Handbook of Social Psychology
Ano Edição Nº Volumes Editores
1935 1ª 2 Carl Murchison
1954 1ª 2 Gardner Lindzey
1968/69 2ª 5 Gardner Lindzey & Elliot Aronson
1985 3ª 2 Gardner Lindzey & Elliot Aronson
1998 4ª 2 Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, & Gardner Lindzey
2010 5ª 2 Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, Gardner Lindzey
Psicologia Social II Valentim R. Alferes
A HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
By W. C. ALLEE GARDNER MURPHY GORDON W. ALLPORT LOIS BARCLAY MURPHY FRIEDRICH ALVERDES 0. E. PLATH R . E.BUCHANAN THORLEIF SCHJELDERUP-EBBE FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS VICTOR E. SHELFORD J. F. DASHIELL WARRENS. THOMPSON ERWIN A. ESPER W. D. WALLIS HERBERT FRIEDMANN F. L. WELLS EDWIN DEEKS HARVEY RAYMOND ROYCE WILLOUGHBY MELVILLE ]. HERSKOVITS CLARK WISSLER CATHARINE Cox MILES ADA W. YERKES WALTER R. MILES ROBERT M. YERKES
Edited by CARL MURCHISON
VOLUME TWO
NEW YORK/ RUSSELL & RUSSELL COPYRIGHT, 1935, BY CLARK UNIVERSITY
REISSUED, 1967, BY RUSSELL & RUSSELL A DIVISION OF ATHENEUM HOUSE, INC.
BY ARRANGEMENT WITH CLARK UNIVERSITY PRESS
L. C. CATALOG CARD NO: 66-24735
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface IX PART I. SOCIAL PHENOMENA IN SELECTED POPULATIONS
1. Population Behavior of Bacteria . 3 R. E. BucHANAN, Iowa State College 2. Social Origins and Processes among Plants 22 FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS, Carnegie Institution of Washington 3. Human Populations 49 WARREN S. THOMPSON, Scripps Foundation for Research in Popu- lation Problems PART II. SOCIAL PHENOMENA IN INFRAHUMAN SOCIETIES 4. Insect Societies 83 0. E. PLATH, Boston University 5. Bird Societies 142 HERBERT FRIEDMANN, United States National Museum 6. The Behavior of Mammalian Herds and Packs 185 FRIEDRICH ALVERDES, Zoological Institute, Marburg PART III. HISTORICAL SEQUENCES OF HUMAN SOCIAL PHENOMENA :l. 7. Social History of the Negro 207 MELVILLE J. HERSKOVITS, Northwestern UniverSity 8. Social History of the Red Man 268 CLARK WISSLER, Yale University 9. Social History of the White Man 309 W. D. WALLIS, University of Minnesota 10. Social History of the Yellow Man 361 EDWIN DEEKS HARVEY, Dartmouth College PART IV. ANALYSES OF RECURRING PATTERNS IN SOCIAL PHENOMENA 11. Language 417 ERWIN A . EsPER, University of Washington 12. Magic and Cognate Phenomena: An Hypothesis 461 RAYMOND ROYEE WILLOUGHBY, Clark University 13. Material Cui ture 520 CLARK WISSLER, Yale University [xi] PART V. ANALYSES OF SOME CORRELATES OF SOCIAl PHENOMENA 14. The Physical Environment 567 VICTOR E. SHELFOR.D, University of Illinois 15. Age in Human Society 596 WALTER R. MILES, Institute of Human Relations, Yale University 16. Sex in Social Psychology 683 CATHARINE Cox MILES, Institute of Human Relations, Yale University 17. Attitudes . 798 GORDON W. ALLPORT, Harvard University 18. Social Maladjustments: Adaptive Regression 845 F. L. WELLS, Harvard Medical School PART VI. EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF SOCIAL PHENOMENA 19. Relatively Simple Animal Aggregations 919 W. C. ALLEE, The University of Chicago 20. Social Behavior of Birds 947 THORLEIF SCHJELDERUP-EBBE, Universite Nouvelle de Paris 21. Social' Behavior in Infrahuman Primates 973 RoBERT M. YERKES, Yale University ADA W. YERKES, Yale University 22. The Influence of Social Situations upon the Behavior of Children 1034 Lois BARCLAY MURPHY, Sarah Lawrence College GARDNER MURPHY, Columbia University 23. Experimental Studies of the Influence of Social Situations on the Behavior of Individual Human Adults . 1097 ]. F. DASHII!LL, University of North Carolina Name Index 1159 Subject Index 1176
[xn] HANDBOOK OF Social Psychology
VOLUME I
THEORY AND METHOD
by
GoRDON W. ALLPORT WILLIAM W. LAMBERT
BERNARD BERELSON GARDNER LINDZEY
EDGAR F. BORGATTA RoNALD LIPPITT
RoBERT R. BusH ELEANOR E. MACCOBY
MORTON DEUTSCH NATHAN MACCOBY
ALLEN L. EDWARDS FREDERICK MosTELLER
BERT F. GREEN THEODORE R. SARBIN
CALVIN s. HALL MARTIN ScHEERER
D. 0. HEBB W. R. THOMPSON
RoGER W. HEYNS JoHN W. M. WHITING
Edited by
GARDNER LINDZEY Harvard University
ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.
READING, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A.
LONDON, ENGLAND Copyright © 1954 ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc.
Printed in the United States of America
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THIS BOOK, OR PARTS THERE OF, MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHERS.
Library of Congress Catalog No. 54-5970
Third printing - March 1959 CONTENTS
PREFACE vii
pART 1. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I. The Historical Background of Modern Social Psychology 3 by GoRDON W. ALLPORT, Harvard University
pART 2. CONTEMPORARY SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS
CHAPTER 2. Stimulus-Response Contiguity and Reinforcement Theory in Social Psychology 57 by WILLIAM W. LAMBERT, Cornell University
CHAPTER 3. Cognitive Theory 91 by MARTIN ScHEERER, University of Kansas
CHAPTER 4. Psychoanalytic Theory and Its Applications in the Social Sciences . 143 by CALVIN S. HALL, Western Reserve University, and GARDNER LINDZEY, Hamard University
CHAPTER 5. Field Theory in Social Psychology . 181 by MoRTON DEUTSCH, New York Univenity
CHAPTER 6. Role .Theory . 223 by THEODORE R. SARBIN, University of California
PART 3. RESEARCH METHODS
CHAPTER 7. Experiments: Their Planning and Execution . 259 by ALLEN L. EDWARDS, University of Washington
CHAPTER 8. Selected Quantitative Techniques . 289 by FREDERICK MosTELLER and RoBERT R. BusH, Hamard University
CHAPTER 9. Attitude Measurement . 335 by BERT F. GREEN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
CHAPTER 10. Systematic Observational Techniques . 370 by RoGER W. HEYNS and RoNALD LIPPITT, University of Michigan
CHAPTER II. Sociometric Measurement . 405 by GARDNER LINDZEY and' EDGAR F. BoRGATTA, Harvard Uni venity
CHAPTER 12. The Interview: A Tool of Social Science . . 449 by ELEANOR E . MACCOBY, Harvard University, and NATHAN MACCOBY, Boston University
v vi CONTENTS
. 488 CHAPTER 13. Content Analysis by BERNARD BERELSON, Ford Foundation
CHAPTER 14. The Cross-Cultural Method . 523 by JoHN W. M. WHITING, Harvard University
CHAPTER 15. The Social Significance of Animal Studies . 532 by D. 0 . HEBB and W. R. THOMPSON, McGill University
. 563 AuTHOR INDEX
. 577 SUBJECT INDEX
" HANDBOOK OF Social Psychology
VOLUME II SPECIAL FIELDS AND APPLICATIONS
by
ALLEN H. BARTON HAROLD H. KELLEY
RoGER vV. BROWN CLYDE KLUCKHOHN
JEROME S. BRUNER BERNARD KuTNER
!SIDOR CHEIN PAUL F. LAZARSFELD
IRVIN L. CHILD DANIEL J. LEVINSON J. C. FLUGEL JUAN LINZ
CECIL. A. GIBB SEYMOUR M. LIPSET
MASON HAIRE GEORGE A , MILLER
JOHN HARDING GARDNER MURPHY
GEORGE C . ROMANS HAROLD PROSHANSKY
CARL I. HovLAND HENRY W. RIECKEN
ALEX INKELES RENATO TAGIURI
JOHN W. THIBAUT
Edited by
GARDNER LINDZEY Harvard University
ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.
READING, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A.
LONDON, ENGLAND Copyright © 1954 ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc.
Printed in the United States of America
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THIS BOOK, OR PARTS THERE OF, MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHERS.
Library of Congr·ess Catalog No. 54-5970
Third printing - March 1959 CONTENTS
PREFACE vii
PART 4. THE INDIVIDUAL IN A SociAL CoNTEXT
CHAPTER 16. Social Motivation 601 by GARDNER MuRPHY, The Menninger Foundation
CHAPTER 17. The Perception of People 634 by JEROME S. BRUNER and RENATO TAGIURI, Harvard University
CHAPTER 18. Socialization 655 by IRVIN L. CHILD, Yale University
CHAPTER 19. Psycholinguistics 693 by GEORGE A. MILLER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
CHAPTER 20. Humor and Laughter 709 by J. C. FLUGEL. London, England
PART 5. GROUP PSYCHOLOGY AND PHENOMENA OF INTERACTION
CHAPTER 21. Experimental Studies of Group Problem Solving and Process. 735 by HAROLD H. KELLEY, Yale University, and JoHN W. THIBAUT, University of North Carolina
CHAFER 22. Psychological Aspects of Social Structure 786 by HENRY W. RIECKEN, Univasity of Minnesota, and GEORGE C. RoMANS, Harvard University
CHAPTER 23. Mass Phenomena 833 by_RoGER W. BROWN, Harvard University
CHAPTER 24. Leadership 877 by CECIL A. GIBB, Dartmouth College
CHAPTER 25. Culture and Behavior 921 by CLYDE KLUCKHOHN, Harvard University
CHAPTER 26. National Character: The Study of Modal Personality and Sociocultural Systems 977 by ALEX INKELES and DANIEL J. LEVINSON, Harvard University
PART 6. APPLIED SociAL PsYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 27. Prejudice and Ethnic Relations . 1021 by JoHN HARDING and BERNARD KuTNER, Cornell University, HAROLD PROSHANSKY, Brooklyn College, and IsmoR CHEIN, New York University
CHAPTER 28. Effects of the Mass Media of Communication . . 1062 by CARL I. HovLAND, Yale University
v Vl CONTENTS
CHAPTER 29. Industrial Social Psychology . . 1104 by MAsON HAIRE, University of California
CHAPTER 30. The Psychology of Voting: An Analysis of Political Behavior. 1124 by SEYMOUR M. LIPSET, PAUL F. LAZARSFELD, ALLEN H. BARTON, and JuAN LINZ, Columbia University
. 1177 AuTHOR INDEX
. 1205 SUBJECT INDEX
J The Handbook of SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
SECOND EDITION Edited by GARDNER LINDZEY and ELLIOT ARONSON University of Texas
VOLUME ONE HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION I SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS
.. TT ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY Reading, Massachusetts • Menlo Park, California • London • Don Mills, Ontario Copyright© 1954, 1968, Philippines copyright 1968 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, re cording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada. Library of Congress Catalog' Card No. 68-19347. Contents
VOLUME ONE
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
1. The Historical Background of Modern Social Psychology Gordon W . Allport, Harvard University
SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS
2. Stimulus-Response Theory in Contemporary Social Psychology 81 Seymour M. Berger, Indiana University William W. Lambert, Cornell University 3. Mathematical Models of Social Behavior 179 Seymour Rosenberg, Rutgers University 4. The Relevance of Freudian Psychology and Related Viewpoints for the Social Sciences 245 Calvin S. Hall, Institute of Dream Research and University of California, Santa Cruz Gardner Lindzey, University of Texas 5. Cognitive Theories in Social Psychology 320 Robert B. Zajonc, University of Michigan 6. Field Theory in Social Psychology 412 Morton Deutsch, Columbia University 7. Role Theory 488 Theodore R. Sarbin, University of California, Berkeley Vernon L. Allen, University of Wisconsin
xn Contents xm
8. Organizations 568 Richard M. Cyert, Carnegie-Mellon University Kenneth R. MacCrimmon, Carnegie-Mellon University
Author Index 615
Subject Index 635
VOLUME TWO
RESEARCH METHODS
9. Experimentation in Social Psychology Elliot Aronson and J. Merrill Carlsmith 10. Data Analysis, Including Statistics Frederick Mosteller and John W. Tukey 11. Attitude Measurement William A. Scott 12. Simulation of Social Behavior Robert P. Abelson 13 . Systematic Observational Methods Karl E. Weick 14. Measurement of Social Choice and Interpersonal Attractiveness Gardner Lindzey and Donn Byrne 15. Interviewing Charles F. Cannell and Robert L. Kahn 16. Content Analysis Ole R. Holsti, with the collaboration ofJoanne K. Loomba and Robert C. North 17. Methods and Problems in Cross-Cultural Research John W. M. Whiting 18. The Social Significance of Animal Studies D. 0 . Hebb and W. R . Thompson
VOLUME THREE
THE INDIVIDUAL IN A SOCIAL CONTEXT
19. Psychophysiological Approaches in Social Psychology David Shapiro and Andrew Crider 20. Social Motivation Leonard Berkowitz 21. The Nature of Attitudes and Attitude Change William J. McGuire xzv Contents
22. Social and Cultural Factors in Perception Henri Tajfel 23. Person Perception Renata Tagiuri 24. Socialization Edward Zigler and Irvin L. Child 25. Personality and Social Interaction David Marlowe and Kenneth]. Gergen 26. Psycholinguistics George A. Miller and David McNeill 27. Laughter, Humor, and Play D. E. Berlyne 28. Esthetics Irvin L. Child
VOLUME FOUR
GROUP PSYCHOLOGY AND PHENOMENA OF INTERACTION
29. Group Problem Solving Harold H. Kelley and John W. Thibaut 30. Group Structure: Attraction, Coalitions, Communication, and Power Barry E. Collins and Bertram H. Raven 31. Leadership Cecil A. Gibb 32. Social Structure and Behavior Wilbert E. Moore 33. Cultural Psychology: Comparative Studies of Human Behavior George A. DeVos and Arthur E. Hippler 34. National Character: The Study of Modal Personality and Sociocultural Systems Alex Inkeles and Daniel]. Levinson 35. Collective Behavior: Crowds and Social Movements Stanley Milgram and Hans Toch 36. The Social Psychology of Infrahuman Animals ]. P. Scott
VOLUME FIVE
APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
37. Prejudice and Ethnic Relations John Harding, Harold Proshansky, Bernard Kutner, and Isidor Chein Contents xv
38. Effects of the Mass Media of Communication Walter Weiss 39. Industrial Social Psychology Victor H. Vroom 40. Psychology and Economics Herbert A. Simon and Andrew C. Stedry 41. Political Behavior David 0. Sears 42. A Social Psychology of Education ]. W. Getzels 43. Social-Psychological Aspects of International Relations Amitai Etzioni 44. Psychology of Religion James E . Dittes 45. Social Psychology of Mental Health Howard E. Freeman and jeanne M. Giovannoni THIRD EDITION Handbook of Social Psychology
VOLUME I Theory and Method
Gardner Lindzey Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences Elliot Aronson University of California, Santa Cruz
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Third Edition
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Copyright © 1985 by Newbery Award Records, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging irt Publication Data Main entry under title: The Handbook of social psychology. Includes index. Contents: v. 1. Theory and method-v. 2. Special fields and applications. 1. Social psychology. I. Lindzey, Gardner. II. Aronson, Elliot. HM251.H224 1985 302 84-18509 ISBN 0-394-35049-9 (v. I) ISBN 0-394-35050-2 (v. 2)
Manufactured in the United States of America
The editors wish to thank a number of publishers and copyright holders for permission to repro duce tables, figures, and excerpts from the following sources:
American Psychological Association, Ethical Guidelines Cavan, S. "Seeing social structure in a rural setting." Ur for Psychologists. Copyright © 1982. Reprinted by permission. ban Life Culture, 3, 334-335. Copyright © 1974. Reprinted by Aberle, D. F. et al. "The functional prerequisites of a soci permission of Sage Publications, Inc. ety." Ethics, 60, pp. 110-111. Copyright © 1950. Reprinted by Coombs, C. H. "Thurstone's measurement of social val permission of the University of Chicago Press. ues revisited 40 years later." J. Personality and Social Alevizos, P. N., and P. L. Berek. "Communication: an in Psychology, 6, 85-90. Copyright © 1967. Reprinted by permis structional aid for staff training in behavioral assessment." sion. J. of Applied Behavior Analysis, 7, pp. 472, 660. Copyright Dawes, R. M., and M. Moore. "Guttman scaling ortho © 1975 by the Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behav dox and randomized responses." In F. Peterman (Ed.), Attitude ior, Inc. Reprinted by permission. measurement. Gottingen: Verlag fiir psychologie. Pp. 129-131. Bales, R. F., and S. P. Cohen, SYMLOG:A system for the Copyright © 1980. Reprinted by permission. multiple level observation of groups. Copyright © 1979 by The Douglas. J. D. Investigative social research. Pp. 15-16. Free Press, a Division of Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. Copyright © 1976. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publica Adapted with permission of Macmillan, Inc. tions. Benjamin, L. S. "Structural Analysis of Differentiation Goffman, E. Frame analysis. New York: Harper & Row. Failure." Psychiatry, 42, 1-23. Copyright © 1979 by The Pp. 1-2. Copyright © 1974. Reprinted by permission. William Alanson White Psychiatric Foundation, Inc. Reprinted Goodman, L.A. "A modified regression approach to the by special permission of The William Alanson White Psychiatric analysis of dichotomous variable." American Sociological Re Foundation, Inc. view, 39, Table p. 29. Copyright © 1972. Reprinted by permis Berry, W. Sayings and doings. Gnomon Press. Copyright sion of The American Sociological Association. © 1975 . Quotes from Sayings and doings by Wendell Berry used Kahneman, D., and A. Tversky. "The psychology of by permission of Gnomon Press. preferences." Scientific American, 246, 160-173. Copyright Brandt, R. M. Studying behavior in natural settings. © 1982 by Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1982. Reprinted by arrangement with University Lofland, 1. Doing social life. New York: Wiley. Copyright Press of America, Inc. © 1976. Reprinted by permission. (Cont. onpagexvi) Contents
VOLUME 1: THEORY AND METHODS
The Historical Background of Social Psychology ·¥ CHAPTER l Gordon W. Allport Harvard University
Major Developments in Social Psychology During the Past CHAPTER 2 Five Decades 47 Edward E. Jones Princeton University
Learning Theory in Contemporary Social Psychology 109 CHAPTER 3 Bernice Lott University ofRhode Island Albert J. Lott University of Rhode Island
The Cognitive Perspective in Social Psychology 137 CHAPTER 4 Hazel Markus University ofMichigan R.B. Zajonc University ofMichigan
xi xii Contents
Decision Making and Decision Theory 231 CHAPTER 5 Robert P. Abelson Yale University Ariel Levi Teachers College, Columbia University
Symbolic Interaction and Role Theory 311 CHAPTER 6 Sheldon Stryker Indiana University Anne Statham University of Wisconsin at Parkside
Organizations and Organization Theory 379 CHAPTER 7 Jeffrey Pfeffer Stanford University
Experimentation in Social Psychology 441 CHAPTER 8 Elliot Aronson University of California, Santa Cruz Marilynn Brewer University of California, Los Angeles J. Merrill Car/smith Stanford University
Quantitative Methods for Social Psychology 487 CHAPTER 9 David A. Kenny The University of Connecticut
Attitude and Opinion Measurement 509 CHAPTER 10 Robyn M. Dawes University of Oregon TomL. Smith Research and Education Institute ofDenver (REID)
Systematic Observational Methods 567 CHAPTER ll Karl E. Weick University of Texas at A us tin Contents xiii
Survey Methods 635 CHAPTER 12 Howard Schuman University ofMichigan Graham Kaftan University ofMichigan
Program Evaluation 699 CHAPTER 13 Thomas D. Cook Northwestern University Laura C. Leviton University ofPittsburg William R. Shadish, Jr. Memphis State University
VOLUME II: SPECIAL FIELDS AND APPLICATIONS
Altruism and Aggression CHAPTER 14 Dennis L. Krebs Simon Fraser University Dale T. Miller Simon Fraser University
Attribution and Social Perception 73 CHAPTER 15 Michael Ross University of Waterloo Garth J. 0. Fletcher Illinois State University
Socialization in Adulthood 123 CHAPTER 16 Karen K. Dian University of Toronto
Sex Roles in Contemporary American Society 149 CHAPTER 17 Janet T. Spence University of Texas at Austin KayDeaux Purdue University Robert L. Helmreich University of Texas at Austin xiv Contents
Language Use and Language Users 179 CHAPTER 18 Herbert H. Clark Stanford University
Attitudes and Attitude Change 233 r CHAPTER 19 William J. McGuire Yale University
Social Influence and Conformity 347 CHAPTER 20 Serge Moscovici Ecole des Hautes Etudes En Sciences Sociales
Interpersonal Attraction 413 CHAPTER 21 Ellen Berscheid University ofMinnesota
Leadership and Power 485 CHAPTER 22 EdwinP. Hollander State University ofNew York at Buffalo
Effects of Mass Communication 539 CHAPTER 23 Donald F. Roberts Stanford University Nathan Maccoby Stanford University
Intergroup Relations 599 CHAPTER 24 Walter G. Stephan New Mexico State University
Public Opinion and Polical Action 659 CHAPTER 25 Donald R. Kinder University ofMichigan David 0. Sears University of California, Los Angeles
Social Deviance 743 CHAPTER 26 Dane Archer University of California, Santa Cruz Contents xv
The Application of Social Psychology 805 CHAPTER 27 Judith Rodin Yale University
Personality and Social Behavior 883 ~ CHAPTER 28 Mark Snyder University ofMinnesota William Ickes University of Texas at Arlington
Social Psychological Aspects of Environmental Psychology 949 CHAPTER 29 John M. Darley Princeton University Daniel T. Gilbert Princeton University
Cultural Psychology 993 CHAPTER 30 D. R. Price-Williams University of California, Los Angeles VOLUME I
THE HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
FOURTH EDITION
Daniel T. Gilbert Harvard University
Susan T. Fiske University of Massachusetts at Amherst
Gardner Lindzey Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
The McGRAW-HILL Companies, Inc. Boston, Massachusetts Burr Ridge, Illinois Dubuque, Iowa Madison, Wisconsin New York, New York San Francisco, California St. Louis, Missouri
Distributed exclusively by Oxford University Press New York and Oxford McGraw-Hill ~ A Division ofTheMcGrmvHill Companies
THE HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY VOLUME I
Acknowledgments appear on page xx and on this page Distributed exclusively by by reference. Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue Copyright© 1998, 1985, 1969, 1954 by the McGraw-Hill New York, NY 10016 Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United With offices in: States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication Oxford New York Toronto Delhi may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system without Kuala Lumpur Singapore Hong Kong the prior written permission of the publisher. Tokyo Nairobi Dares Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland Warsaw This book is printed on acid-free paper. and associated companies in 1234567890 DOC DOC 90987 Berlin Ibadan
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The handbook of social psychology I [edited by] Daniel Gilbert, Susan Fiske, Gardner Lindzey. - 4th ed. p. em. Previous ed. edited by Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-521376-9 (v. 1 and v. 2) 1. Social psychology. I. Gilbert, Daniel. II. Fiske, Susan T. ill. Lindzey, Gardner. HM25l.H224 1998 302-dc21 97-5436 CONTENTS
VOLUME I ChapterS
PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION xi MEASUREMENT 180 PREFACE TO THE TIDRD EDITION xiii Charles M. Judd, University of Colorado PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xvi Gary H. McClelland, University of Colorado PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xviii Chapter6
PART ONE DATA ANALYSIS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 233 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES David A. Kenny, University of Connecticut Deborah A. Kashy, Texas A&M University Chapter 1 Niall Bolger, New York University
MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN FIVE DECADES OF SOCIAL PART THREE PSYCHOLOGY 3 INTRAPERSONAL PHENOMENA Edward E. Jones, Princeton University Chapter7 Chapter2
ATTITUDE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 269 THE SOCIAL BEING IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 58 Alice H. Eagly, Northwestern University Shelley E. Taylor, University of California, Los Angeles Shelly Chaiken, New York University
PART TWO ChapterS METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ATTITUDE CHANGE: MULTIPLE ROLES FOR PERSUASION Chapter3 VARIABLES 323 Richard E. Petty, The Ohio State University EXPERIMENTATION IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 99 Duane T. Wegener, Purdue University Elliot Aronson, University of California, Santa Cruz Timothy D. Wilson, University of Virginia Chapter9 Marilynn B. Brewer, The Ohio State University MENTAL REPRESENTATION AND MEMORY 391 Chapter4 Eliot R. Smith, Purdue University
J.. SURVEY METHODS 143 Chapter 10 Norbert Schwarz, University of Michigan Robert M. Groves, University of Michigan and CONTROL AND AUTOMATICITY IN SOCIAL LIFE 446 University of Maryland Daniel M. Wegner, University of Virginia Howard Schuman, University of Michigan John A. Bargh, New York University
vii viii Contents
Chapter 11 VOLUME II
BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING AND JuDGMENT 497 Robyn M. Dawes, Carnegie Mellon University PART FIVE INTERPERSONAL PHENOMENA
Chapter 12 Chapter 18
MOTIVATION 549 NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION 3 Thane S. Pittman, Gettysburg College Bella M. DePaulo, University of Virginia Howard S. Friedman, University of California, Riverside Chapter 13
Chapter 19 EMOTIONS 591 Robert B. Zajonc, Stanford University LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 41 Robert M. Krauss, Columbia University Chi-Yue Chiu, University of Hong Kong PART FOUR PERSONAL PHENOMENA Chapter 20
Chapter 14 ORDINARY PERSONOLOGY 89 Daniel T. Gilbert, Harvard University UNDERSTANDING PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR: A FUNCTIONALIST STRATEGY 635 Chapter21 Mark Snyder, University of Minnesota Nancy Cantor, University of Michigan SOCIAL INFLUENCE: SOCIAL NORMS, CONFORMITY, AND COMPLIANCE 151 Robert B. Cialdini, Arizona State University Chapter 15 Melanie R. Trost, Arizona State University
THE SELF 680 Chapter 22 Roy F. Baumeister, Case Western Reserve University
ATTRACTION AND CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS 193 Ellen Berscheid, University of Minnesota Chapter 16 Harry T. Reis, University of Rochester
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDHOOD Chapter23 AND ADULTHOOD 741 Diane N. Ruble, New York University Jacqueline J. Goodnow, MacQuarie University ALTRUISM AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR 282 C. Daniel Batson, University of Kansas
Chapter 17 Chapter 24
GENDER 788 AGGRESSION AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 317 Kay Deaux, City University of New York Russell G. Geen, University of Missouri Marianne LaFrance, Boston College Chapter25 INDEXES Name 829 STEREOTYPING, PREJUDICE, AND DISCRIMINATION 357 Subject 855 Susan T. Fiske, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Contents ix
PART SIX Chapter33 COLLECTIVE PHENOMENA UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONS: CONCEPTS AND Chapter 26 CONTROVERSIES 733 Jeffrey Pfeffer, Stanford University SMALL GROUPS 415 John M. Levine, University of Pittsburgh Chapter34 Richard L. Moreland, University of Pittsburgh
Chapter27 OPINION AND ACTION IN THE REALM OF POLITICS 778 Donald R. Kinder, University of Michigan
SociAL CoNFLICT 470 Dean G. Pruitt, State University of New York at Buffalo Chapter35
Chapter 28 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND WORLD POLITICS 868 Philip E. Tetlock, The Ohio State University SOCIAL STIGMA 504 Jennifer Crocker, University of Michigan Brenda Major, University of California at Santa Barbara PART EIGHT Claude Steele, Stanford University EMERGING PERSPECTIVES
Chapter29 Chapter 36
INTERGROUP RELATIONS 554 THE CULTURAL MATRIX OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 915 Marilynn B. Brewer, The Ohio State University Alan Page Fiske, University of California, Los Angeles Rupert J. Brown, University of Kent at Canterbury Shinobu Kitayama, Kyoto University Hazel Rose Markus, Stanford University Chapter30 Richard E. Nisbett, University of Michigan
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 595 Tom R. Tyler, University of California, Berkeley Chapter37 Heather J. Smith, Sonoma State University EVOLUTIONARY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 982 PART SEVEN David M. Buss, University of Texas, Austin INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES Douglas T. Kenrick, Arizona State University
Chapter31 INDEXES Name 1027 Subject 1075 HEALTH BEHAVIOR 633 Peter Salovey, Yale University Alexander J. Rothman, University of Minnesota Judith Rodin, University of Pennsylvania
Chapter32
PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 684 Phoebe C. Ellsworth, University of Michigan Robert Mauro, University of Oregon
.. HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Fifth Edition
Volume 1
Edited by SUSAN T. FISKE DANIEL T. GILBERT GARDNER LINDZEY
WILEY~ John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper.@
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Library of Co11gress Catalogillg-ill-Publicatioll Data:
Handbook of social psychology I edited by Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, & Gardner Lindzey. -5th ed. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-13747-5 (set)-ISBN 978-0-470-13748-2 (v. I : cloth)--ISBN 978-0-470-13749-9 (v. 2 :cloth) I. Social psychology. I. Fiske, Susan T. II. Gilbert, Daniel Todd. Ill. Lindzey, Gardner.
HMIOII.H372010 302--dc22 2009023126
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Contents
PREFACE
CONTRIBUTORS
VOLUME I
Part 1: The Science of Social Psychology
1.1 HISTORY OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: INSIGHTS, CHALLENGES, AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO THEORY AND APPLICATION 3 Lee Ross, Mark Lepper, and Andrew Ward
2.1 THE ART OF LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATION 51 Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, and Kevin Carlsmith
3.1 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS OUTSIDE THE LABORATORY 82 Harry T. Reis and Samuel D. Gosling
4.1 DATA ANALYSIS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: RECENT AND RECURRING ISSUES 115 Charles M. Judd and David A. Kenny
Part II: The Social Being s.l SOCIAL COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE 143 Matthew D. Lieberman
6.1 SOCIAL PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY AND EMBODIMENT 194 Jim Blascovich and Wendy Berry Mendes
7.1 AUTOMATICITY AND THE UNCONSCIOUS 228 Ap Dijksterhuis
8.1 MOTIVATION 268 John A. Bargh, Peter M. Gollwitzer, and Gabriele Oettingen
9.1 EMOTION 317 Dacher Keltner and Jennifer S. Lerner viii Contents
10.1 ATTITUDES 353 Mahzarin R. Banaji and Larisa Heiphetz
11.1 ATTITUDES AND PERSUASION: FROM BIOLOGY TO SOCIAL RESPONSES TO PERSUASIVE INTENT 394 Dolores Albarracin and Patrick Vargas
12.1 PERCEIVING PEOPLE 428 C. Neil Macrae and Susanne Quadflieg
13.1 NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 464 Nalini Ambady and Max Weisbuch
14.1 MIND PERCEPTION 498 Nicholas Epley and Adam Waytz
15.1 JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 542 Thomas D. Gilovich and Dale W. Griffin
16. I SELF AND IDENTITY 589 William B. Swann, Jr. and Jennifer K. Bosson
17.1 GENDER 629 Wendy Wood and Alice H. Eagly
18.1 PERSONALITY IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 668 David C. Funder and Lisa A. Fast
19.1 HEALTH 698 Shelley E. Taylor
20.1 EXPERIMENTAL EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY: COPING WITH THE FACTS OF LIFE 724 Tom Pyszczynski, Jeff Greenberg, Sander Koole, and Sheldon Solomon
VOLUME2
Part III: The Social World
21.1 EVOLUTIONARY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 761 Steven L. Neuberg, Douglas T. Kenrick, and Mark Schaller
22.1 MORALITY 797 Jonathan Haidt and Selin Kesebir
23.1 AGGRESSION 833 Brad J. Bushman and L. Rowell Huesmann
24.1 AFFILIATION, ACCEPTANCE, AND BELONGING: THE PURSUIT OF INTERPERSONAL CONNECTION 864 Mark R. Leary Contents ix
25.1 CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS 898 Margaret S. Clark and Edward P. Lemay, Jr.
26.1 INTERPERSONAL STRATIFICATION: STATUS, POWER, AND SUBORDINATION 941 Susan T. Fiske
27.1 SOCIAL CONFLICT: THE EMERGENCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF STRUGGLE AND NEGOTIATION 983 Carsten K. W. De Dreu
28.1 INTERGROUP RELATIONS 1024 Vincent Yzerbyt and Stephanie Demoulin
29.1 INTERGROUP BIAS 1084 John F. Dovidio and Samuel L. Gaertner
30.1 SOCIAL JUSTICE: HISTORY, THEORY, AND RESEARCH 1122 John T. Jost and Aaron C. Kay
31.1 INFLUENCE AND LEADERSHIP 1166 Michael A. Hogg
32.1 GROUP BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE 1208 J. Richard Hackman and Nancy Katz
33.1 ORGANIZATIONAL PREFERENCES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES 1252 Deborah H. Gruenfeld and Larissa Z. Tiedens
34.1 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 1288 Jon A Krosnick, Penny S. Visser, and Joshua Harder
35.1 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 1343 Margaret Bull Kovera and Eugene Borgida
36.1 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND LANGUAGE: WORDS, UTTERANCES, AND CONVERSATIONS 1386 Thomas Holtgraves
37.1 CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 1423 Steven J. Heine
AUTHOR INDEX I-1
SUBJECT INDEX I-85