of new activities. With the success of smart enabled devices people now actively share their location data through various applications. However, as this thesis reveals, location plays a primal role in linking and inferring new information about people, often without their knowledge or consent.
    [Show full text]
  • The Psychology Book, Big Ideas Simply Explained
    THE PSYCHOLOGY BOOK THE PSYCHOLOGY BOOK LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI DK LONDON DK DELHI First American Edition 2012 PROJECT ART EDITOR PROJECT ART EDITOR Published in the United States by Amy Orsborne Shruti Soharia Singh DK Publishing SENIOR EDITORS SENIOR ART EDITOR 375 Hudson Street Sam Atkinson, Sarah Tomley Chhaya Sajwan New York, New York 10014 EDITORS MANAGING ART EDITOR 2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1 Cecile Landau, Scarlett O’Hara Arunesh Talapatra 001—181320—Feb/2012 US EDITOR SENIOR EDITOR Copyright © 2012 Rebecca G. Warren Monica Saigal Dorling Kindersley Limited MANAGING ART EDITOR EDITORIAL TEAM All rights reserved. Karen Self Sreshtha Bhattacharya, Gaurav Joshi Without limiting the rights under the MANAGING EDITORS PRODUCTION MANAGER copyright reserved above, no part of Esther Ripley, Camilla Hallinan Pankaj Sharma this publication may be reproduced, ART DIRECTOR DTP MANAGER/CTS stored in or introduced into a retrieval Philip Ormerod Balwant Singh system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, ASSOCIATE DTP DESIGNERS PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Arvind Kumar, Rajesh Singh Adhikari photocopying, recording, or otherwise), Liz Wheeler without the prior written permission of DTP OPERATOR both the copyright owner and the PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Vishal Bhatia above publisher of this book. Jonathan Metcalf Published in Great Britain styling by by Dorling Kindersley Limited. ILLUSTRATIONS STUDIO8 DESIGN A catalog record for this book is James Graham available from the Library of Congress. PICTURE RESEARCH Myriam Megharbi ISBN:978-0-7566-8970-4 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for Printed and bound in China PRODUCTION EDITOR sales promotions, premiums, by Leo Paper Products Ltd Tony Phipps fund-raising, or educational use.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdfmem/ Carismithjm.Pdf
    TH E SCIENTIST AND THE HUM,ANIST A Festschrift in Honor of Elliot Aronson Edited by Marti Hope Gonzales Carot Tavris Joshua Aronson \D Psychology Press T Taylor & Francis Group New Yorl< London 13 UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS DOES INTERGROUP CONTACT IMPROVE INTERGROUP HARMONY? Anthony G. Greenwald University of Washington This chapter is about Elliot Aronson and also about Gordon Allport, both of whom I met in the fall of 1959 when I became a new gradu­ ate student in Harvard's Department of Social Relations. Elliot would surely have been my PhD advisor had he not moved to Minnesota in 1962. That was when Gordon Allport took pity on me because not only Elliot but everyone else with whom I had worked during my first few years at Harvard had departed to other academic pastures. My starting motivation for PhD training was to avoid being drafted into the U.S. Army. America was not then at war, but the Cold War fueled an active military draft. By national policy, student deferments were used to encourage men toward sOcially useful careers. If there had been a draft deferment for aspiring bebop trumpet players, I would not now be writing this chapter. (What, I wonder, would have been the societal and scientific effect if there had been a draft for women, who would then have sought the deferment shelter of graduate schools at a rate similar to men?) Harvard's Social Relations Department reflected an interdisciplinary spirit that took similar form at several other universities, combining sociology, social anthropology, social psychology, and clinical psychol­ ogy.
    [Show full text]
  • Judicial Mindsets: the Social Psychology of Implicit Theories and the Law
    Maurer School of Law: Indiana University Digital Repository @ Maurer Law Articles by Maurer Faculty Faculty Scholarship 2012 Judicial Mindsets: The Social Psychology of Implicit Theories and the Law Victor D. Quintanilla Indiana University Maurer School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub Part of the Judges Commons, and the Law and Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Quintanilla, Victor D., "Judicial Mindsets: The Social Psychology of Implicit Theories and the Law" (2012). Articles by Maurer Faculty. 713. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/713 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by Maurer Faculty by an authorized administrator of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Victor D. Quintanilla* Judicial Mindsets: The Social Psychology of Implicit Theories and the Law TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ... 6..........................611 II. The Social Psychology of Implicit Theories............ 616 A. Implicit Theories of Human Nature .............. 617 B. Implicit Theories of Society and Social Institutions. 621 C. The Social and Situational Dimension of Implicit Theories .................................. 624 III. Judicial Decision-Making and Implicit Theories ........ 626 A. Implicit Theories and Fact Finding ............... 627 B. Implicit Theories and Jurisprudence ............
    [Show full text]
  • Leadership Reading List from Membership
    ADFM Leadership Reading List from Membership Updated: December 3, 2020 Key: Bold = Books Underline = Articles Women and minorities in leadership: ● Nice Girls Don’t Get the Corner Office: Unconscious Mistakes Women Make that Sabotage Their Careers by Lois P. Frankel (2014) – women and business; job hunting and career guides ● Lean In: Women, Work and the Willto Lead by Sheryl Sandberg (2013) – women and business; economic history; feminist theory ● Faculty of Color in Health Professions by Dena Hassouneh (2017) – medical assistants; medical education and training ● The Memo: What Women of Color Need to Know to Secure a Seat at the Table by Minda Harts (2020) – business mentoring; coaching ● That’s What She Said: What men need to know (and women need to tell them) about working together by Joanne Lipman (2019) – women and business; general gender stories Business management/Leadership and Motivation ● The Five Dysfunctionsofa Team by Patrick Lencioni (2002) – HR; business management; management science ● Death by Meeting – Patrick Lencioni (2004) – running meetings and presentations; workplace culture; communication skills ● The Vision Driven Leader by Michael Hyatt (2020) – leadership and motivation ● Leading Change – John P. Kotter (2012) – business processes and infrastructure; business management; leadership and motivation ● Switch by Chip & Dan Heath(2010) – business and organizational learning; business decision making ● The Primes - How Any Group Can Solve Any Problem by Chris McGoff (2012) – HR; business decision making; problem-solving
    [Show full text]
  • Intrinsic Motivation PERSPECTIVES in SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY a Series of Texts and Monographs • Edited by Elliot Aronson
    Intrinsic Motivation PERSPECTIVES IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY A Series of Texts and Monographs • Edited by Elliot Aronson INTRINSIC MOTIVATION By Edward L. Deci ·1975 In preparation SCHOOL DESEGREGATION By Harold B. Gerard and Norman Miller A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. Intrinsic Motivation Edward L. Deci Department of Psychology University of Rochester PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Deci, Edward L Intrinsic motivation. (Perspectives in social psychology) Bibliography: p. Includes index 1. Motivation (Psychology) I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Motivation. 2. Behavior. BF683 D295i] BF683.D43 153.8 75-17613 ISBN-13:978-1-4613-4448-3 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4613-4446-9 001: 1 0.1 007/978-1-4613-4446-9 First Printing - August 1975 Second Printing - June 1976 © 1975 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1975 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, London, NWI0 6SE, England All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Preface As I begin to write this Preface, I feel a rush of excitement.
    [Show full text]
  • The 50 Most Influential Psychologists in the World 1
    Taken from : https://thebestschools.org/features/most-influential-psychologists-world/ The Taos Institute’s co-founder and board president, Kenneth J. Gergen, PhD is featured in this article. (#19 on page 30 in alpha oder) ⁂ The 50 Most Influential Psychologists in the World 1. John R. Anderson | Cognitive Psychology Anderson was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in 1947. He received his bachelor’s degree from the University of British Columbia in 1968, and his PhD in psychology from Stanford University in 1972. Today, he is Professor of Psychology (with a joint appointment in Computer Science) at Carnegie Mellon University. Anderson is a pioneer in the use of computers to model the “architecture” of the human mind, an approach known as “rational analysis.” He is perhaps best known for his ACT-R (Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational) proposal regarding the hypothetical computational structures underlying human general intelligence. Anderson also engaged in careful experimental studies, using fMRI technology, in an effort to provide empirical support for his theoretical models. Out this work came a number of insights now considered basic to cognitive science, such as, notably, the stage theory of problem-solving (encoding, planning, solving, and response stages), and the decomposition theory of learning (breaking down a problem into more-manageable components, also known as chunking). In his path-breaking early work, Anderson collaborated with Herbert Simon and other giants in the history of cognitive science. In more recent years, he has been involved in the development of intelligent tutoring systems. The author or co-author of over 320 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and the author, co-author, or editor of six highly influential books, Anderson has received numerous awards, grants, fellowships, lectureships, and honorary degrees.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of Social Psychology
    Handbook of Social Psychology Ano Edição Nº Volumes Editores 1935 1ª 2 Carl Murchison 1954 1ª 2 Gardner Lindzey 1968/69 2ª 5 Gardner Lindzey & Elliot Aronson 1985 3ª 2 Gardner Lindzey & Elliot Aronson 1998 4ª 2 Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, & Gardner Lindzey 2010 5ª 2 Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, Gardner Lindzey Psicologia Social II Valentim R. Alferes A HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY By W. C. ALLEE GARDNER MURPHY GORDON W. ALLPORT LOIS BARCLAY MURPHY FRIEDRICH ALVERDES 0. E. PLATH R . E.BUCHANAN THORLEIF SCHJELDERUP-EBBE FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS VICTOR E. SHELFORD J. F. DASHIELL WARRENS. THOMPSON ERWIN A. ESPER W. D. WALLIS HERBERT FRIEDMANN F. L. WELLS EDWIN DEEKS HARVEY RAYMOND ROYCE WILLOUGHBY MELVILLE ]. HERSKOVITS CLARK WISSLER CATHARINE Cox MILES ADA W. YERKES WALTER R. MILES ROBERT M. YERKES Edited by CARL MURCHISON VOLUME TWO NEW YORK/ RUSSELL & RUSSELL COPYRIGHT, 1935, BY CLARK UNIVERSITY REISSUED, 1967, BY RUSSELL & RUSSELL A DIVISION OF ATHENEUM HOUSE, INC. BY ARRANGEMENT WITH CLARK UNIVERSITY PRESS L. C. CATALOG CARD NO: 66-24735 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface IX PART I. SOCIAL PHENOMENA IN SELECTED POPULATIONS 1. Population Behavior of Bacteria . 3 R. E. BucHANAN, Iowa State College 2. Social Origins and Processes among Plants 22 FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS, Carnegie Institution of Washington 3. Human Populations 49 WARREN S. THOMPSON, Scripps Foundation for Research in Popu- lation Problems PART II. SOCIAL PHENOMENA IN INFRAHUMAN SOCIETIES 4. Insect Societies 83 0. E. PLATH, Boston University 5. Bird Societies 142 HERBERT FRIEDMANN, United States National Museum 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Libya, the New York Times, and a Propaganda Model of the Mass Media
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-2017 Libya, The New York Times, and a Propaganda Model of the Mass Media Randy LaPrairie Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation LaPrairie, Randy, "Libya, The New York Times, and a Propaganda Model of the Mass Media" (2017). Master's Theses. 1995. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1995 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LIBYA, THE NEW YORK TIMES, AND A PROPAGANDA MODEL OF THE MASS MEDIA by Randy LaPrairie A thesis submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sociology Western Michigan University December 2017 Thesis Committee: Gregory Howard, Ph.D., Chair Barry Goetz, Ph.D. Ronald Kramer, Ph.D. LIBYA, THE NEW YORK TIMES, AND A PROPAGANDA MODEL OF THE MASS MEDIA Randy LaPrairie, M.A. Western Michigan University, 2017 This project derives a set of research expectations from the propaganda model, a structural model of the corporate news media developed by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky. The model predicts that the news media will reflect elite views and priorities and marginalize views outside the range of elite opinion. Consequently, it is expected that the media will tend to support the elite’s preferred modes of exercising state power in international affairs.
    [Show full text]