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Presentations: Psychologists Defying the Crowd Questions addressed by the chapter authors: 1. How have you defied the scientific, clinical, or political establishment in your work? 2. Why did you do this? 3. What kinds of opposition did you encounter? 4. How did you respond to this opposition? 5. What, if anything, would you differently now? 6. What were the costs to you, professionally and personally, of defying the establishment? 7. What were the benefits of your defiance? 8. What advice would you give other scientists who consider following a similar path of defying the establishment? Besides addressing the above 8 points in your presentation, you should briefly discuss whether there are any findings discussed in class and/or Great Psychologists that facilitates understanding of the eminent psychologist who “defied the crowd.” Chapters: • Drifting my own way: Following my nose and my heart / Elliot Aronson • On stepping on land mines / Ellen Berscheid • Diet, obesity, public policy, and defiance / Kelly D. Brownell • Psychology is not an enclave / John Garcia • My way / Howard Gardner • An unwilling rebel / Jerome Kagan • The dangers of memory / Elizabeth F. Loftus • Doing psychology my way / William J. McGuire • Challenging the traditional personality psychology paradigm / Walter Mischel • Adventures in cognition: From Cognitive Psychology to The Rising Curve / Ulric Neisser • Moving forward by sticking your neck out / Robert Perloff • Fighting the fads and traveling in the troughs: The value (as opposed to growth) approach to inquiry / Paul Rozin • A funny thing happened on the way to the formulation: How I came to frame mental laws in abstract spaces / Roger N. Shepard • It's absolutely impossible? A longitudinal study of one psychologist's response to conventional naysayers / Dean Keith Simonton • It all started with those darn IQ tests: Half a career spent defying the crowd / Robert J. Sternberg • What would draw a basic scientist into Head Start (and why would he never leave)? / Edward Zigler.

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COMMENT BOOKS & ARTS are cleverly designed and he insists on rigorous standards. His co-authored chap- ter on experimental methods in the second M. WUSCHNIG M. edition of the Handbook of Social Psychol- ogy (Addison-Wesley, 1968) helped to make the field credible as a science. Experimental social psychology is often criticized for relying on deceit and theatri- cality. Its test subjects must not know the point of the enterprise. Aronson believes that such experimental design is justified because it gives real insight into human behaviour. He describes how social psychol- ogist Stanley Milgram discussed with him early plans for a con- troversial ‘obedi- ence to authority’ experiment, in which subjects were told to inflict what they thought were increas- ing levels of pain on other participants by Not by Chance administering fake Alone: My Life electric shocks. Mil- as a Social Psychologist gram’s results — that ELLIOT ARONSON most subjects inflicted Basic Books: 2010. ‘pain’ on others when 304 pp. £15.99 commanded — gener- ated ire from both the public and the scien- tific community. Aronson defends the tests as showing how ordinary citizens might have acted in the Nazi era. Much of the autobiography is devoted to Elliot Aronson has studied the psychology of how people cope with conflicting beliefs and experiences. Aronson’s career at several US universities, including Stanford University, California; PSYCHOLOGY the University of Minnesota in Minneapo- lis; the University of Texas at Austin and the University of California, Santa Cruz, where he is an emeritus professor today. He A social animal also taught at Harvard for a couple of years, from 1959 to 1961, but he liked the place lit- tle more than the place liked him.
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