Handbook of Social Psychology Ano Edição Nº Volumes Editores 1935 1ª 2 Carl Murchison 1954 1ª 2 Gardner Lindzey 1968/69 2ª 5 Gardner Lindzey & Elliot Aronson 1985 3ª 2 Gardner Lindzey & Elliot Aronson 1998 4ª 2 Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, & Gardner Lindzey 2010 5ª 2 Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, Gardner Lindzey Psicologia Social II Valentim R. Alferes A HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY By W. C. ALLEE GARDNER MURPHY GORDON W. ALLPORT LOIS BARCLAY MURPHY FRIEDRICH ALVERDES 0. E. PLATH R . E.BUCHANAN THORLEIF SCHJELDERUP-EBBE FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS VICTOR E. SHELFORD J. F. DASHIELL WARRENS. THOMPSON ERWIN A. ESPER W. D. WALLIS HERBERT FRIEDMANN F. L. WELLS EDWIN DEEKS HARVEY RAYMOND ROYCE WILLOUGHBY MELVILLE ]. HERSKOVITS CLARK WISSLER CATHARINE Cox MILES ADA W. YERKES WALTER R. MILES ROBERT M. YERKES Edited by CARL MURCHISON VOLUME TWO NEW YORK/ RUSSELL & RUSSELL COPYRIGHT, 1935, BY CLARK UNIVERSITY REISSUED, 1967, BY RUSSELL & RUSSELL A DIVISION OF ATHENEUM HOUSE, INC. BY ARRANGEMENT WITH CLARK UNIVERSITY PRESS L. C. CATALOG CARD NO: 66-24735 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface IX PART I. SOCIAL PHENOMENA IN SELECTED POPULATIONS 1. Population Behavior of Bacteria . 3 R. E. BucHANAN, Iowa State College 2. Social Origins and Processes among Plants 22 FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS, Carnegie Institution of Washington 3. Human Populations 49 WARREN S. THOMPSON, Scripps Foundation for Research in Popu- lation Problems PART II. SOCIAL PHENOMENA IN INFRAHUMAN SOCIETIES 4. Insect Societies 83 0. E. PLATH, Boston University 5. Bird Societies 142 HERBERT FRIEDMANN, United States National Museum 6. The Behavior of Mammalian Herds and Packs 185 FRIEDRICH ALVERDES, Zoological Institute, Marburg PART III. HISTORICAL SEQUENCES OF HUMAN SOCIAL PHENOMENA :l. 7. Social History of the Negro 207 MELVILLE J. HERSKOVITS, Northwestern UniverSity 8. Social History of the Red Man 268 CLARK WISSLER, Yale University 9. Social History of the White Man 309 W. D. WALLIS, University of Minnesota 10. Social History of the Yellow Man 361 EDWIN DEEKS HARVEY, Dartmouth College PART IV. ANALYSES OF RECURRING PATTERNS IN SOCIAL PHENOMENA 11. Language 417 ERWIN A . EsPER, University of Washington 12. Magic and Cognate Phenomena: An Hypothesis 461 RAYMOND ROYEE WILLOUGHBY, Clark University 13. Material Cui ture 520 CLARK WISSLER, Yale University [xi] PART V. ANALYSES OF SOME CORRELATES OF SOCIAl PHENOMENA 14. The Physical Environment 567 VICTOR E. SHELFOR.D, University of Illinois 15. Age in Human Society 596 WALTER R. MILES, Institute of Human Relations, Yale University 16. Sex in Social Psychology 683 CATHARINE Cox MILES, Institute of Human Relations, Yale University 17. Attitudes . 798 GORDON W. ALLPORT, Harvard University 18. Social Maladjustments: Adaptive Regression 845 F. L. WELLS, Harvard Medical School PART VI. EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF SOCIAL PHENOMENA 19. Relatively Simple Animal Aggregations 919 W. C. ALLEE, The University of Chicago 20. Social Behavior of Birds 947 THORLEIF SCHJELDERUP-EBBE, Universite Nouvelle de Paris 21. Social' Behavior in Infrahuman Primates 973 RoBERT M. YERKES, Yale University ADA W. YERKES, Yale University 22. The Influence of Social Situations upon the Behavior of Children 1034 Lois BARCLAY MURPHY, Sarah Lawrence College GARDNER MURPHY, Columbia University 23. Experimental Studies of the Influence of Social Situations on the Behavior of Individual Human Adults . 1097 ]. F. DASHII!LL, University of North Carolina Name Index 1159 Subject Index 1176 [xn] HANDBOOK OF Social Psychology VOLUME I THEORY AND METHOD by GoRDON W. ALLPORT WILLIAM W. LAMBERT BERNARD BERELSON GARDNER LINDZEY EDGAR F. BORGATTA RoNALD LIPPITT RoBERT R. BusH ELEANOR E. MACCOBY MORTON DEUTSCH NATHAN MACCOBY ALLEN L. EDWARDS FREDERICK MosTELLER BERT F. GREEN THEODORE R. SARBIN CALVIN s. HALL MARTIN ScHEERER D. 0. HEBB W. R. THOMPSON RoGER W. HEYNS JoHN W. M. WHITING Edited by GARDNER LINDZEY Harvard University ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. READING, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A. LONDON, ENGLAND Copyright © 1954 ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc. Printed in the United States of America ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THIS BOOK, OR PARTS THERE­ OF, MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHERS. Library of Congress Catalog No. 54-5970 Third printing - March 1959 CONTENTS PREFACE vii pART 1. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I. The Historical Background of Modern Social Psychology 3 by GoRDON W. ALLPORT, Harvard University pART 2. CONTEMPORARY SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS CHAPTER 2. Stimulus-Response Contiguity and Reinforcement Theory in Social Psychology 57 by WILLIAM W. LAMBERT, Cornell University CHAPTER 3. Cognitive Theory 91 by MARTIN ScHEERER, University of Kansas CHAPTER 4. Psychoanalytic Theory and Its Applications in the Social Sciences . 143 by CALVIN S. HALL, Western Reserve University, and GARDNER LINDZEY, Hamard University CHAPTER 5. Field Theory in Social Psychology . 181 by MoRTON DEUTSCH, New York Univenity CHAPTER 6. Role .Theory . 223 by THEODORE R. SARBIN, University of California PART 3. RESEARCH METHODS CHAPTER 7. Experiments: Their Planning and Execution . 259 by ALLEN L. EDWARDS, University of Washington CHAPTER 8. Selected Quantitative Techniques . 289 by FREDERICK MosTELLER and RoBERT R. BusH, Hamard University CHAPTER 9. Attitude Measurement . 335 by BERT F. GREEN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology CHAPTER 10. Systematic Observational Techniques . 370 by RoGER W. HEYNS and RoNALD LIPPITT, University of Michigan CHAPTER II. Sociometric Measurement . 405 by GARDNER LINDZEY and' EDGAR F. BoRGATTA, Harvard Uni­ venity CHAPTER 12. The Interview: A Tool of Social Science . 449 by ELEANOR E . MACCOBY, Harvard University, and NATHAN MACCOBY, Boston University v vi CONTENTS . 488 CHAPTER 13. Content Analysis by BERNARD BERELSON, Ford Foundation CHAPTER 14. The Cross-Cultural Method . 523 by JoHN W. M. WHITING, Harvard University CHAPTER 15. The Social Significance of Animal Studies . 532 by D. 0 . HEBB and W. R. THOMPSON, McGill University . 563 AuTHOR INDEX . 577 SUBJECT INDEX " HANDBOOK OF Social Psychology VOLUME II SPECIAL FIELDS AND APPLICATIONS by ALLEN H. BARTON HAROLD H. KELLEY RoGER vV. BROWN CLYDE KLUCKHOHN JEROME S. BRUNER BERNARD KuTNER !SIDOR CHEIN PAUL F. LAZARSFELD IRVIN L. CHILD DANIEL J. LEVINSON J. C. FLUGEL JUAN LINZ CECIL. A. GIBB SEYMOUR M. LIPSET MASON HAIRE GEORGE A , MILLER JOHN HARDING GARDNER MURPHY GEORGE C . ROMANS HAROLD PROSHANSKY CARL I. HovLAND HENRY W. RIECKEN ALEX INKELES RENATO TAGIURI JOHN W. THIBAUT Edited by GARDNER LINDZEY Harvard University ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. READING, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A. LONDON, ENGLAND Copyright © 1954 ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc. Printed in the United States of America ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THIS BOOK, OR PARTS THERE­ OF, MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHERS. Library of Congr·ess Catalog No. 54-5970 Third printing - March 1959 CONTENTS PREFACE vii PART 4. THE INDIVIDUAL IN A SociAL CoNTEXT CHAPTER 16. Social Motivation 601 by GARDNER MuRPHY, The Menninger Foundation CHAPTER 17. The Perception of People 634 by JEROME S. BRUNER and RENATO TAGIURI, Harvard University CHAPTER 18. Socialization 655 by IRVIN L. CHILD, Yale University CHAPTER 19. Psycholinguistics 693 by GEORGE A. MILLER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology CHAPTER 20. Humor and Laughter 709 by J. C. FLUGEL. London, England PART 5. GROUP PSYCHOLOGY AND PHENOMENA OF INTERACTION CHAPTER 21. Experimental Studies of Group Problem Solving and Process. 735 by HAROLD H. KELLEY, Yale University, and JoHN W. THIBAUT, University of North Carolina CHAFER 22. Psychological Aspects of Social Structure 786 by HENRY W. RIECKEN, Univasity of Minnesota, and GEORGE C. RoMANS, Harvard University CHAPTER 23. Mass Phenomena 833 by_RoGER W. BROWN, Harvard University CHAPTER 24. Leadership 877 by CECIL A. GIBB, Dartmouth College CHAPTER 25. Culture and Behavior 921 by CLYDE KLUCKHOHN, Harvard University CHAPTER 26. National Character: The Study of Modal Personality and Sociocultural Systems 977 by ALEX INKELES and DANIEL J. LEVINSON, Harvard University PART 6. APPLIED SociAL PsYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 27. Prejudice and Ethnic Relations . 1021 by JoHN HARDING and BERNARD KuTNER, Cornell University, HAROLD PROSHANSKY, Brooklyn College, and IsmoR CHEIN, New York University CHAPTER 28. Effects of the Mass Media of Communication . 1062 by CARL I. HovLAND, Yale University v Vl CONTENTS CHAPTER 29. Industrial Social Psychology . 1104 by MAsON HAIRE, University of California CHAPTER 30. The Psychology of Voting: An Analysis of Political Behavior. 1124 by SEYMOUR M. LIPSET, PAUL F. LAZARSFELD, ALLEN H. BARTON, and JuAN LINZ, Columbia University . 1177 AuTHOR INDEX . 1205 SUBJECT INDEX J The Handbook of SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY SECOND EDITION Edited by GARDNER LINDZEY and ELLIOT ARONSON University of Texas VOLUME ONE HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION I SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS .. TT ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY Reading, Massachusetts • Menlo Park, California • London • Don Mills, Ontario Copyright© 1954, 1968, Philippines copyright 1968 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, re­ cording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada. Library of Congress Catalog' Card No.