Handbook of Social

Ano Edição Nº Volumes Editores

1935 1ª 2 Carl Murchison

1954 1ª 2

1968/69 2ª 5 Gardner Lindzey &

1985 3ª 2 Gardner Lindzey & Elliot Aronson

1998 4ª 2 Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, & Gardner Lindzey

2010 5ª 2 Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, Gardner Lindzey

Psicologia Social II Valentim R. Alferes

A HANDBOOK OF

By W. C. ALLEE GORDON W. ALLPORT LOIS BARCLAY MURPHY FRIEDRICH ALVERDES 0. E. PLATH R . E.BUCHANAN THORLEIF SCHJELDERUP-EBBE FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS VICTOR E. SHELFORD J. F. DASHIELL WARRENS. THOMPSON ERWIN A. ESPER W. D. WALLIS HERBERT FRIEDMANN F. L. WELLS EDWIN DEEKS HARVEY RAYMOND ROYCE WILLOUGHBY MELVILLE ]. HERSKOVITS CLARK WISSLER CATHARINE Cox MILES ADA W. YERKES WALTER R. MILES ROBERT M. YERKES

Edited by CARL MURCHISON

VOLUME TWO

NEW YORK/ RUSSELL & RUSSELL COPYRIGHT, 1935, BY CLARK UNIVERSITY

REISSUED, 1967, BY RUSSELL & RUSSELL A DIVISION OF ATHENEUM HOUSE, INC.

BY ARRANGEMENT WITH CLARK UNIVERSITY PRESS

L. C. CATALOG CARD NO: 66-24735

PRINTED IN THE OF AMERICA TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface IX PART I. SOCIAL PHENOMENA IN SELECTED POPULATIONS

1. Population Behavior of Bacteria . 3 R. E. BucHANAN, Iowa State College 2. Social Origins and Processes among Plants 22 FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS, Carnegie Institution of Washington 3. Human Populations 49 WARREN S. THOMPSON, Scripps Foundation for Research in Popu- lation Problems PART II. SOCIAL PHENOMENA IN INFRAHUMAN SOCIETIES 4. Insect Societies 83 0. E. PLATH, Boston University 5. Bird Societies 142 HERBERT FRIEDMANN, United States National Museum 6. The Behavior of Mammalian Herds and Packs 185 FRIEDRICH ALVERDES, Zoological Institute, Marburg PART III. HISTORICAL SEQUENCES OF HUMAN SOCIAL PHENOMENA :l. 7. Social History of the Negro 207 MELVILLE J. HERSKOVITS, 8. Social History of the Red Man 268 CLARK WISSLER, 9. Social History of the White Man 309 W. D. WALLIS, 10. Social History of the Yellow Man 361 EDWIN DEEKS HARVEY, Dartmouth College PART IV. ANALYSES OF RECURRING PATTERNS IN SOCIAL PHENOMENA 11. Language 417 ERWIN A . EsPER, University of Washington 12. Magic and Cognate Phenomena: An Hypothesis 461 RAYMOND ROYEE WILLOUGHBY, Clark University 13. Material Cui ture 520 CLARK WISSLER, Yale University [xi] PART V. ANALYSES OF SOME CORRELATES OF SOCIAl PHENOMENA 14. The Physical Environment 567 VICTOR E. SHELFOR.D, University of Illinois 15. Age in Human Society 596 WALTER R. MILES, Institute of Human Relations, Yale University 16. Sex in Social Psychology 683 CATHARINE Cox MILES, Institute of Human Relations, Yale University 17. Attitudes . 798 GORDON W. ALLPORT, 18. Social Maladjustments: Adaptive Regression 845 F. L. WELLS, Harvard Medical School PART VI. EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF SOCIAL PHENOMENA 19. Relatively Simple Animal Aggregations 919 W. C. ALLEE, The University of Chicago 20. Social Behavior of Birds 947 THORLEIF SCHJELDERUP-EBBE, Universite Nouvelle de Paris 21. Social' Behavior in Infrahuman Primates 973 RoBERT M. YERKES, Yale University ADA W. YERKES, Yale University 22. The Influence of Social Situations upon the Behavior of Children 1034 Lois BARCLAY MURPHY, Sarah Lawrence College GARDNER MURPHY, 23. Experimental Studies of the Influence of Social Situations on the Behavior of Individual Human . 1097 ]. F. DASHII!LL, University of North Carolina Name Index 1159 Subject Index 1176

[xn] HANDBOOK OF Social Psychology

VOLUME I

THEORY AND METHOD

by

GoRDON W. ALLPORT WILLIAM W. LAMBERT

BERNARD BERELSON GARDNER LINDZEY

EDGAR F. BORGATTA RoNALD LIPPITT

RoBERT R. BusH ELEANOR E. MACCOBY

MORTON DEUTSCH NATHAN MACCOBY

ALLEN L. EDWARDS FREDERICK MosTELLER

BERT F. GREEN THEODORE R. SARBIN

CALVIN s. HALL MARTIN ScHEERER

D. 0. HEBB W. R. THOMPSON

RoGER W. HEYNS JoHN W. M. WHITING

Edited by

GARDNER LINDZEY Harvard University

ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.

READING, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A.

LONDON, ENGLAND Copyright © 1954 ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc.

Printed in the United States of America

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THIS BOOK, OR PARTS THERE­ OF, MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHERS.

Library of Congress Catalog No. 54-5970

Third printing - March 1959 CONTENTS

PREFACE vii

pART 1. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I. The Historical Background of Modern Social Psychology 3 by GoRDON W. ALLPORT, Harvard University

pART 2. CONTEMPORARY SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS

CHAPTER 2. -Response Contiguity and Reinforcement Theory in Social Psychology 57 by WILLIAM W. LAMBERT, Cornell University

CHAPTER 3. Cognitive Theory 91 by MARTIN ScHEERER, University of Kansas

CHAPTER 4. and Its Applications in the Social Sciences . 143 by CALVIN S. HALL, Western Reserve University, and GARDNER LINDZEY, Hamard University

CHAPTER 5. Field Theory in Social Psychology . 181 by MoRTON DEUTSCH, New York Univenity

CHAPTER 6. Role .Theory . 223 by THEODORE R. SARBIN, University of California

PART 3. RESEARCH METHODS

CHAPTER 7. Experiments: Their Planning and Execution . 259 by ALLEN L. EDWARDS, University of Washington

CHAPTER 8. Selected Quantitative Techniques . 289 by FREDERICK MosTELLER and RoBERT R. BusH, Hamard University

CHAPTER 9. Attitude Measurement . 335 by BERT F. GREEN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

CHAPTER 10. Systematic Observational Techniques . 370 by RoGER W. HEYNS and RoNALD LIPPITT,

CHAPTER II. Sociometric Measurement . 405 by GARDNER LINDZEY and' EDGAR F. BoRGATTA, Harvard Uni­ venity

CHAPTER 12. The Interview: A Tool of Social Science . . 449 by ELEANOR E . MACCOBY, Harvard University, and NATHAN MACCOBY, Boston University

v vi CONTENTS

. 488 CHAPTER 13. by BERNARD BERELSON, Ford Foundation

CHAPTER 14. The Cross-Cultural Method . 523 by JoHN W. M. WHITING, Harvard University

CHAPTER 15. The Social Significance of Animal Studies . 532 by D. 0 . HEBB and W. R. THOMPSON, McGill University

. 563 AuTHOR INDEX

. 577 SUBJECT INDEX

" HANDBOOK OF Social Psychology

VOLUME II SPECIAL FIELDS AND APPLICATIONS

by

ALLEN H. BARTON HAROLD H. KELLEY

RoGER vV. BROWN CLYDE KLUCKHOHN

JEROME S. BRUNER BERNARD KuTNER

!SIDOR CHEIN PAUL F. LAZARSFELD

IRVIN L. CHILD DANIEL J. LEVINSON J. C. FLUGEL JUAN LINZ

CECIL. A. GIBB SEYMOUR M. LIPSET

MASON HAIRE GEORGE A , MILLER

JOHN HARDING GARDNER MURPHY

GEORGE C . ROMANS HAROLD PROSHANSKY

CARL I. HovLAND HENRY W. RIECKEN

ALEX INKELES RENATO TAGIURI

JOHN W. THIBAUT

Edited by

GARDNER LINDZEY Harvard University

ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.

READING, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A.

LONDON, ENGLAND Copyright © 1954 ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc.

Printed in the United States of America

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THIS BOOK, OR PARTS THERE­ OF, MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHERS.

Library of Congr·ess Catalog No. 54-5970

Third printing - March 1959 CONTENTS

PREFACE vii

PART 4. THE INDIVIDUAL IN A SociAL CoNTEXT

CHAPTER 16. Social 601 by GARDNER MuRPHY, The Menninger Foundation

CHAPTER 17. The of People 634 by JEROME S. BRUNER and RENATO TAGIURI, Harvard University

CHAPTER 18. Socialization 655 by IRVIN L. CHILD, Yale University

CHAPTER 19. 693 by GEORGE A. MILLER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

CHAPTER 20. Humor and Laughter 709 by J. C. FLUGEL. London, England

PART 5. GROUP PSYCHOLOGY AND PHENOMENA OF INTERACTION

CHAPTER 21. Experimental Studies of Group Problem Solving and Process. 735 by HAROLD H. KELLEY, Yale University, and JoHN W. THIBAUT, University of North Carolina

CHAFER 22. Psychological Aspects of Social Structure 786 by HENRY W. RIECKEN, Univasity of Minnesota, and GEORGE C. RoMANS, Harvard University

CHAPTER 23. Mass Phenomena 833 by_RoGER W. BROWN, Harvard University

CHAPTER 24. Leadership 877 by CECIL A. GIBB, Dartmouth College

CHAPTER 25. Culture and Behavior 921 by CLYDE KLUCKHOHN, Harvard University

CHAPTER 26. National Character: The Study of Modal Personality and Sociocultural Systems 977 by ALEX INKELES and DANIEL J. LEVINSON, Harvard University

PART 6. APPLIED SociAL PsYCHOLOGY

CHAPTER 27. and Ethnic Relations . 1021 by JoHN HARDING and BERNARD KuTNER, Cornell University, HAROLD PROSHANSKY, Brooklyn College, and IsmoR CHEIN, New York University

CHAPTER 28. Effects of the Mass Media of Communication . . 1062 by CARL I. HovLAND, Yale University

v Vl CONTENTS

CHAPTER 29. Industrial Social Psychology . . 1104 by MAsON HAIRE, University of California

CHAPTER 30. The Psychology of Voting: An Analysis of Political Behavior. 1124 by SEYMOUR M. LIPSET, PAUL F. LAZARSFELD, ALLEN H. BARTON, and JuAN LINZ, Columbia University

. 1177 AuTHOR INDEX

. 1205 SUBJECT INDEX

J The Handbook of SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

SECOND EDITION Edited by GARDNER LINDZEY and ELLIOT ARONSON University of Texas

VOLUME ONE HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION I SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS

.. TT ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY Reading, Massachusetts • Menlo Park, California • London • Don Mills, Ontario Copyright© 1954, 1968, Philippines copyright 1968 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, re­ cording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada. Library of Congress Catalog' Card No. 68-19347. Contents

VOLUME ONE

HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION

1. The Historical Background of Modern Social Psychology Gordon W . Allport, Harvard University

SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS

2. Stimulus-Response Theory in Contemporary Social Psychology 81 Seymour M. Berger, Indiana University William W. Lambert, Cornell University 3. Mathematical Models of Social Behavior 179 Seymour Rosenberg, Rutgers University 4. The Relevance of Freudian Psychology and Related Viewpoints for the Social Sciences 245 Calvin S. Hall, Institute of Dream Research and University of California, Santa Cruz Gardner Lindzey, University of Texas 5. Cognitive Theories in Social Psychology 320 Robert B. Zajonc, University of Michigan 6. Field Theory in Social Psychology 412 Morton Deutsch, Columbia University 7. Role Theory 488 Theodore R. Sarbin, University of California, Berkeley Vernon L. Allen, University of Wisconsin

xn Contents xm

8. Organizations 568 Richard M. Cyert, Carnegie-Mellon University Kenneth R. MacCrimmon, Carnegie-Mellon University

Author Index 615

Subject Index 635

VOLUME TWO

RESEARCH METHODS

9. Experimentation in Social Psychology Elliot Aronson and J. 10. Data Analysis, Including Statistics Frederick Mosteller and John W. Tukey 11. Attitude Measurement William A. Scott 12. Simulation of Social Behavior Robert P. Abelson 13 . Systematic Observational Methods Karl E. Weick 14. Measurement of Social Choice and Interpersonal Attractiveness Gardner Lindzey and Donn Byrne 15. Interviewing Charles F. Cannell and Robert L. Kahn 16. Content Analysis Ole R. Holsti, with the collaboration ofJoanne K. Loomba and Robert C. North 17. Methods and Problems in Cross-Cultural Research John W. M. Whiting 18. The Social Significance of Animal Studies D. 0 . Hebb and W. R . Thompson

VOLUME THREE

THE INDIVIDUAL IN A SOCIAL CONTEXT

19. Psychophysiological Approaches in Social Psychology David Shapiro and Andrew Crider 20. Social Motivation Leonard Berkowitz 21. The Nature of Attitudes and Attitude Change William J. McGuire xzv Contents

22. Social and Cultural Factors in Perception Henri Tajfel 23. Person Perception Renata Tagiuri 24. Socialization Edward Zigler and Irvin L. Child 25. Personality and Social Interaction David Marlowe and Kenneth]. Gergen 26. Psycholinguistics George A. Miller and David McNeill 27. Laughter, Humor, and Play D. E. Berlyne 28. Esthetics Irvin L. Child

VOLUME FOUR

GROUP PSYCHOLOGY AND PHENOMENA OF INTERACTION

29. Group Problem Solving Harold H. Kelley and John W. Thibaut 30. Group Structure: Attraction, Coalitions, Communication, and Power Barry E. Collins and Bertram H. Raven 31. Leadership Cecil A. Gibb 32. Social Structure and Behavior Wilbert E. Moore 33. : Comparative Studies of Human Behavior George A. DeVos and Arthur E. Hippler 34. National Character: The Study of Modal Personality and Sociocultural Systems Alex Inkeles and Daniel]. Levinson 35. Collective Behavior: Crowds and Social Movements Stanley Milgram and Hans Toch 36. The Social Psychology of Infrahuman Animals ]. P. Scott

VOLUME FIVE

APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

37. Prejudice and Ethnic Relations John Harding, Harold Proshansky, Bernard Kutner, and Isidor Chein Contents xv

38. Effects of the Mass Media of Communication Walter Weiss 39. Industrial Social Psychology Victor H. Vroom 40. Psychology and Economics Herbert A. Simon and Andrew C. Stedry 41. Political Behavior David 0. Sears 42. A Social Psychology of Education ]. W. Getzels 43. Social-Psychological Aspects of International Relations Amitai Etzioni 44. James E . Dittes 45. Social Psychology of Howard E. Freeman and jeanne M. Giovannoni THIRD EDITION Handbook of Social Psychology

VOLUME I Theory and Method

Gardner Lindzey Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences Elliot Aronson University of California, Santa Cruz

~ RANDOM HOUSE

New York

Distributed exclusively by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers Hillsdale, New Jersey, and London •

Third Edition

987654321

Copyright © 1985 by Newbery Award Records, Inc.

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to Newbery Award Records, Ihc., 201 East 50th Street, New York, NY 10022. Published in the United States by Newbery Award Records, Inc., a subsidiary of Random House/Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Distributed by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers.

Library of Congress Cataloging irt Publication Data Main entry under title: The Handbook of social psychology. Includes index. Contents: v. 1. Theory and method-v. 2. Special fields and applications. 1. Social psychology. I. Lindzey, Gardner. II. Aronson, Elliot. HM251.H224 1985 302 84-18509 ISBN 0-394-35049-9 (v. I) ISBN 0-394-35050-2 (v. 2)

Manufactured in the United States of America

The editors wish to thank a number of publishers and copyright holders for permission to repro­ duce tables, figures, and excerpts from the following sources:

American Psychological Association, Ethical Guidelines Cavan, S. "Seeing social structure in a rural setting." Ur­ for . Copyright © 1982. Reprinted by permission. ban Life Culture, 3, 334-335. Copyright © 1974. Reprinted by Aberle, D. F. et al. "The functional prerequisites of a soci­ permission of Sage Publications, Inc. ety." Ethics, 60, pp. 110-111. Copyright © 1950. Reprinted by Coombs, C. H. "Thurstone's measurement of social val­ permission of the University of Chicago Press. ues revisited 40 years later." J. Personality and Social Alevizos, P. N., and P. L. Berek. "Communication: an in­ Psychology, 6, 85-90. Copyright © 1967. Reprinted by permis­ structional aid for staff training in behavioral assessment." sion. J. of Applied Behavior Analysis, 7, pp. 472, 660. Copyright Dawes, R. M., and M. Moore. "Guttman scaling ortho­ © 1975 by the Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behav­ dox and randomized responses." In F. Peterman (Ed.), Attitude ior, Inc. Reprinted by permission. measurement. Gottingen: Verlag fiir psychologie. Pp. 129-131. Bales, R. F., and S. P. Cohen, SYMLOG:A system for the Copyright © 1980. Reprinted by permission. multiple level observation of groups. Copyright © 1979 by The Douglas. J. D. Investigative social research. Pp. 15-16. Free Press, a Division of Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. Copyright © 1976. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publica­ Adapted with permission of Macmillan, Inc. tions. Benjamin, L. S. "Structural Analysis of Differentiation Goffman, E. Frame analysis. New York: Harper & Row. Failure." Psychiatry, 42, 1-23. Copyright © 1979 by The Pp. 1-2. Copyright © 1974. Reprinted by permission. William Alanson White Psychiatric Foundation, Inc. Reprinted Goodman, L.A. "A modified regression approach to the by special permission of The William Alanson White Psychiatric analysis of dichotomous variable." American Sociological Re­ Foundation, Inc. view, 39, Table p. 29. Copyright © 1972. Reprinted by permis­ Berry, W. Sayings and doings. Gnomon Press. Copyright sion of The American Sociological Association. © 1975 . Quotes from Sayings and doings by Wendell Berry used Kahneman, D., and A. Tversky. "The psychology of by permission of Gnomon Press. preferences." Scientific American, 246, 160-173. Copyright Brandt, R. M. Studying behavior in natural settings. © 1982 by Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1982. Reprinted by arrangement with University Lofland, 1. Doing social life. New York: Wiley. Copyright Press of America, Inc. © 1976. Reprinted by permission. (Cont. onpagexvi) Contents

VOLUME 1: THEORY AND METHODS

The Historical Background of Social Psychology ·¥ CHAPTER l Gordon W. Allport Harvard University

Major Developments in Social Psychology During the Past CHAPTER 2 Five Decades 47 Edward E. Jones Princeton University

Learning Theory in Contemporary Social Psychology 109 CHAPTER 3 Bernice Lott University ofRhode Island Albert J. Lott University of Rhode Island

The Cognitive Perspective in Social Psychology 137 CHAPTER 4 Hazel Markus University ofMichigan R.B. Zajonc University ofMichigan

xi xii Contents

Decision Making and Decision Theory 231 CHAPTER 5 Robert P. Abelson Yale University Ariel Levi Teachers College, Columbia University

Symbolic Interaction and Role Theory 311 CHAPTER 6 Sheldon Stryker Indiana University Anne Statham University of Wisconsin at Parkside

Organizations and Organization Theory 379 CHAPTER 7 Jeffrey Pfeffer

Experimentation in Social Psychology 441 CHAPTER 8 Elliot Aronson University of California, Santa Cruz Marilynn Brewer University of California, Los Angeles J. Merrill Car/smith Stanford University

Quantitative Methods for Social Psychology 487 CHAPTER 9 David A. Kenny The University of Connecticut

Attitude and Opinion Measurement 509 CHAPTER 10 Robyn M. Dawes University of Oregon TomL. Smith Research and Education Institute ofDenver (REID)

Systematic Observational Methods 567 CHAPTER ll Karl E. Weick University of Texas at A us tin Contents xiii

Survey Methods 635 CHAPTER 12 Howard Schuman University ofMichigan Graham Kaftan University ofMichigan

Program Evaluation 699 CHAPTER 13 Thomas D. Cook Northwestern University Laura C. Leviton University ofPittsburg William R. Shadish, Jr. Memphis State University

VOLUME II: SPECIAL FIELDS AND APPLICATIONS

Altruism and Aggression CHAPTER 14 Dennis L. Krebs Simon Fraser University Dale T. Miller Simon Fraser University

Attribution and Social Perception 73 CHAPTER 15 Michael Ross University of Waterloo Garth J. 0. Fletcher Illinois State University

Socialization in Adulthood 123 CHAPTER 16 Karen K. Dian University of Toronto

Sex Roles in Contemporary American Society 149 CHAPTER 17 Janet T. Spence University of Texas at Austin KayDeaux Robert L. Helmreich University of Texas at Austin xiv Contents

Language Use and Language Users 179 CHAPTER 18 Herbert H. Clark Stanford University

Attitudes and Attitude Change 233 r CHAPTER 19 William J. McGuire Yale University

Social Influence and Conformity 347 CHAPTER 20 Serge Moscovici Ecole des Hautes Etudes En Sciences Sociales

Interpersonal Attraction 413 CHAPTER 21 Ellen Berscheid University ofMinnesota

Leadership and Power 485 CHAPTER 22 EdwinP. Hollander State University ofNew York at Buffalo

Effects of Mass Communication 539 CHAPTER 23 Donald F. Roberts Stanford University Nathan Maccoby Stanford University

Intergroup Relations 599 CHAPTER 24 Walter G. Stephan New Mexico State University

Public Opinion and Polical Action 659 CHAPTER 25 Donald R. Kinder University ofMichigan David 0. Sears University of California, Los Angeles

Social Deviance 743 CHAPTER 26 Dane Archer University of California, Santa Cruz Contents xv

The Application of Social Psychology 805 CHAPTER 27 Judith Rodin Yale University

Personality and Social Behavior 883 ~ CHAPTER 28 Mark Snyder University ofMinnesota William Ickes University of Texas at Arlington

Social Psychological Aspects of Environmental Psychology 949 CHAPTER 29 John M. Darley Princeton University Daniel T. Gilbert Princeton University

Cultural Psychology 993 CHAPTER 30 D. R. Price-Williams University of California, Los Angeles VOLUME I

THE HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

FOURTH EDITION

Daniel T. Gilbert Harvard University

Susan T. Fiske University of Massachusetts at Amherst

Gardner Lindzey Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences

The McGRAW-HILL Companies, Inc. Boston, Massachusetts Burr Ridge, Illinois Dubuque, Iowa Madison, Wisconsin New York, New York San Francisco, California St. Louis, Missouri

Distributed exclusively by Oxford University Press New York and Oxford McGraw-Hill ~ A Division ofTheMcGrmvHill Companies

THE HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY VOLUME I

Acknowledgments appear on page xx and on this page Distributed exclusively by by reference. Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue Copyright© 1998, 1985, 1969, 1954 by the McGraw-Hill New York, NY 10016 Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United With offices in: States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication Oxford New York Toronto Delhi may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system without Kuala Lumpur Singapore Hong Kong the prior written permission of the publisher. Tokyo Nairobi Dares Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland Warsaw This book is printed on acid-free paper. and associated companies in 1234567890 DOC DOC 90987 Berlin Ibadan

ISBN 0-19-521376-9 http://www.oup-usa.org Telephone: 1-800-732-3120 Publisher: Jane Vaicunas Sponsoring editor: Beth Kaufman Marketing manager: Jim Rozsa Project manager: Ann Morgan Production supervisor: Deb Donner Cover and text designer: Kiera Cunningham Project supervision: The Total Book Compositor: Ruttle, Shaw & Wetherill, Inc. Typeface: 9.5/11 Times Roman Printer: R. R. Donnelley-Crawfordsville

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The handbook of social psychology I [edited by] Daniel Gilbert, , Gardner Lindzey. - 4th ed. p. em. Previous ed. edited by Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-521376-9 (v. 1 and v. 2) 1. Social psychology. I. Gilbert, Daniel. II. Fiske, Susan T. ill. Lindzey, Gardner. HM25l.H224 1998 302-dc21 97-5436 CONTENTS

VOLUME I ChapterS

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION xi MEASUREMENT 180 PREFACE TO THE TIDRD EDITION xiii Charles M. Judd, University of Colorado PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xvi Gary H. McClelland, University of Colorado PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xviii Chapter6

PART ONE DATA ANALYSIS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 233 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES David A. Kenny, University of Connecticut Deborah A. Kashy, Texas A&M University Chapter 1 Niall Bolger, New York University

MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN FIVE DECADES OF SOCIAL PART THREE PSYCHOLOGY 3 INTRAPERSONAL PHENOMENA Edward E. Jones, Princeton University Chapter7 Chapter2

ATTITUDE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 269 THE SOCIAL BEING IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 58 Alice H. Eagly, Northwestern University Shelley E. Taylor, University of California, Los Angeles Shelly Chaiken, New York University

PART TWO ChapterS METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ATTITUDE CHANGE: MULTIPLE ROLES FOR PERSUASION Chapter3 VARIABLES 323 Richard E. Petty, The Ohio State University EXPERIMENTATION IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 99 Duane T. Wegener, Purdue University Elliot Aronson, University of California, Santa Cruz Timothy D. Wilson, University of Virginia Chapter9 Marilynn B. Brewer, The Ohio State University MENTAL REPRESENTATION AND MEMORY 391 Chapter4 Eliot R. Smith, Purdue University

J.. SURVEY METHODS 143 Chapter 10 , University of Michigan Robert M. Groves, University of Michigan and CONTROL AND AUTOMATICITY IN SOCIAL LIFE 446 University of Maryland Daniel M. Wegner, University of Virginia Howard Schuman, University of Michigan John A. Bargh, New York University

vii viii Contents

Chapter 11 VOLUME II

BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING AND JuDGMENT 497 Robyn M. Dawes, Carnegie Mellon University PART FIVE INTERPERSONAL PHENOMENA

Chapter 12 Chapter 18

MOTIVATION 549 NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION 3 Thane S. Pittman, Gettysburg College Bella M. DePaulo, University of Virginia Howard S. Friedman, University of California, Riverside Chapter 13

Chapter 19 591 Robert B. Zajonc, Stanford University LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 41 Robert M. Krauss, Columbia University Chi-Yue Chiu, University of Hong Kong PART FOUR PERSONAL PHENOMENA Chapter 20

Chapter 14 ORDINARY PERSONOLOGY 89 Daniel T. Gilbert, Harvard University UNDERSTANDING PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR: A FUNCTIONALIST STRATEGY 635 Chapter21 Mark Snyder, University of Minnesota Nancy Cantor, University of Michigan SOCIAL INFLUENCE: SOCIAL NORMS, CONFORMITY, AND COMPLIANCE 151 Robert B. Cialdini, Arizona State University Chapter 15 Melanie R. Trost, Arizona State University

THE SELF 680 Chapter 22 Roy F. Baumeister, Case Western Reserve University

ATTRACTION AND CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS 193 Ellen Berscheid, University of Minnesota Chapter 16 Harry T. Reis, University of Rochester

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDHOOD Chapter23 AND ADULTHOOD 741 Diane N. Ruble, New York University Jacqueline J. Goodnow, MacQuarie University ALTRUISM AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR 282 C. Daniel Batson, University of Kansas

Chapter 17 Chapter 24

GENDER 788 AGGRESSION AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 317 Kay Deaux, City University of New York Russell G. Geen, University of Missouri Marianne LaFrance, Boston College Chapter25 INDEXES Name 829 STEREOTYPING, PREJUDICE, AND DISCRIMINATION 357 Subject 855 Susan T. Fiske, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Contents ix

PART SIX Chapter33 COLLECTIVE PHENOMENA UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONS: CONCEPTS AND Chapter 26 CONTROVERSIES 733 Jeffrey Pfeffer, Stanford University SMALL GROUPS 415 John M. Levine, University of Pittsburgh Chapter34 Richard L. Moreland, University of Pittsburgh

Chapter27 OPINION AND ACTION IN THE REALM OF POLITICS 778 Donald R. Kinder, University of Michigan

SociAL CoNFLICT 470 Dean G. Pruitt, State University of New York at Buffalo Chapter35

Chapter 28 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND WORLD POLITICS 868 Philip E. Tetlock, The Ohio State University SOCIAL STIGMA 504 Jennifer Crocker, University of Michigan , University of California at Santa Barbara PART EIGHT Claude Steele, Stanford University EMERGING PERSPECTIVES

Chapter29 Chapter 36

INTERGROUP RELATIONS 554 THE CULTURAL MATRIX OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 915 Marilynn B. Brewer, The Ohio State University Alan Page Fiske, University of California, Los Angeles Rupert J. Brown, University of Kent at Canterbury Shinobu Kitayama, Kyoto University Hazel Rose Markus, Stanford University Chapter30 Richard E. Nisbett, University of Michigan

SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 595 Tom R. Tyler, University of California, Berkeley Chapter37 Heather J. Smith, Sonoma State University EVOLUTIONARY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 982 PART SEVEN David M. Buss, University of Texas, Austin INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES Douglas T. Kenrick, Arizona State University

Chapter31 INDEXES Name 1027 Subject 1075 HEALTH BEHAVIOR 633 Peter Salovey, Yale University Alexander J. Rothman, University of Minnesota Judith Rodin, University of Pennsylvania

Chapter32

PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 684 Phoebe C. Ellsworth, University of Michigan Robert Mauro, University of Oregon

.. HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Fifth Edition

Volume 1

Edited by SUSAN T. FISKE DANIEL T. GILBERT GARDNER LINDZEY

WILEY~ John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper.@

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Library of Co11gress Catalogillg-ill-Publicatioll Data:

Handbook of social psychology I edited by Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, & Gardner Lindzey. -5th ed. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-13747-5 (set)-ISBN 978-0-470-13748-2 (v. I : cloth)--ISBN 978-0-470-13749-9 (v. 2 :cloth) I. Social psychology. I. Fiske, Susan T. II. Gilbert, Daniel Todd. Ill. Lindzey, Gardner.

HMIOII.H372010 302--dc22 2009023126

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Contents

PREFACE

CONTRIBUTORS

VOLUME I

Part 1: The Science of Social Psychology

1.1 HISTORY OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: INSIGHTS, CHALLENGES, AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO THEORY AND APPLICATION 3 Lee Ross, Mark Lepper, and Andrew Ward

2.1 THE ART OF LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATION 51 Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, and Kevin Carlsmith

3.1 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS OUTSIDE THE LABORATORY 82 Harry T. Reis and Samuel D. Gosling

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: RECENT AND RECURRING ISSUES 115 Charles M. Judd and David A. Kenny

Part II: The Social Being s.l SOCIAL 143 Matthew D. Lieberman

6.1 SOCIAL AND EMBODIMENT 194 Jim Blascovich and Wendy Berry Mendes

7.1 AUTOMATICITY AND THE UNCONSCIOUS 228 Ap Dijksterhuis

8.1 MOTIVATION 268 John A. Bargh, Peter M. Gollwitzer, and Gabriele Oettingen

9.1 317 Dacher Keltner and Jennifer S. Lerner viii Contents

10.1 ATTITUDES 353 Mahzarin R. Banaji and Larisa Heiphetz

11.1 ATTITUDES AND PERSUASION: FROM BIOLOGY TO SOCIAL RESPONSES TO PERSUASIVE INTENT 394 Dolores Albarracin and Patrick Vargas

12.1 PERCEIVING PEOPLE 428 C. Neil Macrae and Susanne Quadflieg

13.1 NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 464 Nalini Ambady and Max Weisbuch

14.1 MIND PERCEPTION 498 Nicholas Epley and Adam Waytz

15.1 JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 542 Thomas D. Gilovich and Dale W. Griffin

16. I SELF AND IDENTITY 589 William B. Swann, Jr. and Jennifer K. Bosson

17.1 GENDER 629 Wendy Wood and Alice H. Eagly

18.1 PERSONALITY IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 668 David C. Funder and Lisa A. Fast

19.1 HEALTH 698 Shelley E. Taylor

20.1 EXPERIMENTAL EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY: COPING WITH THE FACTS OF LIFE 724 Tom Pyszczynski, Jeff Greenberg, Sander Koole, and Sheldon Solomon

VOLUME2

Part III: The Social World

21.1 EVOLUTIONARY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 761 Steven L. Neuberg, Douglas T. Kenrick, and Mark Schaller

22.1 MORALITY 797 Jonathan Haidt and Selin Kesebir

23.1 AGGRESSION 833 Brad J. Bushman and L. Rowell Huesmann

24.1 AFFILIATION, ACCEPTANCE, AND BELONGING: THE PURSUIT OF INTERPERSONAL CONNECTION 864 Mark R. Leary Contents ix

25.1 CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS 898 Margaret S. Clark and Edward P. Lemay, Jr.

26.1 INTERPERSONAL STRATIFICATION: STATUS, POWER, AND SUBORDINATION 941 Susan T. Fiske

27.1 SOCIAL CONFLICT: THE EMERGENCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF STRUGGLE AND NEGOTIATION 983 Carsten K. W. De Dreu

28.1 INTERGROUP RELATIONS 1024 Vincent Yzerbyt and Stephanie Demoulin

29.1 INTERGROUP BIAS 1084 John F. Dovidio and Samuel L. Gaertner

30.1 SOCIAL JUSTICE: HISTORY, THEORY, AND RESEARCH 1122 John T. Jost and Aaron C. Kay

31.1 INFLUENCE AND LEADERSHIP 1166 Michael A. Hogg

32.1 GROUP BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE 1208 J. Richard Hackman and Nancy Katz

33.1 ORGANIZATIONAL PREFERENCES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES 1252 Deborah H. Gruenfeld and Larissa Z. Tiedens

34.1 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 1288 Jon A Krosnick, Penny S. Visser, and Joshua Harder

35.1 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 1343 Margaret Bull Kovera and Eugene Borgida

36.1 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND LANGUAGE: WORDS, UTTERANCES, AND CONVERSATIONS 1386 Thomas Holtgraves

37.1 CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 1423 Steven J. Heine

AUTHOR INDEX I-1

SUBJECT INDEX I-85