THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST OF GOVERNOR JOHN DRAYTON OF SOUTH CAROLINA

GOVERNOR JOHN DRAYTON OF SOUTH CAROLINA

From a pastel by Wm Williams, 1801 The Carolinian Florist

OF GOVERNOR JOHN DRAYTON OF SOUTH CAROLINA 1766—1822

With Water-color Illustrations from the Authors Original Manuscript and an Autobiographical Introduction

Edited by MARGARET BABCOCJC MERIWETHER

THE SOUTH CAROLINIANA LIBRARY of The University of South Carolina J943 COPYRIGHT, I943, BY THE SOUTH CAROLINIANA LIBRARY

OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA • PRINTED BY

R. R. DONNELLEY 8c SONS COMPANY, THE LAKESIDE PRESS

CHICAGO, U.S.A. THE PUBLICATION OF THIS BOOK

HAS BEEN MADE POSSIBLE

BY THE GENEROUS AND PUBLIC-SPIRITED AID

OF

THE PALMETTO GARDEN CLUB

OF SOUTH CAROLINA

MEMBER OF THE GARDEN CLUB

OF AMERICA THE PALMETTO GARDEN CLUB

OF SOUTH CAROLINA

-n&->*3er>-

MRS. E. C. L. ADAMS MRS. SAMUEL SHOEMAKER BOYLSTON MRS. JAMES RAVENEL CAIN

MRS. EDWARD BREVARD CANTEY MRS. JAMES A. CATHCART MRS. DAVID R. COKER MRS. HENRY T. CRIGLER MRS. WILLIAM ELLIOT

MRS. WILLIAM CHARLES FARBER MISS FANNY B. FLETCHER MISS LOUISE PETIGRU FORD MRS. J. HEYWARD GIBBES MRS. A. FOSTER MCKISSICK

MRS. ELLISON SMYTHE MCKISSICK MRS. THOMAS T. MOORE MRS. VICTOR MORAWETZ MISS MARIAN JAY PELLEW MRS. ROBERT POMEROY MRS. CORNELIUS Y. REAMER

MRS. NICHOLAS G. ROOSEVELT MRS. CALDER WILLINGHAM SEIBELS MRS. EDWIN GRENVILLE SEIBELS MRS. JOHN JACOB SEIBELS

MRS. ARTHUR ST. JULIAN SIMONS

MRS. WILLIAM WESTON, Founder PREFACE

HEN the publication of "The Carolinian Florist" was first planned, only the manuscript volume presented by Governor Drayton to the WTrustees in 1807 and still owned by the University of South Carolina, was considered. As copying and editing progressed it became increasingly evident that this manuscript was incomplete in itself, and that if a complete accounting of Drayton's botanical knowledge was to be made, it would be necessary to include much additional material from his manuscripts in the Charleston Library Society's collection, the plant lists in his published View of South-Carolina, and the marginal notes in his copy of Michaux's Flora. The editor's work therefore became a piece of pen-and-ink patchwork in which scraps of information are quilted together to produce an artificial unity. This book is not the whole fabric that Drayton would have made himself, granted leisure and absence of competition, but it is as nearly whole as devoted mending can make it, after the lapse of a hundred and thirty-six years. The Author and his Book

The first regional American botany was Flora Caroliniana, written in Latin by Thomas Walter, an English settler in the parish of St. John's Berkeley, South Carolina. The manuscript, and Walter's herbarium, were taken to London by the Scotch plant collector, John Fraser, who published the book in 1788—the year of Walter's death—and sold the herbarium to the British Museum. Ten years later John Drayton gave to the Charleston Library Society a carefully prepared manuscript volume which he called "The Carolinian Florist, as adapted (in English) to the more ready use of the Flora Caro­ liniana of Thomas Walter." In making the presentation Drayton wrote: "As Mr. Walter's Flora Caroliniana is not in the Charleston Library, being a book rarely to be met with; and as it contains a greater number of plants indiginous to this State than any other particular work in the Library, it is hoped this manuscript may not be unacceptable." When and how Drayton became interested in botany he does not tell, but his abundant opportunities offer an irresistible temptation to conjecture. As a child living in Charleston and visiting relatives and friends at their plantations along the Ashley, Cooper, and Santee rivers, he would have seen the finest gardens and heard much of gardening—then as now a subject of keen interest and rivalry with men and women of taste and means. Garden- vii Vlll EDITOR'S PREFACE ing literature and illustrated books of travel and scientific discovery were popular in the colony, and must have occupied many hours for the studious little boy. No child who lived in the house with the big folio volumes of Catesby's Natural History would have missed the rapture of poring over their pages of brilliantly colored snakes, beasts and birds, with attendant floral backgrounds, and Drayton's knowledge of Catesby is so close that he refers to minute details not mentioned in the text—the little partridge berry at the foot of a tree stump, for instance. He says in his View that South Carolina boys all rode and hunted from the time they were seven or eight, and he must have known the woods and swamps from the sportsman's angle long before he became an amateur botanist. When his father took him to Pennsylvania at the impressionable age of ten, he must have been struck by the contrast between the northern flora and that of the tidewater south which till then had been his world. This impres­ sion would have been stronger if the journey was made slowly by land, but we do not know whether the Draytons travelled by sea or not. Two years later, however, and two months after William Henry Drayton's untimely death in Philadelphia, the lonely, heart-broken boy came back to South Carolina in Henry Laurens's carriage. Laurens and the elder Drayton had been sharply critical of each other in Congress and elsewhere, but Laurens, one of the most devoted of fathers, who knew from experience what family separation meant, must have made a kind, considerate companion for his old opponent's son. If the mission to England had not claimed him for the next few years, the course of John's education might have had the benefit of Laurens's guiding hand. But during this long ride, at least, he had the boy's attention, and must have taught him much about the value as well as the beauty of the great American forests and fields through which they made their leisurely way. Laurens saw these things not only as a rice planter and owner of a famous garden, but as the head of a great importing and export­ ing firm; he may have been the first person to bring the economic aspect of natural resources to young Drayton's attention. For the next few years, he tells us he led a desultory, neglected, "or­ phanlike" existence, much of the time on his grandmother's Butler planta­ tion, Clear Spring, occasionally at Middleton Place, and probably also with his uncles at Drayton Hall and Magnolia. Some of the plants described in the "Florist" were listed as first seen in the Ashley River parishes. His notes on the Negroes' use of various plants for their cabin cookery and home manufactures, suggest the friendly intimacy with life on the slave "street" that would be natural for a lonesome plantation child of any era. It may well be that his first botanical interest can be traced to this otherwise dull period, and that it solaced many solitary days. EDITOR'S PREFACE ix

But even if such an interest had never been awakened before, he can hardly have escaped the contagion of enthusiasm for botany that existed in the next family circle which he says he joined at his own earnest request. When he entered General Pinckney's law office, his father's old friend took up the slack reins of the young man's undirected life and for the first time since William Henry Drayton's death John felt the steadying hand of a wise guide for his vague ambitions. The relationship must have been doubly satisfying, for the Pinckneys had no son. It is easy to see the directions of the General's influence. He had studied military science in France and tested it in the Revolutionary campaigns at home. Young Drayton became a military enthusiast, and one of his chief services as lieutenant governor and governor was the strengthening of the state militia. His sound legal training, which fitted him eventually for a federal judgeship, was the result of hard work for his patron. His first book, Letters Written on a Tour of the Northeastern States, is addressed in a tone of ardent young admiration to an unnamed "Friend" who is almost certainly the General. The Pinckneys's plantation on the North San tee may have been the means of bringing about their protege's acquaintance with the Tidyman family whose heiress he was to marry. Later the General was in the Legis­ lature during Drayton's first term as governor, supported his proposal for the establishment of a state college, and was the institution's first elected trustee. And finally, and beyond any question, both General and Mrs. Pinckney either instilled or encouraged a lively interest in botanical matters. The son of South Carolina's famous Eliza Lucas Pinckney absorbed botany from his childhood and made a particular study of it later in France during his "grand tour" of the continent. For a decade or more this enthusiasm was crowded out by sterner demands. Then it revived in the period following the Revolution when Charleston gardens destroyed or neglected during the war were being restored, Michaux was coming and going from his nursery on Charleston Neck, with collections for France from the mountains and Florida, and Fraser was in the state on a similar mission from England. Drayton's notes show that the Pinckneys knew Michaux well, both in France and America, and his copy of Michaux's Flora Boreali-Americana was a gift from his old friend. There is no pretense about the strength of his admiration in the inscription he wrote on the fly leaf: "Ex dono, in rebus publicis privatisque excellentissimi eruditissimique viri Caroli Cotesworthi Pinckney. June 29, 1801"—from the gift of C. C. P., a man of highest excellence and learning in public and private affairs. Perhaps the General gave him the earlier gift of Walter's Flora as well, but the copy has not survived. It could understandably have been worn out with constant service, for Drayton must have carried it in his saddlebags on EDITOR'S PREFACE long journeys and short, and worked over its Latin descriptions by militia camp fires as well as in his quiet study at home.

Drayton as a Botanist His first copy of "The Carolinian Florist" was little more than a trans­ lation of Walter's plant list, with the scientific descriptions omitted and popular names, blooming seasons and stations added. When he gave the manuscript to the Library Society he probably had no idea of developing his translation into anything more elaborate. But he kept a second copy and added to it as more botanical information came his way. When he became lieutenant governor, then governor, and had travelled over all its territory, his pride in South Carolina became an absorbing passion. He wrote and in 1802, at the end of his first administration, published the first handbook of the state: A View of South Carolina as Respects her Natural and Civil Con­ cerns. In one section of the book he reproduced Walter's plant list, much simplified for the general reader and with strong emphasis upon the practical uses of native vegetables and trees. This list remained a model for later handbook compilers. It was copied almost in toto by David Ramsay in his History of South Carolina in 1809, and again by Robert Mills in his Statistics of South Carolina in 1826. In the 1883 handbook, H. W. Ravenel modernized the catalogue from the Linnaean system and doubled the number of plants enumerated. But even after the publication of the View, Drayton kept adding notes to his second manuscript of "The Florist." One cannot but think he had in mind a more complete work on the state's flora, written in English like Barton, but local to South Carolina, not general for all America like Barton and the Latin Michaux. If he had such a plan, it was quietly put aside in 1806, the year before he gave the manuscript "Florist" to the new college he had founded. In that year another Charlestonian, Dr. John L. E. W. Shecut, published the first volume of Flora Carolinaensis, which promised to be a far more learned and exhaustive treatise on regional botany than Drayton, without professional scientific training, could hope to produce. The ex-governor generously subscribed to two "sets" of Shecut's work and gave one to the college, with his copy of Michaux and his own little manu­ script "Florist." His botanical studies had apparently come to an end. When Shecut was financially unable to publish the second volume of his work (the first had carried the plant catalogue only through the letter F), Drayton may have thought regretfully that his own less pretentious method of presentation might have made a more generally useful and popular book, but it was then too late to do anything about it. Shecut had ruined the EDITOR'SPREFACE XI

market for a local botany for the time being, and there was no complete work until Stephen Elliott's Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia appeared in 1821 and 1824. Shecut listed Drayton with the leading American botanists Bartram, Walter, Barton, and Michaux, "each of whose works have contributed to throw considerable light on this most useful science"; Elliott mentioned him only once, in connection with the yellow honeysuckle which Drayton dis­ covered; but apparently both Shecut and Elliott followed Drayton's descrip­ tions of plant uses. Ramsay praised his "valuable work" containing more original material than any other book about the state, and copied freely from it. William Wragg Smith quoted Drayton in the geologic notes for a botanical study he published in 1859 in the Journal of the Elliott Society, but did not cite his plant lists. In 1863, however, the Confederate medical botanist Dr. F. P. Porcher included Drayton in his bibliography of reliable botanical writers. All these references are apparently to the View only. The manuscript "Florists" received no mention until 1883 when Ravenel included the University copy in his roster of southern botanies in the Hammond handbook. The Charleston Library Society's copy may have been known to Wragg Smith; his grandfather's bookplate is still affixed to it. Both manuscripts were described in Professor Yates Snowden's Found­ ers' Day address at the University of South Carolina in 1910 and again in Wilson Gee's "South Carolina Botanists" in 1918. The simple truth of the matter is that John Drayton was not a botanist and did not pretend to be. Like Walter, who put "agricola" after his name on the title page of his book, Drayton felt that there was no more honorable title than "planter." Professionally he was also a man of law, a military officer, and a government executive. But although he could dissect a simple flower and had used the microscope, in science he was an amateur with an amateur's combined enthusiasm and laziness, finding great pleasure in botany yet not caring enough for the minutiae of the subject to get to grips with its difficulties. He had a wide acquaintance with the plants of his beloved state, and his essentially orderly mind enjoyed putting his collected knowledge of them into good form. It is noticeable that he kept his interests in separate compartments: no one reading his Letters, Memoirs or "Execu­ tive Journals," would suspect him of knowing any more botany than is needed to tell an oak from a pine tree. He was beautifully accurate— scarcely an error came to light in all his references to books and pictures— and of strictest integrity in acknowledging his use of authorities.There is even a touch of pedantry in his frequent allusions to Thunberg's Travels, for the similarity of wayside weeds in Java and Carolina was hardly a matter of general interest. Xll EDITOR'S PREFACE

Except for Thunberg, however, he was guided by sound eighteenth- century common sense and good taste in his choice of detail. His recom­ mendations for medicinal uses of plants are hedged about with careful quali­ fications: "sometimes found useful," "said to affect a cure," etc. There is not a single reference to any of the multitudinous old wives' brews of herbs for women's ills; such matters were outside his interest, as all the stuff of mere witch-doctoring was savage nonsense beneath civilized consideration. In only two departments of medicine does he seem unquestioningly willing to accept any Indian, Negro, or other herbal advice offered him. Perhaps all planters whose living came from the Carolina rice fields felt as he did—that for the snakes and the fevers bred in the rich mud of the coastal swamps any cure was worth trying. His book seriously offers many recipes for decoctions and washes of roots and berries, barks and fruits that "have been found excellent for the bite of the Rattlesnake" or "a certain remedy for the intermittent fever." One wonders which of the latter vain-hopes were tried by his anxious daughters when he was stricken with the virulent malaria that caused his death at fifty-five.

Drayton as an Artist As botany was only an avocation with Drayton, painting was only a recreation. He mentions no systematic teaching in art, but he was very sure of his sense of color, and had the late eighteenth-century passion for the picturesque in scenery. There are interesting passages in his first book describing the scenes he sketched for illustrations and those beyond his powers. When he gave the Charleston Library Society his bound manu­ script of the View, he pasted into the volume the original watercolors he had made for it. Some had been reproduced as black-and-white engravings, others were omitted to reduce the expense of publication. They are an exceedingly interesting set of miniature views of the then little known interior part of the state. Where men and horses have been introduced to give scale to the landscape they are drawn with intentional humor—the stout gentleman in cocked hat and uniform who stands admiring Table Rock was surely intended as a self portrait. But Drayton was quite free from vanity about his painting and states frankly in his manuscript notes for the View that the engraver had to correct the proportions of his drawings. These sketches, and the Kalmia which he made for the Charleston copy of the "Florist," were obviously done on the spot with paints which he carried as a regular part of his travelling equipment. Some of the little flower plates for the University's copy of the "Florist" may also have been painted on field trips or from living plants at home. (Lobelia cardinalis, EDITOR'S PREFACE Xlll

Collinsonia tuberosa, Sanguinaria canadensis, Hedysarum marylandica.) But the others, with one exception, have been copied from a book which Drayton considered remarkably accurate and beautiful, Smith's Lepidop- terous Insects, with plates in color by John Abbot. The flowers have not been traced, they are in every case only details chosen from a large picture, and the copying is done prettily and accurately. But it is hard to see why he selected the plants he did and why he copied them at all when he could do nice original work. One little sketch (designated here as "unidentified grass") is done in a style so different from the rest that it is a kindness to conclude that one of his girls painted it, with its blue ribbon bow, and asked her father to put it into his notebook. His daughter Rose became an ardent lover of flowers and her descendants have an old botany for which she painted many illustrations. Drayton was exceedingly critical of other artists' drawings from nature, and especially hard on Catesby's. Though he did not realize it, this was unjust, for the set of the Natural History he used-the edition of 1771—was not colored by Catesby at all and is now considered the least desirable of all the editions. Governor Drayton must have painted many more little pictures but only one other is known to have survived. It was done soon after 1791 to accompany a poem he wrote in memory of the Battle of Miami. It shows in almost microscopic scale the scene of the massacre, with Indians and blue- coats in formation, the encompassing forest around them, and in the foreground a tiny Columbia weeping for the slain. In its way it is a little gem of careful, untutored, youthful work—entirely characteristic of the man. The Executive Journals he kept as Governor have other evidences of the same meticulous attention to detail. In one he sketched and colored a signal flag to be used in Charleston harbor; in another gave complete details for the uniform he devised for his aides de camp, a tent to be used at militia reviews, and a design to be engraved on cannon ordered from England.

Errors and Omissions The course of Drayton's life has been misunderstood for nearly a century by most readers of South Carolina history. The confusion apparently began with the biography of him in O'Neall's Bench and Bar which gave him a post-Revolutionary education in England, legal training "probably at the Inner Temple," and "conspicuous" contributions to the Charleston press. From this source the misinformation extended to so recent and careful a work as the Dictionary of American Biography. The autobiography Dray­ ton prepared for his children was used, however, in the National Cyclopaedia XIV EDITOR'SPREFACE of American Biography in 1904 and Professor Snowden's memorial address at the University of South Carolina in 1910 (published in University Bulletin No. 21, "Founder's Day," and quoted in Bulletin No. 72, "South Carolina Botanists"). For some reason the erroneous account has gained more cre­ dence than the correct one. It is hoped that the appearance of the present volume will set the facts definitely on record. The value of his work for public education in South Carolina is enormously enhanced by the plain story of his own educational privations when there was no college in the state. It is impossible to tell how successful Drayton was as a planter. His books certainly indicate an unusual practical knowledge of the details of plantation life, and his love of order and thoroughness in other departments of his work should have made him a good manager. But there are no Hope- land records that have survived the years. The minute books of the South Carolina Agricultural Society are very incomplete, as are those of the Winyah Indigo Society to which his residence on the North Santee made him eligible. General Pinckney is known to have been a member of the former organization, but it cannot definitely be stated that Drayton was active in either group, or that he made a comfortable living from rice planting. He obviously felt keenly his loss of the great Drayton inheritance on the Ashley, and, in the period between his marriage and his wife's death, took pride in her dowry of Santee land and slaves. Whether he let them go to her brother or to his sister's family thereafter, cannot be discovered. When he died his only son was still a child, and in frail health. It may have seemed best to let others assume the responsibilities of land and slave ownership and leave to the future the establishment of the Drayton name on the Santee river. In his will he was entirely concerned with the boy's education. He seemed to look back upon his own start in life and to feel that fatherless little Alfred, like fatherless young John, could make a good and useful life in South Carolina if he had a gentleman's education. Property slipped out of the Draytons' hands, but their abilities needed only training to keep the family among the leaders of the state.

Drayton s Portraits Three authenticated likenesses of Governor John Drayton are known to his descendants: I. A miniature (owned by John Drayton Boyleston of Nashville, Ten­ nessee) showing Drayton in a white wig above a childishly immature, round face. It is signed "P.H."—probably Pierre Henri—and dated 1781, which would mean that the future governor was fifteen years old EDITOR'S PREFACE XV

when it was painted. It has been reproduced in two University of South Carolina Bulletins: No. 21, "Founders' Day, 1910," and No. 72, "South Carolina Botanists." II. A miniature by Richard Cosway (owned by Mrs. Emily Drayton Taylor of Philadelphia), probably painted at the time of Drayton's marriage. It is framed to match the beautiful miniature of his wife by Walter Robertson (owned by Charles DeVere Drayton of Washing­ ton). His portrait has been reproduced in Anne Wharton's Heirlooms in Miniature, and hers in Wehle's American Miniatures. III. A pastel portrait by William Williams (owned by William Henry Drayton of Washington), painted in military uniform while he was governor. This portrait was reproduced poorly in the National Cyclo­ paedia of Biography and even worse in the University of South Carolina annual, the Garnet £s? Black, for 1901. It forms the frontispiece to the present volume. A fourth portrait has been more widely publicized as "Governor Drayton of South Carolina" than any of the foregoing. This is the miniature engraving in the St. Memin Collection, which is marked with his name and the date 1809. The profile is that of a longheaded, handsome boy in his early twenties at most. In 1809 John Drayton was a stout man of forty- three, the father of a large family. The descendants of his cousin own the original St. Memin, with the proper name attached: William Drayton of Charleston, Colonel in the War of 1812 and later a Federal Judge.

Editorial Acknowledgments It was not a fault of his education but rather a characteristic of his time that made Governor Drayton casual and inconsistent in details of punctua­ tion, capitalization, and spelling. For the sake of his book's present useful­ ness the spelling of all scientific plant names, as they appear at the left margin of the page and in the index, has been made to conform with the 7th edition of Gray's Botany wherever possible. In Drayton's own text, however, his vagaries of spelling and most of his punctuation marks have been left unchanged. Where additions from his other writings have been grafted into the text, punctuation has sometimes had to be altered slightly. These additions of material from his own books are enclosed in quota­ tion marks and in each case followed by a bracketed symbol to indicate the source. [D] indicates the copy of Drayton's "Florist" owned by the Charles­ ton Library Society; [DM] Drayton's manuscript notes in his copy of Michaux owned by the University of South Carolina; [V] his published View. At the right margin of the page, each plant name is also given a XVI EDITOR'S PREFACE

source-letter to show where Drayton found it described: W for Walter, M for Michaux, W,M if it appears in both under the same name. If the plant is in both, but in one under a different name, the book with the changed name is starred: W,M* or W*,M. A few plants are found only in V, or have not been traced. All his references to other books have been verified and nearly all were found to be correct. Where page numbers were wrong, or omitted, they have been added in brackets. His method of making references was so unsys­ tematic that it has seemed best to adopt a uniform style and use it through­ out. Added translations of Latin quotations are bracketed. Drayton's footnotes have been incorporated into the body of the text, and the footnote position kept for editorial emendations. The text is there­ fore entirely Drayton's, the footnotes entirely modern. The chief use of the footnotes is to provide the reader with the modern scientific plant names (from the Kew Index) which have superseded those in use in the early 19th century, and popular names where they have been found in Gray, Coker and Totten (C & T) or Small (Sm.). Where errors occur in the manuscript which are obviously the result of carelessness, and which would have been corrected by author or printer in the course of publication if the "Florist" had been published in Drayton's life-time, the natural corrections have been made. The editor has never lost sight of the fact that this is Drayton's book, and her whole effort has been to make it meet his fastidious standard. Many people have helped toward this end. First thanks are due to the Palmetto Garden Club of South Carolina for suggesting that the manuscript be printed and making the publication possible. Since author and editor were both amateurs, professional guidance was badly needed, and it was our signal good fortune to enlist the help of Dr. William Chambers Coker, of the Botany Department of the University of North Carolina. His interest in the Drayton manuscript, understanding of the historical problems it presented, and generous assistance with individual notes as well as through his department's fine library, have been invaluable assets in the revision of the text. The footnotes he wrote for this volume are signed with his ini­ tials. Mrs. Alma Holland Beers, his assistant, has also given much appre­ ciated aid with botanical detail. To Governor Drayton's great-grandchildren and their cousins the editor is deeply indebted for material that doubles the interest and value of this book. Miss Katherine Drayton Mayrant Simons of Charleston provided copies of the autobiographical "Family History" and of her ancestors' notes in the family Bible. Miss Jessie Drayton of Hendersonville, N. C. devoted herself with unflagging persistence to filling in gaps and setting right errors EDITOR'S PREFACE xvil in family records. She, Mrs. Emily Drayton Taylor of Philadelphia and Mr. John Drayton Boyleston of Nashville, Tennessee generously provided photographs of Drayton portraits. Miss Louise Ford of Aiken gave useful family notes, and Mr. Cordes Lucas of Georgetown was able to locate the Drayton plantation, Hopeland, on North Santee when everyone else de­ spaired of tracing it. Special acknowledgments are made to Mrs. J. McTyeire Daniel of Columbia and Miss Amey Allan of Charleston for their delicate and faithful copies of Drayton's illustrations for reproduction; to Mr. Fant H. Thornley of Columbia for counsel in regard to publication; to Miss Anna Rutledge of the Smithsonian Institution, for aid in the search for portraits of Governor Drayton; and to the following kind assistants who tracked down references in inaccessible old books: Miss Janet Doe of the Academy of Medicine, New York City, Mrs. W. F. Spafford of Troy, New York, Mrs. Robert Abel of Boston, and Professor J. H. Easterby of the College of Charleston. Miss Ellen FitzSimons and Miss Frances Jervey of the Charleston Library Society made the use of their treasured Drayton manuscripts a particularly appreciated privilege, and gave additional personal information of value. Mr. F. M. Hutson has supplied useful notes from the State Archives in Columbia, and Dr. C. J. Milling has given advice on medical questions. To Professor R. L. Meriwether, Director, Miss Thelma Reid, Assistant Director, and the staff of the South Caroliniana Library the editor's thanks would be an impertinence. This book, the first to bear the imprint of the Library, has been for two years a part of their daily common interest. They shared all the rigors of its preparation and to them belongs a large share of credit for what is good in the finished work. M. B. M. 22 June, IQ4J. Governor Drayton's ijyth birthday.

CONTENTS

Page GOVERNOR DRAYTON'S SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF HIS FAMILY xxiii

THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST OF GOVERNOR DRAYTON Classes

I. MONANDRIA 3

II. DIANDRIA 5

III. TRIANDRIA 8

IV. TETRANDRIA 15

V. PENTANDRIA 19

VI. HEXANDRIA 32

VII. HEPTANDRIA 38

VIII. OCTANDRIA 39

IX. ENNEANDRIA 4I

X. DECANDRIA 43

XI. DODECANDRIA 50

XII. ISOSANDRIA 52

XIII. POLYANDRIA 57

XIV. DIDYNAMIA 63

XV. TETRADYNAMIA 68 xix XX CONTENTS

XVI. MONADELPHIA 70

XVII. DIADELPHIA 72

XVIII. POLVADELPHIA 77

XIX. SYNGENESIA 79

XX. GYNANDRIA 9O

XXI. MONOECIA 93

XXII. DIOECIA I02

XXIII. POLYGAMIA IO7

XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA. . 112

EXOTIC PLANTS Il6

APPENDIX 119

BIBLIOGRAPHY 121

LATIN INDEX 125

ENGLISH INDEX 129 ILLUSTRATIONS

GOVERNOR JOHN DRAYTON OF SOUTH CAROLINA . . . Frontispiece

FACSIMILE TITLE PAGE FROM ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT .... XXXvii

Plates Facing

I. MONARDA COCCINEA, LOBELIA CARDINALIS XXXviii

II. COLLINSONIA TUBEROSA 8

III. ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA, COMMELINA VIRGINICA .... 24

IV. KALMIA LATIFOLIA 4O

V. AMORPHA FRUTICOSA, ANDROMEDA MARIANA .... c6

VI. ANTIRRHINUM CANADENSE, GLYCINE FRUTESCENS,

GRASS (unidentified), SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS ... 72

VII. HEDYSARUM SPECIES, CLITORIA MARIANA 88

VIII. ELEPHANTOPUS SCABER IO4

XXI

GOVERNOR DRAYTON'S SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF HIS FAMILY1

T is SUPPOSED that the original ancestor of the Drayton family, Thomas Drayton, came to this then province from the British Island of Barbadoes, I to which he or his parents had gone from England. There have been several of the name of Drayton settled in that island. The time when he ar­ rived in South Carolina is not ascertained; but it is believed he came here among a Small Colony from Barbadoes, about the year 1671, in the reign of Charles II; and under the auspices of Sir John Yeamans. And with this colony were introduced the first Negro Slaves introduced to South Carolina. It is very probable, that the said Thomas Drayton then brought over Slaves with him; as he was an early Settler and Planter. He settled and adorned a beautiful country seat on the South Side of Ashley River; which by reason of many laurel trees (Magnolia grandiflora) being planted there, was called Magnolia. He there built a Mansion House of brick, of one story high, with a dormant roof; in some respects not dissimilar from the center part of Drayton House, Northamptonshire, England. And this is one reason which leads to the belief that he was descended from the family of Drayton, to which that magnificent Seat had belonged. The house at Magnolia had a kitchen and offices underneath and an ample hall; and chambers both on the first floor and in the dormant story; and the ceilings of the first floor were remarkably high, being about eighteen feet. The Hall was decorated with pilasters and other ornaments of Stucco work: and the front next to Ashley River had a large door in the center, with two or three windows on each side, with a portico and flight of steps of brick to the ground, which was a gravel walk in the Garden. This house was unquestionably one of the most antient, if not the most antient Mansion House in South Carolina. It was burnt by accident on or about the year 1800; and there is now no Man­ sion House remaining in the State so antient as this was. I have been so particular, as the account of this house is connected, not only with the Drayton family in South Carolina; but also with that of England as owning the Seat of Drayton House in Northamptonshire. . . . The above Seat of

1 "John Drayton's manuscript of the foregoing account probably was lost when the house in which Alfred Dray­ ton's family lived in Sumter County, S. C., was destroyed by fire some years after the Civil War." Several copies had been made by Governor Drayton's grand-daughters, and copies of these were later typed for the next gen­ eration. Two such typewritten copies, belonging to Miss Katherine Drayton Mayrant Simons of Charleston, were compared and this extract made. From one of them the above note is copied. xxiii XXIV HISTORY OF THE DRAYTON FAMILY

Magnolia has always been in the Drayton family of South Carolina and it is now in the possession of Thomas Drayton, the fourth Son of John Drayton. Ever since the introduction of the Drayton family into South Carolina it has been rich and Independent. It is classed among the planters which have always been the most respectable portion of the Community. It has produced statesmen, Governors, Judges, Privy-Counsellors, and others; as well for the bar as the bench; for Legislative or Executive duties. It has hitherto never been engaged in trade; or in any other line of business, than in planting, the learned professions of Law and Physic, and in public duties and Stations. And although some portion of the family has been reduced from wealth to poverty; yet riches have always been preserved in some branch of the family. And its connections have been with some of the most respectable families in the State; and also with highly respectable and antient families of Great Britain. Thomas, then, the Stock from which the family descends, left two Sons, Thomas the Elder, and John the Junior. [The account of the Elder Branch is not pertinent to Governor Drayton's family; and is omitted here.]

JUNIOR BRANCH John, the Junior Son of Thomas Drayton the Stock, was a Gentleman of very large fortune, vested entirely in the planting interest. He owned many rice plantations and upwards of five hundred negroes; besides houses in Charleston and monies at interest. Owning a tract of Land adjoining Magnolia, advantageously situated on the borders of Ashley River, he early in life erected there a Mansion-House and other offices and buildings of Brick, which he named Drayton Hall; and there all his children were born. Great attention and expense was bestowed on this building; Columns and Marble from Europe were imported to add to its elegance; and it is finished on so large a scale, and in so elegant a style, that to this day there is no such building in the State of South Carolina; whether public or private. The gar­ dens connected with it are laid out in appropriate style after the English mode of Gardening, and by an English Gardener. This elegant Seat is now (1817) belonging to his second Son Charles, given to him by his will; contrary to his promise to his Son William Henry, his eldest Son. It is however to be ac­ counted for by the old Gentleman's passions which were very great; to his Will for so large an estate being made in a hurry; and in his last illness; and to his said Son, being then absent from him, performing his duties to his Coun­ try as a member from this State in the American Congress at Philadelphia. He [John] had been a King's Judge for this then Province, and Privy Counsellor. He married several times. He died at Strawberry Ferry on HISTORY OF THE DRAYTON FAMILY XXV

Cooper River in the year 1779, when he was flying away with his family from the British troops who had invaded South Carolina under the British Gen­ eral Provost. He was placed in the church Yard at Strawberry; from whence he was next day removed and placed in the Drayton Vault at St. Andrews Church, Ashley Ferry. He rests there, unlamented and unnoticed in the said family Vault at Saint Andrews Church on Ashley River. He left little to his Eldest Son William Henry; and that little, by debts of his and the said William [Henry's], never came to the said William Henry or his heirs. The bulk of his large estate went among his other children of different marriages. He was a man of indifferent education, of a confined mind, proud and stingy. A Tyrant in his family, among his sons; so that they lived little with him after they grew up, and could never by their utmost attentions, retain his affection and confidence. The least thing which crossed his will or even his expectations as relating to them, set him against them anew; and urged by this sea of passions he ended his life, displeased with his eldest son William Henry, who had always assisted and advised him in his troubles and difficul­ ties, because he would not relinquish the trust the State of South Carolina had reposed in him as member of Congress, during the American Revolu­ tion, and return back again to this State. Such was his character: He lived in riches but without public esteem: He died in a Tavern—, but without public commiseration. His first wife was a Miss Cattell but none of the children by that mar­ riage survived. By his second wife, Charlotte Bull, daughter of Lieutenant Governor William Bull [the Elder], of this then Province, he left the following sons which are noted according to their births and seniority: William Henry and Charles. William Henry his eldest Son, was born at Drayton Hall, about the year 1742; . . . "at the age of eleven years, his father sent him to England, . . . under the care of Charles Pinckney; who . . . was then going to England with his family: among whom were his two sons, Charles Cotesworth Pinck­ ney, and Thomas Pinckney. With the guidance and protection of this very respectable gentleman, he prosecuted his education at Westminster School in London, until"2 he matriculated in Balliol College at Oxford in England and took the University Oaths of that Institution on the 10th day of Octo­ ber 1761—as appears by his Certificate to that effect, signed by Jos. Browne,

•This and the following interpolated sentences inclosed in quotations, are added from John Drayton's biography of his father which prefaced his Memoirs of the Revolution. Though they cause breaks in the appearance of the family history, these additions are necessary to fill in the outline of William Henry Drayton's life as it affected his family. The second visit to England is given in the Memoirs as the time when he went to Court. If so, he apparently made at that time as serious inroads on his wife's inheritance as he had upon his own prospective fortune during his University career. XXVI HISTORY OF THE DRAYTON FAMILY

Vice Chan. "He there continued his studies, for near three years" with all the elegances of an accomplished Gentleman. . . . Born to affluence and high expectations, he was introduced to the British Court, and was intimate with Lord Sandwich and other Nobility. This led him into expenses which greatly embarrassed his affairs; as he did not receive the assistance from his Father, John Drayton, which he had a right to expect. He had been brought up to no profession, because he was considered as the Heir of Drayton Hall, and a proportionate estate. Hence when he returned to his native country, and had embarrassed his affairs, he turned his attention to the Study of Law: in which profession he was afterwards called to the Bench both in this State when it was a King's Province and afterwards when it was an independent State. "In the year 1769, under the signature of Freeman, he wrote [a series of articles against the methods of the Revolutionary party, which] involved him in a political controversy. . . . After this, he returned to Europe." On the 21st day of August 1770, he was made by Letters Patent, Burgess, and Gild-brother, of the Burgh of Linlithgow in Scotland. On the 27th Febru­ ary 1771, and in the eleventh year of the reign of George the Third, King of England, he was appointed and commissioned by Letters Patent, under the Privy Seal, and Sign Manual, of George the 3rd countersigned by Lord Hillsborough; a Privy Counsellor for the then Province of South Carolina: by the Name and Style of "William Henry Drayton Esquire." "On his re­ turn to Carolina, he took his seat as a member of that Council, on the 3d day of April 1772." On the 17th of August 1771, he was appointed and com­ missioned by his uncle Lieutenant Governor William Bull [the Younger], Deputy Post Master General for the Southern District of North America and the Bahama Islands. On the 28th August 1772, he was appointed and Commissioned by Lord Charles Greville Montague, Governor of South Caro­ lina, to be Commander of Broughton's Battery in Charleston. On the 25th January 1774 he was appointed by Lieutenant Governor Bull and Com­ mander in Chief of the then Province of South Carolina, one of the Assistant Judges and Justices of the said Province; the same being by commission under the Great Seal of the Province. He performed the duties of his station with honor to himself, and usefulness to his country, until the 9th of Decem­ ber 1774; when his Commission as Judge was revoked by the said Lieutenant Governor Bull by Letters Patent under the Seal of the Province. The deed of Revocation gives no reasons: but the reasons were that about this time, the said William Henry Drayton, who had been constituted a King's Judge, began to take part in the rising Contests which ended in the American Revolution; and this being displeasing to Government, he was therefore dis­ missed from the Office of Judge. "His public endeavours in behalf of his native country, were not checked by this act of power; on the contrary, they HISTORY OF THE DRAYTON FAMILY xxvn increased so much, that the Council, some months after, addressed the Lieutenant-Governor to suspend him from being a member of his Majesty's Council, and he consequently was suspended ... on the ist day of March

Here ended all appointments and honours, which he received from under Royal Government, or by Royal or Provincial favor. But it only closes to make way for greater appointments and Republican honors. On the 12th April 1776 he was appointed and commissioned Chief Justice of South Caro­ lina by Letters Patent Signed by his Excellency John Rutledge, President and Commander in Chief of the said Colony. On the 20th December 1777, in consequence of the absence of President Rutledge, and the Vice-President, from Charleston, he was invested with the Powers of the President of this State, by Letters Patent, under the hand and Seal of the said President Rutledge; in pursuance of power which he had to that effect, by an Ordinance of the General Assembly in such case, made and provided. And early in 1778, he was chosen by the General Assembly of South Carolina, one of her Representatives in Congress. To associate himself with this Honorable Body, he commenced his journey the beginning of March of that year and joined the Congress at the latter end of that month at Little York in Pennsylvania; from whence he went with Congress to Philadelphia, where his life was de­ voted to public Business, until his last illness; and he there died on the third day of September 1779: and was buried in the Cymetry of Christ Church in Philadelphia. His funeral was attended in form by Congress, the Minister and Consul of France, Several Civil and Military Officers of the United States, and a number of inhabitants and Strangers of Distinction. He died of a putrid fever induced much by a sedentary life and incessant attention to business: and is said to have wanted a few days of thirty-seven (37) years of age when he died. His memory is recollected with pleasure by his fellow Citizens, and historians have done honor to his patriotism and abilities. . . . Having there given a summary of the life and honors of William Henry Drayton, we will now return to the object of this memoir which is to recite the descents of the Drayton Family. William Henry Drayton of whom we have just been treating, returned between two and three years after he matriculated at Oxford, to his native Country South Carolina; and with his father John Drayton's consent and approbation, he on the 29th day of March 1764, married Dorothy, a Daugh­ ter of Culcheth Golightly, Esquire, a Gentleman of respectable family and large estate in rice plantations, negroes, houses etc. The said Dorothy and her sister Mary were his only heirs and they divided his whole estate. Mary the sister married Benjamin Huger, Esquire a planter and Gentleman much respected and beloved. The said Dorothy's mother was Mary a daughter of xxvm HISTORY OF THE DRAYTON FAMILY

Richard Butler, Esquire, who was son of Thomas Butler Esquire, who came from the Island of Barbadoes, as a man of property, about the time of the arrival of "Sir John Yeamans" with a colony. He took out a grant for the Seat on the North Side of Ashley River known by the name of Clear Spring; and which grant was obtained in May 1690, in the Reign of Queen Anne, when Archdale one of the Lords Proprietors, was Governor of the Province. This seat is still owned by his descendants, as represented in the family of Major James Simons, by his Great Granddaughter Sarah, who was the mother of the family now possessing the same. From this marriage of the said William Henry Drayton, and Dorothy Golightly, there were born three children, namely John, William Henry, and Mary. William Henry died as an infant. John was born in Charleston on the 22nd day of June 1767. His educa­ tion was carried on in South Carolina, at Charleston at Grammar Schools, untill he was ten years of age, at which time, his father carried him with him when he went as a delegate to Congress. . . . "He was a fond and attentive father, wrapt up in the education of his son—bringing him forward by grad­ ual advances, for a knowledge of public affairs; fondly hoping, that one day, he might be useful to his country." A part of the education which he [John] got at the Northward was at Little York in Pennsylvania while Congress remained there; and afterwards, at the Grammar School at Princeton Col­ lege, in the State of New Jersey. In August 1779, he passed his examination in Greek and Latin; and when he was about 12 years of age he was admitted there into the Freshman Class. His Father William Henry Drayton's death soon after, prevented his commencing his studies in the Freshman Class; and he returned home to South Carolina to his Mother Dorothy; through the kindness of Col. Henry Laurens then late President of Congress; who brought him with him in his carriage to Charleston in the latter part of 1779. Owing to the troubles in South Carolina after that time and his mother dying in the summer of 1780, he was orphanlike not forwarded in his educa­ tion. His Uncle Charles Drayton administered on his father's estate but did not exert himself much in his behalf; and while the British held South Caro­ lina, he stayed under the fostering roof of his Grandmother by his Mother's side, at the Butler Family Seat at Clear Spring. During this time however and somewhat through the medium of his Uncle Charles Drayton, Mrs. Mary Middleton, the wealthy consort of the Hon. Arthur Middleton then a Dele­ gate in Congress from this State, invited him to the Middleton Residence at Middleton Place on Ashley River, to take with her son Henry the benefit of a French Tutor, one Fariau, whom she had engaged for her family. He ac­ cordingly went there and partook of so favorable an occasion for several months; and there obtained the first grounds of his French education. After HISTORY OF THE DRAYTON FAMILY XXIX the British left South Carolina, in consequence of the Peace of 1783, his Uncle Charles Drayton placed him at a Grammar School in Charleston; where he studied about a year: after which, through his own wishes and en­ treaties, he was placed in the Office of General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, a Gentleman of high respectability at the bar, of the greatest public consid­ eration, and his father's friend and schoolmate in England. He now applied himself closely to the study of Law during the day, and to that of the Clas­ sics, belles Lettres, and other branches of Learning, during late hours of the night; and in this manner he made up in a great measure, for the want of a regular Collegiate Education. As soon as he came of age, he endeavored to overset his Grandfather's will and to claim his inheritance as heir at Law: but although there were good grounds, the will being made in great confusion during his last illness; and his signature not even spelled as it ought to have been; yet as the wit­ nesses were connected with his last marriage; and finding that he [John 2nd] would not be able to sustain the facts for oversetting the will, he discontinued the Suit, which he had commenced against his Unclefs] Charles, Glen and Thomas in the Court of Chancery. About this time he commenced practicing the Law; as he had only his share of a small marriage settlement to support him. When he was about twenty-two (22) years of age his first advance in public life took place, and he was then elected one of the Wardens of the City of Charleston. He was afterwards in the Spring of the year 1790 elected by the Citizens of Charleston one of the thirty members, which they sent to represent the interests of that city in the Convention at Columbia, to make a new Constitution of Government for the State: and he was one of that Convention, which made then the present Constitution of the State of South Carolina. For many years after that he was chosen one of the fifteen Repre­ sentatives from Charleston, to the House of Representatives at Columbia. He practiced the Law at the Bar of South Carolina from the time of his coming of age untill he was about twenty-eight years old, when having mar­ ried and his interests lying in the rice planting line, he quitted the practice of the Law and attended to Rural affairs. After he had arrived at thirty years of age he was elected by both branches of the Legislature at Columbia, Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina, and was commissioned accordingly and sworn into office then, be­ fore both branches of the Legislature on the 18 th day of December 1798, the term of office being two years. Before this term expired, Governor Rutledge died; and being notified of the event by a letter of the 24th of January 1800, from the Secretary of State, he repaired to Charleston and assumed the reins of Government as Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief. In De- xxx HISTORY OF THE DRAYTON FAMILY cember of this year his office as Lieutenant Governor expired, and his con­ duct had been so satisfactory that although very young, he was elected Governor for the ensuing two years, and was commissioned and proclaimed as such on the Sixth day of December 1800 at Columbia. When the term of his Governorship expired, he was chosen by the citizens of Charleston one of their Senators in the Legislature; to which he was rechosen so long as he wished to serve. About the latter end of the year 1803, he was again chosen one of the Wardens of the City of Charleston, and was immediately elected Intendant of the same. He served as Intendant one year, and then declined a reelection. Upon this occasion, the City Council of Charleston, by the Resolution, nth September 1804, on motion resolved, "That the thanks of Council be given to the Honorable John Drayton, for the very eminent Services rendered by him, while in office." In the latter end of the year 1802, he published, in one Volume 8vo, "A View of South Carolina." Only 500 copies of the same were published; of which he gave away seventy copies, among his friends and Literary Cor­ respondents. This work has been translated and reviewed in England, Han­ over, and Switzerland honorably to the Author.3 From the Society of Sci­ ences of Gottingen he was therefor honored with a Latin Diploma under the Seal of that Royal Institution, dated 29th Sept. 1804: by which he was made a member of that Respectable Society. He also received therewith a hand­ some complimentary letter in Latin which mentioned the work had been publickly recommended; and to which he returned an answer in Latin dated April 30th, 1805. In consequence of a message which he sent to the Legislature at Colum­ bia while Governor, dated Nov. 23rd 1801 stating the propriety of establish­ ing a College at Columbia; the then prosperous and rising situation of the State, induced the Legislature to pay attention to it; and by an Act passed at that Session on the 19th December 1801, a College was established at Columbia by the Style of the "South Carolina College." It soon after was built and the Institution went into effect to the great honor and convenience of the State. And as a compliment for being instrumental in its establish­ ment, and otherwise patronizing the same both as Governor afterwards, and privately, in donations and otherwise, under the Collegiate Seal [it] con­ ferred upon him the degree of L.L.D. Legis, Legum, Doctor.

» Drayton, in the special introduction which he wrote for the "View" when he presented it to the Charleston Library Society, says: "My view of South Carolina has also been favorably received in Switzerland, through the polite­ ness of Francis Kinloch, Esq., who carried a cooy or" it with him on his tour to chat delightful country. Much of it was there translated into French in a Damtmiec form. ... Ac Gottingen aiso, in Hanover, a copy of it was presented to the Royal Society or* Science of char cicy. by a sencieman in my name, bu: wichou: my knowledge or desire." This gentleman was prooabiy his orocher-in-iaw, Dr. Phiiip Tidyman, who studied medicine at that University. HISTORY OF THE DRAYTON FAMILY XXXI

He continued to represent the city of Charleston as Senator until the ioth day of December 1808, when he was again chosen and commissioned Governor of the State of South Carolina, for the ensuing two years. ["I was elected . . . under an idea that there would be war." Exec. Books, III, 415.] After this term of Office expired, he declined being elected to the Legislature, and retired to the care of his planting affairs and to the bosom of his family. On the 7th day of May 1812 he was appointed and commissioned by President Madison, Judge of the District of South Carolina; and he commenced his duties as such in open Court on the 9th June following; when his commission was read and recorded. He remained in the performance of the duties of that office with firmness, patriotism and industry and in 1821 he published in two Volumes large Octavo "Memoirs of the American Revolution" containing therein a Biographical sketch of his dear Father William Henry Drayton's Life,4 tainted with no partiality, but flowing from the fountain of truth, and from a heart which has always beaten high to his Father's honored memory, and as such it will go down to Posterity, to his great honor when monuments of marble shall have mouldered away and the mean and little envies and jealousies of his Contemporaries have passed away with them to dust and oblivion: "Exegi monumentum aere perennius regalique situ pyramidum altius quod non imber edax, non Aquilo impotens posset diruere; aut innumerabilis annorum series et fuga temporum." HOR. CAR. LIB. III., ODE XXX.

John Drayton of whom we have just been speaking, when he was about 27 years of age or thereabouts, on the 6th day of October 1794 married Hester Rose, only daughter of Philip Tidyman, Esquire, a rice planter of a respectable English family. The said Hester Rose's mother was Hester, one of the daughters of John Rose, Esquire, a very respectable and antient family of Scotland. The said Hester Rose was amiable in all stations of life and had received a liberal and accomplished education in England. She had several children who will be particularly named underneath, and she died in Charleston on the 31st August 1816, and is buried in St. Paul's Church Yard just without that City.5 From this marriage of the said

'This portion must be a later addition, since the sketch is twice dated 1817. 'After listing bequests of personal property to her children Mrs. Drayton's will states: "I have nothing to be­ queath to my beloved and worthy husband but my sincere and fervent good wishes for his prosperity and happi­ ness in this world and for all his kind attentions since we have been united." (See note 6 next page.) xxxii HISTORY OF THE DRAYTON FAMILY

John Drayton and the said Hester Rose, the following children were born:

HESTER TIDYMAN; 16 January 1797 MARIA CAROLINA; 25 October 1798 HARRIETT; 25 January 1801 SARAH BUTLER; 7th June 1803. Died in 1805, and is buried in the church Yard at Echaw Church, St. James Santee.6 ROSE BUTLER, 9th January 1806 ALFRED ROSE, 17 March 1809 DOROTHEA; 3rd July 1811. All these children were born in the city of Charleston.7 William Henry Drayton's daughter Mary married Thomas Parker, Esquire, a Gentleman of great learning and respectability in the Law, and of a respectable family of this State; by this said marriage they have the fol­ lowing children: Thomas, William Henry, Charles, Maria and Edwin. This is the summary of the Eldest branch of the descendants of John Drayton who was, as has been shown, the Junior Branch of the original Stock, Thomas Drayton. The Junior Brothers of that Branch were Charles, Glen and Thomas. Charles was educated in England, and brought up to the profession of Physic; but he practiced it very little on his coming over to this State; and he shortly after married Hester, one of the daughters of Henry Middleton, Esquire a very respectable planter and man of fortune in the State; by this marriage he had the following children, namely Henrietta Maria, Charlotte, Maria, and Charles. We have now given an account of the families of William Henry and Charles, being the two sons of the first said John Drayton by his wife Miss Bull.

• Governor Drayton noted in his family Bible that this child died at his plantation, "Hopeland." During his second term as governor he dated letters from Hopeland in the fall, winter and spring, 1809 and 1810—the only seasons when it was considered safe to be in residence on the rice plantations. Hopeland was apparently his wife's portion of her father Philip Tidyman's estate on Minim Creek, North Santee, Georgetown District. By her marriage settlement it was secured to her and her children, which accounts for the fact that neither John nor Hester Drayton bequeathed land in their wills. (Executive Journals, III and IV, 1808-1810; P. Tidyman's will, Mis­ cellaneous, Book III O, p. 660; Marriage Settlements, Book II, 342; Book IV, 172, in State Archives. Wills, Charleston County, copies in the South Caroliniana Library: Book E, 1807-1818, p. 1125; Book F, 1818-1826, p. 767. See also Robert Mills' Atlas of South Carolina [1825], "Georgetown District," for location of Tidyman property on Minim Creek. This map, made after Drayton's death, does not give his name as owner. The larger Tidyman plantation was on South Santee—see Mills' map of "Charleston," St. James Parish. "Hopeland" is sometimes referred to as "Parker's"; Draytons and Parkers were related—see above. It is difficult to trace early property transfers since the Georgetown land records were destroyed by fire. ' Notes in Governor Drayton's handwriting in his family Bible give the hour of each child's birth as well, the day of christening and names of godparents and officiating ministers. His son and daughter-in-law later added mar­ riage and death dates. Of John Drayton's seven children only his son Alfred and daughter Rose were married. Numerous descendants of both are living today in South Carolina and elsewhere in the United States. HISTORY OF THE DRAYTON FAMILY XXXlll

The said John Drayton upon the death of his wife the said Miss Bull married Miss Glen, Sister of Governor Glen of Scotland, who was then King's Governor of South Carolina. By this marriage he had two sons, Glen and Thomas. . . . The said John Drayton upon the death of his wife the said Miss Glen married Miss Perry, a daughter of a Mr. Perry a planter of this state. This was his last marriage; it set him against the children of his former marriages and worked much to the loss of the Inheritance which his eldest Son William Henry sustained by his iniquitous and confused and contradictory last will and Testament made in his last moments at Strawberry Ferry in the Spring of the Year 1799: By this marriage which he had much better have left alone in his old age to a girl of 18 years, he had one son John and daughters Anne and Susannah. . . . And the Representative of the Eldest Branch of the said John Drayton, deduced through his Eldest Son William Henry, is now (1817) the said John Drayton who was married to the said Hester Rose Tidyman, but who is now a widower. And which Branch is the Eldest Branch in preference to all the children of the different marriages of the said 1st mentioned John Drayton. As in consequence of Charles Drayton's owning Drayton Hall, it may be questioned at a future day whether that Branch were not the Eldest; and it may be at a time when all witnesses who know the family were dead, a reference is hereby directed to the 1st Vol. of Reports of Cases in the Court of Chancery of South Carolina by Henry William DeSaussure, Senior Judge of the Court of Equity JC, p. 324, in the case of John Drayton for himself and as next friend of his sister Mary Drayton an Infant, vs. Charles Drayton and others, Executors of John Drayton deceased, in which it will appear that the said William Henry Drayton is considered and allowed as the Eldest son of the said John Drayton deceased. This will also fully appear by referring to the Bill and Answer in the said Case of Record in the said Court of Chancery.

Finis XXXIV HISTORY OF THE DRAYTON FAMILY

NOTE BY ALFRED ROSE DRAYTON IN THE FAMILY BIBLE: "The Hon. John Drayton Judge of The United States for the District of South Carolina, departed this life on the 27th of November, 1822, in his 55th year. He died with resignation and faith in God. Beloved in life; lamented in death."8

EXTRACT FROM GOVERNOR DRAYTON'S WILL: "I give and bequeath unto my Son Alfred Rose Drayton forever, my Swords, pistols, red Silk Sash, Watch, Chain and Seals including my Seal of Arms lately made at Philadelphia and which is the true Arms of the family, the two pictures of my respected Father William Henry Drayton one of them painted in Miniature the other an engraving, my gold headed Cane, Shoe and Knee buckles, broaches and Gold Sleeve buttons and all other articles of my dress or ornament, also all my books of whatever nature or Kind What­ soever, Manuscripts, Maps, philosophical instruments and all other matters or things belonging to me relating to Law, Learning or Literature, also all my book Cases Secretaries Screw presses, portable desks and Copying Ma­ chines, with the Copying paper belonging to the Same, also all the honorary Commissions & diplomas both to my Father William Henry Drayton and to myself and which are tied up together in two bundles by themselves and are among my papers in the red box. I wish his Education to be Conducted in a regular manner So far as circumstances will permit and that his Education be finished at the College at Columbia Should that be then under good Sub­ ordination and repute: otherwise at Princeton College in New Jersey or Yale College or Hartford College, as it is proper his Education Should be com- pleated in his own Country that he may be informed of its Local politics and governmental interests, hence I am opposed to his going abroad for any Education until his manners and affections be first formed to Suit his native Country."9

'His death was caused by "the country fever" (City Gazette and Commercial Daily Advertiser, Nov. 28, 1822) or "a bilious fever" (Charleston Courier, Nov. 29, 1822), medical terms of the day and locality for what would now be called malignant or pernicious tertian malaria. • At the time of his father's death, Alfred Rose Drayton was only thirteen years old. His grand-daughter, Miss Jessie Drayton, says he was left under the guardianship of his eldest sister Hester, who in anxiety for his frail health, sent him to Cuba when he was about seventeen. Later he held a position in a bank in Havana, and on his return to South Carolina entered a Charleston bank. His father's plans for his education were therefore never realized. Harvard was not considered, probably because Governor Drayton was prejudiced against it on per­ sonal and patriotic grounds. His View was harshly criticized in Boston, and he was convinced that Harvard authorities opposed the founding of the South Carolina College. This is clearly stated in the introduction to the manuscript "View" in The Charleston Library Society. THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST OF GOVERNOR JOHN DRAYTON OF SOUTH CAROLINA

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Lobelia cardinalis

To the Honorable the Trustees of the South Carolina College

Gentlemen I beg leave to present to the Collegiate Institution over which you preside, this manuscript work. As the botanical publications heretofore respecting this State are in Latin; for my better information, I have thus rendered them into English. And hope a work of this kind may not be unacceptable; although there be little of originality in its composition. There are no doubt many errors in the following pages which have escaped my correction: partly, because I have not noticed them; and partly, owing to the imperfect knowledge which I have of the Science of Botany. But still, I trust much correct information will be found in their perusal: and much inducement for further, and better enquiries. It is a matter of regret, that a science so useful in its nature, so pleasing in its investigation, and so connected with the purest principles of morality and religion, should have thus little attracted the attention of our citizens. Perhaps this may be owing, to its being little noticed as yet at our public Seminaries; and to an idea which has prevailed, of its being an arduous pur­ suit: more so, from the want of Professors & Teachers, in a study which re­ quires many explanations, and particular examinations; than, from real difficulties, springing from the Science itself. However, with the civilization of our Country which education has afforded, the veil at length is so far withdrawn as to afford us the reasonable hope, that shortly the general information will be better on this subject. For already botany is studied in some of our Colleges: and Barton has spread forth its beauties in language both pleasing and instructive. Come then, let us sometimes unbend the mind from more serious pursuits; and enjoy this calm, this delightful recreation. On the harmony of nature, its system is erected: its pursuits are mild; its discoveries pleasing. All of them tending to compose, and soften down the troubles of humanity; to make friendships; to chase away enmities. To lead by calm reflection to that happy temper of mind, which makes even adversity not fearful: and which, when fortune favours, adds much to the pleasures we enjoy. From Walter principally the following pages are compiled: from Barton also, and Michaux, much original matter is introduced. In some places I have inserted the names of plants on the Authority of Michaux instead of Walter; as believing the information of the former, and his connection with learned Botanists, to be greater than the latter. But in general I have fol­ lowed Walter. THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

In addition to what they have published, I have noted the times of efflorescence of many plants; and in what parts of the State, they are to be found.1 And the better to assist such researches, a map of this State has been affixed; dividing its territory into Lower, Middle, and Upper Country: as Nature in her productions, seems peculiarly to require this division.2 In many cases also, I have referred to books; where, correct engravings of the plants may be seen: which gives the reader an opportunity of referring to representations of plants, otherwise not being within his controul. Agreeably to Doctor Barton's method, a character is given of each class; and mention is made of plants as medicinal, or ornamental. The uses of wood & plants are also noticed; as relating to husbandry, Mechanicks, Agriculture, Shipbuild­ ing, or House building. These, and other useful informations, I trust, will be found in the following pages—. They have been presented to your respect­ able board, cherished by no vain hopes: but as springing from a desire of promoting the public good. Which, if this humble attempt shall be deemed by you, in the smallest degree to have done, the object of my endeavours has been happily attained.

Charleston THE AUTHOR. Aug. 29th 1807

1 In his introductory letter presenting the earlier manuscript "Florist" to the Charleston Library Society in 1798, Drayton criticized Walter for omitting from his book the flowering season and place of growth of the plants he so carefully classified and described. "However in some measure this may be remedied, as a gentleman has his Botanical Memorandum book." In a later postscript he added, "The Gentleman above alluded to, has been so obliging as to favor me with the perusal of Walter's Botanical Memorandum book: From which, the places where particular plants are to be found, are herein inserted. This information however, has not been so exten­ sive as was expected." The similarity of these notations, often in the margins of the two copies of the "Florist," indicates that Drayton wrote them after both manuscripts had been well filled out. 2 This map is missing from the manuscript volume in the South Caroliniana Library. It was probably based upon the map in Drayton's View, the original of which is in the manuscript "View" in the collection of the Charleston Library Society. The map of South Carolina in Carey & Lea's Complete Historical, Chronological and Geographical American Atlas (Philadelphia, 1822) was "Reduced by J. Drayton from the State Map by J. Wilson". This J. Drayton was not the Governor, but a professional engraver whose name also appears on the engraved flower plates of W. P. C. Barton's Flora of'North America, 3 vols., Philadelphia, 1821-23. i-^L.<"^L.'"s>L.,"«%iL.,"Sf^'"^!L.rs^,"ft!L>o^L.o=^^

Class I MONANDRIA From fiovos, one, and avrjp, a man, or helmet. This Class embraces all those plants, which have hermaphrodite flowers within the same Calyx, or corolla, furnished with only one stamen.

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MONOGYNIA From fiovos, one, and ywq, a woman, or wife. CANNA1 W indica I. Indian flowering reed, or Indian Shot. See an en­ graving of this plant in Barton's Elements of Botany, plate VIII, fig. 2; blossoms in July and August. glauca i. Glaucous Indian Shot. See Barton's Elements of Botany, plate VIII, fig. I. SALICORNIA2 M ambigua : Grows in rushy places in the maritime parts of the State. HIPPURIS M vulgaris i Mare's Tail. Grows among the rocks on Saluda river, near Beard's Mills. Its rough stalks are em­ ployed by Cabinet-Makers and Turners for polish­ ing wood, bones, etc.

DIGYNIA From his, two, and yvvrj, a woman. CINNAS w, M* glomerata I. Glomerated Cinna. lateralis 1. Side blossoming Cinna. 1 Canna: C. indica, naturalized from the tropics; C. flaccida, native in South Carolina swamps. (Sm.) s Salicornia, Glasswort, Samphire ' Cinna, Wood Reed Grass 4 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

CALLITRICHE w, M verna i. Vernal Starwort, or Star grass.

CHARACTER The Class of Monandria has no high claim to the Character of a Natural Class. It brings together vegetables of very unlike habits or ap­ pearances, and of opposite qualities. The United States are not rich in plants of this class. Canna is an ornamental plant, and I much suspect it is an exotic, and not indigenous. I never saw it growing wild in the State. Michaux in his Flora Boreali Americana takes no notice of it. I consider his Authority to be very good. Class II DIANDRIA

This class consists of such plants as bear hermaphrodite flowers furnished with two stamens or male organs. It is called Diandria from bis, two, and avqp, a man or helmet.

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MONOGYNIA CHIONANTHUS W, M virginica I. The Fringe tree—blossoms in April, and grows at the edges of low lands and also in good high lands. See an engraving of this Ornamental shrub in Catesby, I, 68. "Rather an indifferent representa­ tion." [D]

1 ANONYMOS w caroliniensis I. See Walter's Flora Caroliniana, p. 60.

VERONICA Blossoms in March. w, M serpyllifolia i. Paul's betony; little or smooth Speedwell. arvensis i. Speedwell Chickweed. caroliniana 3. Carolinian Speedwell.

GRATIOLA W, M inaequalis 1. Unequal flowered Hedge Hissop. acuminata 1. Pointed leaf Hissop. ramosa 3. Many branching Hissop. virginiana 4. Virginian Hissop, blossoms in April, grows in watery places. 1 Anonymos =Eletraria caroliniana. This is the only one of Walter's twenty-nine Anonymos genera listed in the manuscript "Florist" in the South Caroliniana Library. They appear in the earlier manuscript in the Charleston Library Society, so all twenty-nine have been inserted here in due order, with modern botanical nomenclature taken from T. A. Sprague's "Analysis of Binary Combinations published under 'Anonymos' by Walter, Fl. Carol. (1788)," in Kew Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, No. 7, 1939. 5 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

peruviana} 5. Peruvian white flowering Hissop, blossoms in June. Monnieria 6. Creeping Jamaican Hissop.

[ANONYMOS2 w umbrosa 1.]

DlANTHERA3 Blossoms in June. w ovata 1. Oval leaved Dianthera. ensiformis 1. Sword leaved Dianthera.

PlNGUICULA Blossoms in April. w, M caerulea 1. Cerulean Butter-wort. lute a 1. Yellow Butter-wort.

UTRICULARIA4 W, M inflata 1. Inflated hooded Milfoil. fibrosa 1. Fibrous rooted Milfoil. pumila 3. Dwarf Milfoil. purpurea 4. Purple flowered Milfoil.

CATALPA [See also p. 1l] W, M* bignonioides 1. Catalpa Tree. A representation of this beautifully flowering tree is in Catesby, I, 49. He there says, this tree was un­ known to the inhabited parts of Carolina until he brought the seeds from the remote parts of the country. It blossoms in May and June; grows on dry land, "and assimilates well with the lower coun­ try. It grows into a large tree; and when in blossom has a beautiful appearance." [V] ELYTRA RIA5 M virgata 1. Grows in moist places in the lower country: See Michaux, I, 9. LYCOPUS w, M europaeus 1. Water Horehound. virginicus 1. Virginian Water Horehound, blossoms in July. MICRANTHEMUM M orbiculatum 1. Grows in sobby, shady places; flowers in August. See Michaux, I, 10. 1 Anonymos =Micranthemum umbrosum 1 Dianthera, Water Willow * Utricularia, Bladder Wort 6 Elytraria =Acantha family CLASS II DI ANDRIA

MONARDA6 Commonly called Rignum. [See Plate I] w, M fistulosa 1. Canadian Crimson "purple" [D] Lion's-tail. See Curtis's Bot. Mag., V, 145. punctata 1. Yellow purple dotted Lion's-tail; blossoms in August. See Smith's Insects, I, 47. cileata 3. Virginian ciliated Lion's-tail. [coccinea 4.] "Mountain Balm." [DM]

SALVIA "Sage." [DM] Blossoms in April. w, M lyrata 1. Oak leaved Clary, or Cancer weed. mexicana 1. Mexican Clary. coccinea 3. "Red Sage." [DM] COLLINSONIA7 "Horse Weed or Knot-Root." [DM] [See Plate II] w, M praecox 1. Early Collinsonia. serotina 2. Late Collinsonia, or the Collinsonia tuberosa of Michaux. Grows in high swamp land in the lower country; blossoms in October. Its root and leaves have somewhat the smell of "garden" [DM] Balm.

DIGYNIA ANTHOXANTHUM W, M* giganteum ("odoratum" [D]). Tall vernal or spring grass. This is a sweet smelling grass; its flavour is much like the tonka bean, and perhaps equally powerful. Barton in his Elements of Botany, published at Philadelphia 1803, III, 10, says "Anthoxanthum though now extremely common is not I believe, a native." "See English Botany, IX, 647." [D]

CHARACTER The Class Diandria, is by no means unimportant. The Olive and Pepper are employed both in diet and medicine. Medical qualities are ascribed to different species of Speedwell and Sage, [and to] the Monarda, a species of which (Monarda didyma) called in the United States Mountain- Balm, Oswego-tea, etc., is much esteemed by some tribes of Indians. Chionanthus, and Catalpa, are beautifully flowering shrubs; while some species of wild sage are not without fragrance. • Monarda, Horse mint, Wild Bergamot 7 Collinsonia, Horse balm Class III TRIANDRIA

From rpets, three. This class consists of such plants as bear hermaphrodite flowers, fur­ nished with three stamens.

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MONOGYNIA

MELOTHRIA w pendula i. Small creeping Cucumber.

VALERIANA1 W, M* locusta i. Lamb's lettuce. Blossoms in April; grows near St. Andrew's Church, on Ashley river.

IRIS Flower de Luce. w, M hexagona I. Iris with an hexagonal stalk. tripetala i. Iris with a three petaled flower, or Particoloured Iris. versicolor 3. Colour changing Iris, blossoms in April. See Curtis's Bot. Mag. I, 21. verna 4. "Vernal or" [D] Dwarf Spring Iris; grows in flat pine barren, blossoms in March "and April." [DM] virginica 5. "Blue Flagg or Virginian Iris, grows in watery places, blossoms in May and June." [DM] See Curtis's Bot. Mag., XIX, 703. These two last Species are powerful cathartics. See Barton's Essay to­ wards a Materia Medica, p. 31.

2 [ANONYMOS w tinctoria 1.]

1 Valeriana =Valerianella, Corn Salad • Anonymos =Lachnanthes tinctorium PLATE II

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Collinsonia tuberosa

CLASS III TRIANDRI A

COMMELINA3 [See Plate III] w, M communis I. Soapwort leaved creeping Commelina or wild Com- frey. Blossoms from June to September, grows on sandy land, generally in pastures. See Smith's In­ sects, II, 189; also Catesby, II, 62. virginica i. Virginian Commelina; blossoms in July. caroliniana 3. Carolinian Commelina.

4 [ANONYMOS w capitata I.]

XYRIS caroliniana 1. Carolinian Xyris, or yellow eyed grass; blossoms in June, grows in mellow swampy lands. SCHOENUS8 w, M mucronatus I. Spanish maritime bastard Cyperus. glomeratus 2. Virginian bastard Cyperus. umbellatus 3. Cyperus with an umbellated flower.

CYPERUS odoratus 1. Jamaican sweet Cyperus. elegans 1. Elegant Jamaican Cyperus. glomeratus 3. Italian glomerated Cyperus.

6 TRIPTERELLA M capitata I. Grows in sobby places. See Michaux, I, 19.

SCIRPUS W, M capitatus 1. Bull-rush with capitated flowers. mucronatus 2. Pointed bull-rush. spadiceus 3. Jamaica spadiceous bull-rush. miliaceus ? 4. Grass leaved Indian bull-rush. cephalotes 5. Ear-headed "Jamaica" [D] bull-rush.

7 STIPULICIDA M setacea 1. Grows in gravelly arid land. See Michaux, I, 27. ERIOPHORUM w, M cyperinum 1. Maryland Cyperine Cotton grass. virginicum 1. Virginian Cotton grass. 8 Commelina, Day flower * Anonymos = Burmannia capitata 6 Schoenus =Cyperaceae family 'Tripterella =Burmannia capitata (see note 4 above) ' Stipulicida =Caryophylleae family IO THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

8 HERITIERA M Gmelini i. Grows in marshy and boggy places in the maritime parts of the Lower Country. Produces an excellent red "orange" [DM] dye. "June flowering." [D] See Michaux, I, 21.

DIGYNIA The plants of this order are grasses, the leaves and stems of which are food for cattle and horses; the small seeds for birds and the larger grain for man.

PANICUM w, M alopecurodeum Purple silky spiked Jamaican Panic grass. italicum 2. Italian Panic grass. hirtellum 3. Jamaican Panic grass. anomalum 4. dimidiatum 5. Bermudian Panic grass. capillare 6. Capillary panicled Panic grass. miliaceum ? 7. Millet. latifolium 8. Broad leaved Panic grass. brevifolium 9. Short leaved Panic grass. nudum 10. Panic grass, with a naked stalk. coloratum II. Coloured Panic grass. speciosum 12. Jointed-Stalk Panic-grass, with long erect panicles.

CORNUCOPIA?9 w, M* hyemalis I. Winter Cornucopia grass. See post page 14, idem; nomine Trichodium. perennans 2. Perennial Cornucopia grass or Walter's Grass. "This grass is said to be excellent for standing drought, as its roots shoot deep into the ground; for the same reason it also stands well against frost. It preserves a constant verdure throughout the year, which, with its delicate formations, favorably adapt it to the making of grass platts and lawns." [D] altissima 3. Tall Cornucopia Grass. The above grow in good mellow high swamp.

• Heritiera =Sterculiaceae family * Cornucopia — Agrostis hyemalis, Hair Grass CLASS III : TRIANDRIA II

ALOPECURUS w pratensis i. Meadow Fox-tail grass. carolinianus i. Carolinian Fox-tail grass. ARISTIDA10 w, M adscensionis I. Three bearded Aristida, of the Isle of Ascension.

PHALARIS w, M caroliniana I. Carolinian Canary grass.

PASPALUM w dissectum i. Pointed flowered Jamaican paspalum. membranaceum i. Membranaceous paspalum. praecox 3. Early paspalum. paniculatum 4. Panicled "Spiked Jamaican" [D] paspalum. distichum 5. Pointed flowered "round flowered American" [D] paspalum. virgatum 6. Virgated Jamaican paspalum.

SYNTHERISMA11 Called Digitaria by Michaux. w, M* praecox 1. Early Crop or Crab grass. serotina 2. Late crop or Crab grass. villosa 3. Hairy crop or Crab grass. This grass bears one or more cuttings during the season, and grows to the height of two or three feet. It makes its appearance in the latter end of April and beginning of May, with the Crops then advancing; and does not mature itself, until the latter end of summer, about the time the crops are made. It was hence called Crop-grass, and by adul­ teration is now called Crab-grass. "This is probably . . . introduced by the careless pronunciation of our negroes when they were not so well acquainted with our language as they are at present." [D] In good dry land, or where it has been manured, this grass comes up thickly, without being sown; and what with the little trouble attending its growth, and the excellence of its fodder, it is the grass which is most attended to in Carolina.

DACTYLIS12 w cynosuroides Smooth Cock's-foot grass. maritima 2. Sea Cock's-foot grass.

« Aristida, Triple-awned Grass, Poverty Grass •' Syntherisma =Digitaria, Finger Grass '* Dactylis, Orchard Grass 12 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

AGROSTIS w, M indica I. Jamaican Bent grass. virginica 2. Virginian Bent grass. STIPA w, M avenacea ? i. Virginian oat feather grass. villosa 2. Hairy Feather grass. diffusa 3. Spreading Feather grass. spicata ? 4. Spiked Feather grass.

AIR A purpurea 1. Purple Hair grass. aegilopsoides 2.

MELICA W, M altissima 1. Tall Siberian Melic grass. mutica 2.

CENCHRUS13 carolinianus 1. Carolinian Hedgehog Grass.

UNIOLA14 W, M paniculata 1. Carolinian paniculated Uniola or Sea Side oats, grows on the sand hills along the Sea Shore; see Catesby, 1,32. spicata 2. American spiked Uniola or Sea Side oats. BRIZA w, M caroliniana 1 Carolinian Quaking grass. virens ? 2. Spanish quaking grass. POA15 w, M annua 1. Annual Poa or Meadow grass. simplex 2. Single stemed Meadow grass. yfafd 3. Yellow Virginian Poa. glomerata 4. Glomerated meadow grass. eragrostis ? 5 Hairy leaved Italian Poa. amabilis ? Ceylon Poa. capillaris 7. Capillary panicled Virginian Poa. compressa 8. Creeping meadow grass. pratensis 9. Great meadow grass. cristata 10. Crested Poa. See a Species of Poa, in Michaux, I, 69.

" Cenchrus, Sandbur, Burgrass " Uniola, Spike Grass, Sea Oats " Poa, Meadow Grass, Spear Grass CLASS III TRI ANDRI A 13

FESTUCA Fescue grass, with spikes of four flowers. Grows in quadriflora I. barren grounds. Fescue grass, with spikes of eight flowers. Grows in octoflora 2. pasture grounds about Charleston. Fescue grass, with spikes of many flowers. multiflora 3. Grows in the maritime parts of the State, distichiphylla 4. of Festuca, in Michaux, I, 67. See an engraving w, M BROMUS Wall Brome Grass. ciliatus 1. w, M AVENA Carolinian Oat grass. Grows in rich low tide land; caroliniana 1. particularly on Lynch's Causeway, between South and No. Santee. ARUNDO15 w, M* gigantea 1. Tall reeds or cane, used for fishing rods, weaving looms, etc.; grows in low grounds and river swamps; "toward the head of the rivers, so large that a joint of the cane is said to hold near a pint of liquor." [V] tecta 1. Smaller kind of reed. "Their leaves continue through­ out the winter, and afford excellent food for cattle. These canes are now to be found in quantities, only in the rich deep swamps of the lower country. At the first settlement of this state the vallies of the middle and upper country, then in the possession of the Indians, encouraged a plentiful growth of cane. But since the whites have spread themselves over the same, with their herds of cattle and hogs, the canes in these narrow swamps and vallies are kept so closely cut down, by the continual browseing of cattle, as to have nearly extirpated them." [V] HORDEUM w nodosum ? 1. Barley grass, or "Rye Grass," [D] grows on knolls in tide lands. Ripens its seed early in the spring, viz. in May. This, cultivated, will give a very early mowing. CYNOSURUS17 w, M* indicus 1. Alternate leaved Indian Dogtail Grass. uniflorus 2. Dogtail Grass, with one flower on a footstalk.

w Arundo =Arundinaria, Cane " Cynosurus —species of Dactylis H THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

ELYMUS18 w, M carolinianus I. Carolinian Elymus or Sea-lyme grass. 19 TRICHODIUM M laxiflorum I. Walter's Winter Grass; grows in meadows and wet places. See Michaux, I, 42. See also ante, (Cornu- copiae hyemalis). This grass sown in Autumn, in land put in good order for it, of a rich mellow nature, will grow to the height of between 2 and 3 feet early in May, will be then in seed, and ready for the Scythe. It affords excellent fodder. [decumbens 2.] "Walter's grass." [DM] 20 POLYCARPON w uniflorum 1. Polycarpon, with one flower on a footstalk. 21 ERIOCAULON w anceps 1. Double eyed "edged" [D] Eriocaulon. decangulare 1. Ten angled-stalked Eriocaulon. serotinum 3. Late Eriocaulon. 22 LECHEA W, M minor 1. Small Canadian Lechea. major 2. Large Canadian Lechea. juncifolia 3. Lechea with a rush like leaf.

MOLLUGO23 W, M verticillata 1. Virginian Verticillated Mollugo, blossoms in May. 24 PROSERPINACA M palustris 1. Virginian Proserpinaca, blossoms in August. CHARACTER The second order of this Class, is almost entirely made up of esculent plants, principally grasses; and no one species of all this numerous genera, have been found to be poisonous. The first order contains some grasses, as Schoenus, Cyperus, Eriophorum, etc., also some useful articles in Materia Medica, as Valeriana, Iris, etc. It also contains Heretiera Gmelini, an aquat­ ic plant which produces a beautiful scarlet dye both from the root, and from the pulp surrounding the seeds.

" Elymus, Wild Rye, Lyme Grass " Trichodium =Agrostis hyemalis, Hair Grass •• Polycarpon =Caryophylleae family " Eriocaulon, Pipe Wort M Lechea, Pinweed » Mollugo, Indian Chickweed ** Proserpinaca, Mermaid-weed Class IV TETRANDRIA

Thus called from rerpa,four. Consists of such hermaphrodite flowers as are furnished with four stamens, all of an uniform length.

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MONOGYNIA ALLIONIA1 w albida i. Whitish Allonia. CEPHALANTHUS W, M occidentalis I. Cephalanthus or Button wood; blossoms in June. Grows in watery places. A wash of the decoction of this plant, is said to be good for the palsy. CALLICARPA W, M americana i. American Callicarpa or Bermudian Mulberry. See Catesby, II, 47. Blossoms in July; grows in dry lands. Said to be useful in dropsical complaints. LYCIUM w, M carolinianum I. Carolinian Box thorn.

PLANTAGO w, M virginica I. Virginian Plantain; blossoms in April. Grows on dry lands. caroliniana 2. Carolinian Plantain. See an Excellent Engraving of Plantago, in Woodville's Medical Botany, I, 39. The juice of this plant, internally taken, is an antidote against the bite of a Rattle-Snake. POLYPREMUM w, M procumbens ? 1. Carolinian Flax. »Allionia =Oxybaphus, Four O'clock Family

15 i6 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

MITCHELLA W, M repens i. Carolinian creeping white flowered Mitchella or Partridge berry. See Catesby, I, 20. Blossoms in "April and" [D] May; grows on mellow ground, under the shade of trees and near their roots; "and along the side of banks and bluffs"; is extremely fragrant, smelling like the tuberose and Orange flower. "Bears a red berry of pleasant taste." Its berries are said to be diuretic. "Its blossom viewed through a microscope is truly elegant." [DM] HEDYOTIS2 w auricularia I. Purple stalked Ceylon Hediotis, or Venus' pride; blossoms in October. umbellata i. Umbellated Hediotis; blossoms in April. [ANONYMOS3 w erecta I. procumbens 2.] RUBIA4 W, M peregrina I. Wild Madder. GALIUM6 W, M bermudense 1. Bermudian branching Galium. trifidum i. Trifid Ladies bed straw, blossoms in May. boreale ? 3. Crosswort Meadow Madder, blossoms in May. Purple Italian Ladies bed straw. purpureum 4 Blossoms in June. w, M DIODIA6 tetragona I. Square stalked Diodia. ter« 2. Cylindrical stalked Diodia. "FRASERA7 w, M [D] caroliniensis PTELEA "Three leaved" Flowering Ptelea "or Carolinian trifoliata I. Trefoil," [D] "an ornamental shrub". [V] Grows in the upper parts of the State, near the waters ot Savannah river. See Catesby, II, 83; also Bartram's Travels, pages 318, 335.

* Hedyotis =»Rubiaceae * Anonymos =Houstonia caerulea and H. procumbens, Bluets, Innocence 4 Rubia perigrina =GaIium hispidulum 6 Galium, Bedstraw, Cleavers * Diodia, Buttonweed 3 Frasera, American Columbo CLASS IV : TETRANDRIA 17

AMMANNIA W, M ramosior I. Virginian red stalked Ammannia.

CORNUS w, M florida I. Obverse, cordated leaved Dogwood. See Smith's Insects, II, 145; also Catesby, I, 27. sanguinea ? 2. Female Cornel, or blue berried Dogwood; blossoms in May; white blossoms, small; grows in swamps. alba ? 3. White fruited Cornelian Cherry tree or Dogwood. See Catesby II, 28.

Cornus florida (Highland Dogwood) grows on high land of light sandy nature, with a blackish mould. It is a strong tough wood; used some­ times for cogs in machinery. It blossoms early in the spring in March, and with some planters its efflorescence is considered as a good signal for planting Indian Corn. Its bark is considerably astringent and has been often employed in intermittent fever. A decoction of it has also been found useful in a malignant fever called the Yellow Water, Canada Distemper, etc., which has carried off numbers of the horses in the United States.

CENTAURELLA8 M verna 1. Early Centaurella, grows in the lower country; blossoms early in spring. paniculata 2. Paniculated Centaurella, grows in wet places, blos­ soms in Autumn. See Engravings of these two species in Michaux, I, 98.

LUDWIGIA9 Base Virginian Loose strife: blossoms in June, w, M glandulosa 1. apetala 1. alternifolia 3. ramossissima 4. linearis 5. decurrens 6. pilosa 7. arcuata 8. rudis 9. suffruticosa 10.

8 Centaurella — Bartonia * Ludwigia, Ludvigia, False Loosestrife i8 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

TETRAGYNIA POTAMOGETON Blossoms in April, grows in ponds and marshes, w, M verticillatum I. Verticillated pond weed. pinnatum 1. Pinnated pond weed; blossoms in May.

CHARACTER This Class possesses some beautiful and ornamental vegetables: such as Callicarpa, Mitchella, Ptelea, Cornus. Linnaeus, Barton etc. have placed in this class the Ilex or Holly plants; but Walter in his Flora Caroliniana (for what reason I know not) has placed them in the 22 Class Dioecia. As this book is grounded on Walter, I follow him; much doubting however the propriety of the measure, which is to be examined at a future day. Some of the plants of this Class possess Medicinal qualities: as Cepha­ lanthus, Callicarpa, Plantago, Mitchella, Cornus. Class V PENTANDRIA

Thus called from irivre, five; and consists of such plants as bear hermaphrodite flowers, furnished with five stamens.

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MONOGYNIA The berries of the monopetalous plants of this order are for the most part poisonous.

[PlNCKNEYA1 M pubens i.] "Downy Pinckneya. So named by Mr. Michaux, in honor of Mrs. General Pinckney, who carried a valuable Hortus-Siccus with her to Europe, when she went with her husband the General to France on his Embassy." [DM] HELIOTROPIUM2 w, M indicum i. Blue Clary leaved Indian Turnsole. Blossoms in June.

PULMONARIA* w, M virginica ? Virginian Lung Wort. See Curtis's Bot. Mag., V, 160.

LITHOSPERMUM4 w, M* virginicum i. Virginian Gromwell.

8 [ANONYMOS w caroliniensis I.] 1 Pinckneya, Georgia Bark, Fever Bark, Maiden's Blushes. Contemporary as well as later botanists say that the plant was named for Gen. Pinckney, but this note in the copy of Michaux presented to Drayton by the General himself, is convincing proof that the honor was intended for his wife. * Heliotropium, Heliotrope »Pulmonaria=Mertensia, Lungwort, Virginian Cowslip, Bluebells 4 Lithospermum =Onosmodium, False Gromwell »Anonymos =Lithospermum caroliniensis, Gromwell, Puccoon

19 20 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

LYSIMACHIA w, M ciliata ? I. Jalap leaved Canadian Loose Strife. lanceolata I. Loose-Strife, with lance shaped leaf. punctata 3. Loose-Strife, with punctuated leaf: blossoms in June "or July," [D] grows in watery places. vulgaris 4. Yellow Willow herb, or loose strife.

SPIGELIA w, M marilandica 1. Pink root, or Indian Pink. See an elegant engraving of this plant in Woodville's Medical Botany, II, 288. Also Catesby, II, 78. This valuable vegetable, blos­ soms in May, growing in mellow blackish land; more particularly on the declivities adjacent to swamp, and rich valley land amidst the mountains. It is an excellent Anthelmintic; and as such, is generally used in this State successfully in worm cases. It is an article of great trade with the Cherokee Indians, and is sent in Hogsheads from the neighbourhood of the Occonnee Mountain, to Charleston for exportation.

CONVOLVULUS6 w, M panduratus 1. Virginian fiddle-leaved purple and white Convolvu­ lus: blossoms in June. "Supposed to be the Indian Potato." [D] [batatas 2.] "Sweet Potatoes. Michaux should not have noticed this species; they are not indigenous to No. America as far as we know." [DM] ATiV. 3. American cordated three lobed Convolvulus or azure Convolvulus, blossoms in August. See Curtis's Bot. Mag., VI, 188. purpureus 4. American Cordated leaved purple Convolvulus, blos­ soms in August. See Curtis's Bot. Mag., IV, 113. carolinus ? 5. Carolinian three lobed Cordated Convolvulus, blos­ soms in June. See Catesby, II, 87. repens ? 6. American "Snow" [D] White Convolvulus, blossoms in May and June; grows in rich river swamps on banks and knolls. speciosus 7. Convolvulus with red flowers, arrow shaped leaves. spithamaeus 8. Virginian upright cordate leaved large white flowered Convolvulus. humistratus 9.

• Convolvulaceae includes Brewaria, Ipomoea, Convolvulus, Cuscuta, Morning Glory CLASS V : PENTANDRIA 21

aquaticus IO. Aquatic Convolvulus. "Of these, some grow on high land and others in cultivated swamp." [V]

DATURA w tatula I. White purplish stalked thorny apple, James town weed, or stinking weed. See Woodville's Medical Botany, II, 338. Grows near dung hills "and other loose high grounds". [V] It possesses deleterious qualities; and its leaves and bark either used simply, or in ointment, are very healing for gall and sores.

VERBASCUM W, M thapsus I. Great Broad leaved Mullein. Grows in old fields, blossoms in May, June, July, and August. Dried Bundles of it, placed in Barns and granaries, are said to drive away rats and mice. See Domestic Encyclo­ paedia, published at Philadelphia, Title Mullein; "Woodville's Med. Bot., II, 342". [D] lychnitis 2. Hoary white and red flowered Mullein, blossoms in June, grows in sandy pine land; has a narrow leaf.

CHIRONIA7 ? "Centaury". [DM] w, M campanulata i Canadian purple bell-flowered Chironea, blossoms in June. angularis 2. Angular stalked Chironea, blossoms in June. dichotoma 3. Chironea, with leaves without foot stalks, blossoms in June. lanceolata 4. Lance shaped leaf Chironea, blossoms in July. dodecandra 5. Twelve petaled flowered Chironea, blossoms in July. decandra 6. Ten petaled Chironea.

PHLOX W, M subulata 1. Awl-shaped leaf Lychnidea, "blossoms in March." [D] Carolina 1. Carolinian Lychnidea. Blossoms in May. Commonly called wild Sweet William. pilosa ? 3. Hairy Lychnidea. maculata 4. Spotted Stalked purple Lychnidea, blossoms in April.

' Chironia =Sabbatia species

» 22 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

8 IPOMOEA w, M coccinea I. Domingo Quamoclit, or Scarlet Convolvulus, blos­ soms in August. See Curtis's Bot Mag., VII, 221. AZALEA w, M nudiflora i. Red upright American Honeysuckle, blossoms in April and May, grows in the southern upper parts of this state near Savannah river; "is by far the most elegant and richest flower of the kind in this State: and is scarcely known in the lower part of this State"; [D] "highly ornamental for gardens and pleasure grounds". [V] See Smith's Insects, I, 53; also Curtis's Bot. Mag., V, 180. Walter says there are Varieties "floribus incarnatis; fulvis; et luteis" [with pink flowers, purplish and yellow]. viscosa 2. White American "Sweet" Honeysuckle. [DM] See Catesby, I, 57. Blossoms in April and May. [calendulacea 3.] "Scarlet Honeysuckle". [DM] M var. flammea."| THame-colored"! [var. crocea. J |_yellow J ECHITES9 w, M difformis 1. Differently-formed-leaf Echites. See a species of this in Catesby, I, 58; blossoms in May. "AMSONIA tabernaemontana 1. ciliata 2." [D] BIGNONIA10 [Anonymos sempervirens. [W]] w, M* sempervirens 1. Yellow Jasmin. Grows on Sea Islands, and near Salts: "It blossoms in March and April and is ex­ tremely agreeable both to the eye and the smell." [V] [radicans 2.] "Scarlet Trumpet Flower." [catalpa 3.] "Catalpa Tree." [DM] The Yellow Jasmin is improperly termed Bignonia, as it does not an­ swer the description of that Generic term. The jasmin has five equal filaments, whereas the Bignonia has only four filaments—shorter than the Corolla—two of which are longer than the other two. Michaux in his Flora Boreali Americana called the Yellow Jasmine Gelsemium nitidum.

' Ipomoea—included under Convolvulaceae, above • Echites =Apocynum, Dogbane " Bignonia: B. radicans now classed as Tecoma radicans; B. Catalpa as Catalpa speciosa and C. bigno- nioides; and B. sempervirens as Gelsimium sempervirens CLASS V PENTANDRIA ^3

SOLANUM verbacifolium 1. nigrum 1. Garden nightshade. See Woodville's Medical Botany, IV, 37. Grows in Java, see Thunberg's Travels, IV, 147; blossoms in June; deleterious. carolinense 3. Carolinian nightshade; blossoms in May.

PHYSALIS11 w, M tomentosa 1. Winter Cherry with downy leaves and stem. angulata 2. Angular branched Winter Cherry, blossoms in June. peruviana 3. Peruvian Winter Cherry. "Blossoms in June." [D]

SlDEROXYLON12 Grows in high swampy land. w, M laeve 1. Light Iron wood. sericeum 2. Soft Iron wood. /?»#.*• ? 3. Tough iron wood; blossoms in July. SAMOLUS w, M valerandi 1. Round leaf Water Pimpernel.

CAMPANULA W, M perfoliata 1. Virginian perfoliated leaf. Bell flower or Hare bells; blossoms in May. LONICERA13 w, M* sempervirens 1. "Carolinian" Evergreen scarlet trumpet Honey­ suckle, "woodbind." [DM] Blossoms in "April," [D] May, June, July and August; grows on high land; a great Climber, "of ornamental appearance." [V] See Catesby, I, 65. v Red American woodbine, or honeysuckle. Blossoms in Jan. and Feb.; also in May and June; grows on dry mellow land, and sometimes on river swamp, towards the mouths of the rivers.

liniensis 3. Yellow Carolinian Woodbine, or Honeysuckle. I have so called this flowering plant; it not being noticed in any botanical book, respecting this State. It is of the

11 Physalis, Ground Cherry >• Sideroxylon =Bumelia, Southern Buckthorn (C & T) "Lonicera lutea caroliniensis =L. flava—see Appendix; the and sp. of red woodbine, not in W or M, is not identified; Drayton's ref. to Catesby is his only error in identifying a picture: it shows Bignonia crucigera, not L. sempervirens. 24 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

Climbing species, but rather shrubby. Bearing bright yellow blossoms, extremely elegant and fragrant: in form and appearance much like the English honey­ suckle. It grows in a warm southern exposure, on a Rocky precipice of Paris's Mountain in Greenville district. RHAMNUS14 w, M carolinianus I. Carolinian Buck thorn. Grows in strong good land; blossoms in May. volubilis 2. Suple "or Wattle Jack Buckthorn. Blossoms in May." [D] Grows in Mellow moist land. A great climber; sometimes used for walking sticks. CEANOTHUS w, M americanus i. Red Root, American Ceanothus or New Jersey tea tree; blossoms in May and June. Grows in sandy land, in the middle and lower country. A decoction of its roots is excellent for the venerial desease. EVONYMUS w, M americanus i. Evergreen Spindle tree. Grows near watery places in clayey marley land. Where I first noticed it, was on the Dorchester road, about \% miles from Ashley ferry; an ornamental shrub; deemed by some how­ ever to be poisonous. 15 HEDERA W, M* arborea I. Common Ivy. quinquefolia 2. Virginian Creeper; blossoms in May. ITEA w, M virginica i. Virginian Itea, a flowering shrub, grows in the upper parts of the State. See Catesby, [I, 66]. [ANONYMOS16 Kuhniae affinis. w pinnata i.] CYRILLA17 racemiflora i. Clustered flowering Cyrilla; grows in low sandy lands and bay galls throughout the state, blossoms in June. Both its blossoms and seeds are in Clusters, which render it an ornamental shrub, either in summer or winter. » Rhamnus caroliniana still so classified; R. volubilis now Berchemia scandens, Supple Jack 16 Hedera =Psedera quinquefolia, Virginia creeper; Cissus arborea, Pepper vine " Anonymos =Petalostemum caroliniensis, Prairie Clover " Cyrilla, Leatherwood, Black Ti-ti PLATE III

Commelina virginica

Asclepias tuberosa

CLASS V PENTANDRIA 25

ILLECEBRUM18 w, M achyrantha 1. Turcomannian knot grass, blossoms in July. "Grows along the edges of the pavements and resembles purslane in its growth and leaves. A decoction of it is used in suppression of urine." [D] 19 PYXIDANTHERA M barbulata 1. Grows in the Upper Country. See Michaux, I, 152.

DIGYNIA

20 VINCETOXICUM Dogsbane; grows in sandy land. w, M* gonocarpos 1. acanthocarpos 2

ASCLEPIAS21 "Dogsbane, or base Ipecacuanha." [D] w, M [See Plate III] variegata 1. Purple and white American Dogsbane; blossoms in May. purpurescens ? 2. Carolinian purplish Dogsbane. humistrata 3. cordata 4. Cordated leaved Dogsbane. cinerea 5. Whitish flowered Dogsbane; blossoms in May. lanceolata 6. Lance shaped leaf Dogsbane. tuberosa ? 7. Orange Coloured apocynum. verticillata 8. White flowering verticillated leaved Dogsbane. decumbens ? 9. Carolinian orange couloured trailing Dogsbane, blos­ soms in May and June; called Pleurisy root; grows in sandy land. pedicillata 10. incarnata ? 11. Small Canadian Dogsbane, blossoms in May. viridis 12. polistachia 13. perennis 14. curassavica 15. See Smith's Insects, I, 11, "13." [D]

APOCYNUM22 w, M androsaemifolium 1. Androsaemum leaved Canadian Dogsbane.

»' Illecebrum polygonoides [M] =Anychia polygonoides, Forked Chickweed 19 Pyxidanthera, Flowering Moss, Pyxie Moss 30 Vincetoxicum, Anglepod « Asclepias, Milkweed, Silkweed; A. tuberosa is called Butterflyweed. " Apocynum, Dogbane, Indian Hemp 26 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

23 [ANONYMOS w sessilifolia I. petiolata 2.]

24 [ANONYMOS w aquatica I.]

GENTIANA25 saponaria I. Soapwort leaved Virginian Gentian: called Samp­ son's Snake root. Blossoms in October and Novem­ ber; grows in swampy places in the lower parts of this State, under the shade of trees. It also grows on high dry land, in the upper parts of this State. "I have seen it growing adjacent to Pendleton Court House." [V] See Catesby, I, 70. Catesbaei 2. purpurea 3. Purple Gentian. Blossoms in Nov., "grows in swampy places at the edge of bays. The leaf when bitten gives an agreeable bitter." [D] See Woodville's Medical Botany, IV, 132. CUSCUTA W, M americana 1. American Dodder or Devil's Guts. A Parasitical plant. When it has ascended the plant, by small papillae from its vine, it insinuates into the bark of the plant. The root then decays; and it receives its nourishment from the plant. It is of a pale reddish colour. The whole plant is bitter. "Blossoms in August." [D] HYDROLEA W, M quadrivalis 1. Hydrolea; blossoms in July.

26 [ANONYMOS w repens I.]

** Anonymos =»Cynoctonum sessilifolium and C. Mitreola, Miterwort M Anonymos =Nymphoides aquatica, Floating Heart « Gentiania Saponaria, called Soapwort; G. villosa, Sampson's Snakeroot. This plant obviously takes its name from a slave of Mr. Robert Hume of South Carolina. Sampson's freedom was purchased by the Provincial Assembly of the colony in 1754 as a reward for discovering a cure for the bite of rattlesnakes. His recipe included: "1. Asarum cycleminifolio or Hartsnake root of this Province; 1. Polypodium Vulgare or Common Polypody; 3. Caryophyllata Virginiana, radico inodora, or Virginian Avens (called here Five Fingers); 4. Sonchitis Aspera or Rough Spleenwort; 5. Hypnum Julaceum or small erect Clubmoss; 6. Gnaphalium humile or Creeping Goldy Locks." Journals of Commons House, Mar. 6, 175$. n Anonymos —Dichondra repens CLASS V PENTANDRIA 27

HEUCHERA americana 1. American Heuchera, or Sanicle. "Alum Root." [DM]

SALSOLA27 w, M caroliniana 1. Carolinian Glasswort, or prickly Saltwort, or Kali. Grows near Sea shores and salt water; blossoms in August and September. See Woodville's Medical Botany, III, 386.

CHENOPODIUM28 Jerusalem Oak. w, M album I. Common Orache, or Lambs quarters; blossoms in August. "Grows in mellow lands and is used as a garden vegetable." [V] maritimum 2. Sea Blite, or white Glasswort. "Grows near the salt beaches." [V] anthelminticum 3. Jerusalem Oak. "Pennsylvanian Water-Horehound- leaved Chenopodium," [D] blossoms in August. A very noxious weed, growing in dry grounds; which, having a long tap root is with difficulty destroyed. Like the Pink root, or Indian Pink, the juice of its leaves and also its seeds [are] used in worm cases, with success. Professor Thunberg, in his travels to Kopping, a Javanese Village, Travels, IV, 145, says "the Chenopodium, in the Malay language Paijan China, grew near Kopping." ULMUS campestris Common broad rough leaved Elm. See Woodville's Medical Botany, III, 540. americana 1. American Elm, or Wahoo. The inner bark wet and twisted, makes good ropes or strings. "Blossoms in April." [D] pumila 3. Dwarf Elm, with a cork-like "fungous" [D] bark. pubescens 4 Downy leaved Elm. These species of elm grow in mellow land, and are trees of ornamental appearance. They blossom early in the Spring in March and April, and in delicacy exceed any of our Forest tribe. One species of them known by the common name of Wahoo, affords an inner bark, which, when stripped and soaked in water, is made sometimes into strings and ropes; their wood is also used by carriage makers for the naves of wheels. " Salsola, Kali, Saltwort " Chenopodium, Goosefoot, Pigweed, Wormseed 28 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

ERYNGIUM29 W, M foetidum i. "American" [D] Stinking Eringo. aquaticum 2. Aquatic Eringo; blossoms in June. integrifolium 3. Entire leaved Eringo. yuccifolium 4. Button Snake Root; "Rattlesnake's Master." [DM] HYDROCOTYLE30 W, M umbellata 1. Umbellated American Hydrocotyle; blossoms in April. americana 2. American Hydrocotyle; "blossoms in August." [D] reniformis 3. Kidney shaped leaved Hydrocotyle. cordata 4. Heart shaped leaf Hydrocotyle. SANICULA31 W, M marilandica 1. Maryland Sanicle, blossoms in June. Professor Thun- * berg in his Travels to Java, IV, 145, says "The Sanicula in the Javanese language Spran, grew near the rivulets between Salatiga and Kopping." OENANTHE32 w filiformis 1. Water Dropwort with thread shaped Stamina; blos­ soms in May. AMMI33 W, M majus ? 1. Common Bishops weed. DAUCUS34 W, M Carota 1. Wild Carrot, or Birds Nest. "Blossoms in April." [D] See Woodville's Medical Botany, III, 443. divaricatus 2. Divaricated wild Carrot, blossoms in June. SMYRNIUM35 W, M aureum 1. Canadian Yellow Smyrnium with yellow blossoms. cordatum 2. Heart shaped leaved Smyrnium with white blossoms. SlUM w suave 1. Sweet parsnip. rigidius 1. Poisonous Virginian water parsnip. nodiflorum 3. Creeping Water parsnip. See Woodville's Medical Botany, III, 494. "The two above species grow in watery places; are of poisonous na- ture." [V] 59 Eryngium yuccifolium Rattlesnake's Master 30 Hydrocotyle, Water pennywort 11 Sanicula, Black, snakeroot "Oenanthe =Peucedanum teretifoHum « Ammi =Discopleura ca ptllacea u Daucus, Queen Anne's Lace ** Smyrnium =Thaspium species CLASS V PENTANDRIA 29

ANGELICA36 Blossoms in May. w lobata I. Lobated Angelica. integrifolia i. Entire leaved Angelica. lucida 3. Aromatic Angelica, grows on rich land in the upper part of the State, and on the mountains. Its root is much esteemed, resembling in some respects the Ginsing in taste. APIUM37 w bipinnatum 1. Double winged Parsley.

FERULA38 w villosa 1. Hairy Giant Fennel. Grows on high lands which have been cleared. Where the lands are strong it will grow six or eight feet high." [V]

CICUTA Poisonous, blossoms in April, "August." [V] w maculata 1. Prickly spotted stalked water Hemlock. See Wood­ ville's Medical Botany, I, 62. "Grows at the sides of rivers in the lower country." [V] perennans 1. Perennial Hemlock.

TRIGYNIA VIBURNUM W, M nudum 1. Virginian "Tinus," entire leaved, "or Swamp Vibur­ num"; [DM] blossoms in April. obovatum 1. prunifolium 3. Virginian plum leaved Viburnum, or Black Haw "Tree, grows in the Upper Country" [DM] "in mel­ low, rich land." [D] Blossoms in April. See Smith's Insects, I, 105. dentatum 4. Virginian serrated "Tooth" leaved Viburnum, "or Arrow wood." [DM] lent ago 5. Canadian Viburnum. [acerifolium 6.] "Maple leaved Viburnum." [DM]

SAMBUCUS W, M canadensis 1. Canadian Elder, blossoms in April and May. Grows near fences on high land, and sometimes in good river swamp. Decoctions of its leaves are used suc- » Angelica lucida, not in W, M, or D, but included in V. Not identified. »7 Apium =Selinum canadense ** Ferula villosa =Archar.aelica hirsuta 3° THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

cessfully for eruptions of the Skin, and bruises. Its leaves strewn around plants, are a good preservative against worms and insects. [pubens i.] "Red Berried Elder." [DM]

STAPHYLEA W, M trifolia I. Virginian three leaved bladder nut tree.

39 ALSINE W media I. Common Chick weed, blossoms in March.

40 PHARNACEUM w cerviana i. Russian Pharnaceum, or Cerviana. maritimum i. Sea Pharnaceum.

ARALIA spinosa I. Prickly berry bearing Angelica "Tree." [DM]

LINUM Blossoms in June. w, M virginianum I. Virginian Flax, "Wild Flax." [DM] Grows towards the mountains. striatum 2. Striated flax.

DROSERA w, M rotundifolia i. Round leaved Sun Dew, or Rosa Solis; blossoms in April. STATICE41 w caroliniana i. Carolinian Thrift, or Sea Pink.

CHARACTER Of so extensive a class, it is not easy to convey a correct Character in few words. The great order of Asperifolia, or Rough leaved plants, belongs to the first order of Pentandria. Several of these plants as Datura, Nico- tiana, and some others, Linnaeus calls Lurida (from the Latin luridus, pale, wan, livid, gastly, dismal, etc.). It cannot be denied, but some of these plants have somewhat ominous or forbidding in their appearance: and are poisonous. Others are called Contorta (from contorqueo, to twist together) such as Asclepias, Apocynum: whose corollas are twisted, one petal lying over the next, in an oblique direction.

89 Alsine =Stellaria, Chickweed 40 Pharnaceum =Mollugo and Sesuvium species " Statice =Limonium, Sea Lavender, Marsh Rosemary CLASS V : PENTANDRIA 31

Many of this Class are highly important to mankind. Eryngium, Spigelia, different species of Convolvulus, Datura, Nicotiana, Solanum, Atropa, Gentiana, Cornus, Rhus, Chenopodium, Angelica, and several others, are of importance in Materia Medica. For ornamental gardening the following are highly deserving of notice: Azalea, Bignonia, Lonicera, Itea, Cyrilla, Gentiana, Ulmus, Gelsemium. The natural order of Umbellata, or umbelliferous plants, is entirely made up of Pentandrous plants: those growing in dry places are aromatic and stimulant: but those in wet ground are often poisonous. Class VI HEXANDRIA

From e£, six—consists of such plants as bear hermaphrodite flowers, furnished with six sta­ mens of equal length.

-<-^L..Jsr'-

MONOGYNIA

CORYPHA1 pumila i. Dwarf palmetto. Grows in swampy land, which is generally dry; situated at the head of fresh water rivers, and also on Knowls in the swamps, in the lower parts of the State. It also grows on the Sea islands. Its roots beaten, are excellent for washing woolens. Palmetto 2. "Mountain Palmetto, or Cabbage palm tree." [D] Grows on the Sea islands, and along lands adjacent to salt water rivers in the lower parts of the State. This plant shoots up a strong spungy stem, thirty or forty feet high, and is much used for facing the wharves of Charleston and for other defenses in salt water: being less liable to the attacks of salt-water worms, than other timber. It has also been of singu­ lar service in the construction of forts, as cannon balls bury themselves in its spungy substances with­ out detaching any dangerous splinters. This was fully proven, at the engagement betwixt Fort Moultrie on Sullivan's Island, and the British fleet in June 1776. TlLLANDSIA w, M usneoides I. Carolinian Tillandsia, or Long Moss. Blossoms in May. This vegetable is found in abundance upon the 1 Corypha =Arecaceae: Dwarf Palmetto is Sabal glabra; Cabbage Palm is Sabal Palmetto. (C & T) 32 CLASS VI : HEXANDRIA 33

trees in the lower parts of the State, particularly on the live oaks; it disappears above the falls of the river. Cattle are fond of it, and in hard winters it affords a comfortable relief to their necessities.

TRADESCANTIA Blossoms in April. w, M virginica 1. Virginian blue Spiderwort. See Curtis's Bot. Mag., Ill, 105. cristata 1. Crested "Rosy" [DM] Spiderwort. I imagine this to be the same species which Michaux calls Rosea. It bears a rosy or scarlet blossom, with gramineous leaves. Grows in the lower country, in mellow rich lands. LYTHRUM w virgatum ? 1. Oriental Loosetrife, blossoms in July.

BERBERIS W, M vulgaris 1. Berberry, "Common Barberry." [DM] See Wood­ ville's Medical Botany, IV, 60. PANCRATIUM2 W, M carolinianum 1. Carolinian pancratium or Sea Daffodil. Blossoms in May; grows along the riverside on Santee, in swampy lands. See Ehrett's Plantae Selectae, plate XXVIII. "Also Catesby, II, 105, and Transactions, Linnaean Society, 4to., II, 70-75." [D] mexicanum 1. Mexican pancratium, or Sea Daffodil. [Constanter biflorus. "Michaux is mistaken: I have seen one in its natural state, with three flowers. J. D." DM] These Pancratia are of the Lilly tribe and are handsome, large, and ornamental flowers for a garden.

AMARYLLIS W, M atamasco 1. "Virginian." [D] Atamasco Lilly. Blossoms in April. See Catesby, II, 112. PONTEDERIA3 W, M cordata 1. Heart shaped leaf Pontideria, blossoms in April. ALLIUM4 Blossoms in April. w, M canadense 1. Canadian garlick. ornithogaloides 2 1 Pancratium =Hymenoc allis species, White Spider Lily » Pontederia, Pickerel-Weed * Allium, Onion, Garlic *

1 34 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

STREPTOPUS6 M roseus i. Distorted peduncled Streptophus. Grows in the mountains. See Michaux, I, 201. HYPOXIS8 W, M erect a i. Upright Virginian Hypoxis, or upright Star of Beth­ lehem. Blossoms in April. See Barton's Elements of Botany, plate XIII. Said to be a remedy against the bite of a rattle snake. Michaux calls its Hypoxis Carolinensis. AGAVE w, M virginica I. Virginian Agave, or American Aloe, with a simple stalk. Walter says there are varieties "foliis con- coloribus, et foliis maculatis" [with leaves of one color, and with spotted leaves]; blossoms in June. Grows in good high land, rather shaded by trees.

ALETRIS7 W, M farinosa I. Floridan Aletris; blossoms in May. aurea i. Lively Yellow flowered Aletris; blossoms in June. Walter says "differentiam specificam non reperi; sed diversam monstrant tempus efflorentiae et statio alia." [I have not found a specific difference; but time of flowering and different place of growth show a diversity.] "The time of flowering is said to be a treacherous mark of a distinct species and often de­ notes only a variety." [D] DIPHYLLEIA8 M cymosa I. Two leaved Diphylliea; grows in rivulets in the mountains, blossoms in May. See Michaux, I, 203.

CONVALLARIA9 w, M racemosa l. Canadian Stellated Solomon's Seal. biflora i. Convallaria, bearing two flowers on a foot stalk. The young plants may be eaten as Asparagus. See Doctor Cutler's account of indigenous vegetables, to the Boston Academy of Arts and Sciences; p. 434 of their Memoirs, 4to.

• Streptopus, Twisted-stalk • Hypoxis, Stargrass ' Aletris, Colic-root, Stargrass 8 Diphylleia, Umbrella Leaf • Convallaria racemosa =Smilacina, False Solomon's Seal; C. biflora =C. majalis, Lily of the Valley CLASS VI HEXANDRIA 35

[ANONYMOS10 Erythronio affinis w pudica I.] LILIUM W, M superbum i. Superb Canadian Martagon Lilly. See Catesby, II, 56 and in; also Ehrett's Plantae Selectae, plate XL "Blossoms in June and July. Grows in dry ground." [D] This is a native of Japan and is used in offerings to the Sea God of their country. See Thunberg's Travels, IV, 119. martagon 2. "Carolinian" [DM] Martagon lilly. Grows in sobby ("sodden" [D]) lands. See Curtis's Bot. Mag., XXIII, S93- Catesbai 3. Catesbean lilly. See Curtis's Bot. Mag., VII, 259. philadelphicum Philadelphian, or Red Lilly. Blossoms in September. See Catesby, II, 58 and 108; also Curtis's Bot. Mag., XVI, 519. [canadense 5.] "Canadian Lilly." [DM] YUCCA W, M filamentosa. Silk Grass, Bear Grass, or thready leaved Yucca. See Ehrett's Plantae Selectae, plate XXXVII. Blos­ soms in May. This plant is in great Plenty on Sandy lands adjacent to Salts. It also grows in particular places, throughout the State. Its root is used instead of Soap for washing woollens, and its leaves after being a little roasted, are sometimes twisted into horse traces. It produces a beautiful cluster of white blossoms, highly ornamental for gardening. aloifolia 1. Jamaican Aloe leaved Yucca, blossoms in May. gloriosa 3. Palmetto Royal, or Adam's Needle. See Bartram's Travels, page 69. "Also Bot. Mag., engraving, XXXIII, 1260." [D] Grows only on Sea Islands, or lands immediately connected with Salt water. It bears a very large and beautiful cluster of white blos­ soms, and blooms in May. Its leaves are strong and prickly, for which reason it is sometimes planted for hedges or fences. ACORUS w, M Calamus 1. Sweet smelling flag, or "Aromatic" Calamus. "Grows in boggy land." [DM] See Woodville's Medical Bot- 10 Anonymos =Uvularia perfoliata, Bellwort 36 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

tf«y, III, 242. This grows plentifully in Java. See Thunberg's Travels, III, 82, IV, 149.

JUNCUS "Rush." [DM] w, M effusus I. Common soft rush. filiformis i. Thready rush, or least "soft" [D] rush. nodosus 3. Virginian knotty rush. bufonius 4. Toad Rush. triglumis 5. Lapland triglumous Rush. pilosus 6. Common hairy "wood" rush "or grass. Blossoms in April." [D] campestris 7. Small hairy wood rush. spicatus 8. Spiked flowered, Lapland rush.

[ORONTIUM M aquaticum I.] "Golden Club". [DM]

TRIGYNIA

MELANTHIUM11 virginicum 1. Virginian Melanthium, or fly poison; blossoms in May and June. hybridum 1. monoicum 3. muscaetoxicum 4. spicatum 5. dioicum 6. racemosum ? 7.

MEDEOLA12 virginica 1. Virginian Medeola, or Climbing Asparagus. "Indian cucumber". [DM] Blossoms in April, grows in the vicinity of Orangeburg. TRILLIUM w, M cernuum I. Carolinian drooping flowered "herb" [D] True love. See Catesby, I, 45. sessile 1. Virginian Purple and green "herb" [D] True love. See Catesby I, 50; Curtis's Bot. Mag., I, 40.

11 Melanthium muscaetoxicum =Amianthium, Fly Poison; M. virginicum, Bunchflower IS Medeola, Indian Cucumber-Root CLASS VI HEXANDRIA 37

RUMEX13 "Dock" [DM] blossoms in May. w, M sanguineus I. Bloody Dock, or blood-wort; grows in swampy places. verticllatus i. Verticillated flowered Dock. Britannica 3. Great Water Dock. "Patience". [DM] persicarioides 4. Peach leaved Virginian Dock. Aceto sella ? 5. Sheep's sorrel, sour dock, cancer root; grows in sandy pasture lands; blossoms in April and May. A species with a lanceolate leaf grows on banks in tide lands, called Patience, which "is a grateful vege­ table;" [V] when young, dressed like Spinach, is not unequal to it. ZYGADENUS M glaberrimus 1. Grows in wet grassy places in the low country. See Michaux, I, 214.

TETRAGYNIA

[SAURURUS—Anonymos aquatica (W)14 w*, M cernuus 1.] "Swamp Lilly". [DM]

CHARACTER This Class, may be considered as one of the most beautiful in the Sexual Sistem. As ornamental and flowering plants suitable for improvements, the following may be noted: Corypha, Pancratium, Amaryllis, Agave, Lillium, Yucca, Zigadenus, Tradescantia. Plants of this Class, have roots which according to their smell or taste are either esculent or poisonous.

" Rumex patientia is the variety now called Patience. 14 Saururus, Lizard's Tail Class VII HEPTANDRIA

From iirrd, seven. Consists of such hermaphro­ dite plants as are furnished with seven stamens.

-•"^L.visr»-

MONOGYNIA

AESCULUS W, M Pavia i. Fish poison, "Scarlet" Horse Chesnut, "Poor Man's Soap", [D] Buck's Eye. Grows in high land. Its root is used as Soap for washing woollens; and if thrown into water, it has the property of stupifying the fish so that they will lay on the top of the water, and may be taken with the hand: the Indians in this manner use it for catching fish. It bears a number of beautiful red blossoms and puts them forth in March and April. parviflora 2. Small white flowered Aesculus. Grows in the upper parts of the State, toward Keowee River, on high land. See a Representation of this plant, in Barton's Elements of Botany, plate XV. Blossoms in June and July, and is particularly noticed by Bartram "as a nondescript" [V] in his Travels through this State, P-393- [lutea 3.] "New River Horse Chesnut, or yellow flowering Horse Chesnut". [DM]

CHARACTER This Class has no claim to the character of a natural class: no two of its genera being arranged by Linnaeus in any one of his natural orders. The two above species of Aesculus are ornamental plants. 38 Class VIII OCTANDRIA

From OKTW, eight. Consists of such hermaphro­ dite flowers as are furnished with eight stamens.

-<-^L.ti*r>-

MONOGYNIA GAURA W, M biennis i. Virginian black Dotted leaved Gaura; blossoms in August. See Curtis's Bot. Mag., I, 389. OENOTHERA w, M tnollissima ? Changeable Buenos-Ayres tree primrose. biennis i. Biennial tree primrose, blossoms in April. fruticosa 3. Virginian shrubby tree Primrose, blossoms in May. See Curtis's Bot. Mag., X, 332. RHEXIA1 See an Engraving in Smith's Insects, II, 199. w, M lanceolata 1. Lance shaped leaved Rhexia, or Deer Sugar. Grows in high land, blossoms in June:floribus albidis [white flowered]. mariana i 1, Maryland Rhexia: blossoms in June "and July": [D] floribus purpureis [purple flowered]. lute a 3. Yellow flowered Rhexia. alifanus 4. septemnervia Ovate, acuminate, hairy, seven nerved leaf, Rhexia. "Virginian Deer-Sugar". [DM] "Blossoms in July". [D] petiolata 6. DlRCA* W, M palustris 1. Marsh Leatherwood. See Bartram's Travels, p. 317. The bark of this is said to be a blister. See Barton's Essay for a Materia Medica, pp. 11,31. 1 Rhexia, Deergrass, Meadow Beauty 1 Dirca, Leatherwood 39 4o THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

DIGYNIA

AGRIMONIA W, M Eupatoria i. Common Agrimony, blossoms in August. See Wood­ ville's Medical Botany, IV, 124. This grows also, in the Island of Java. See Thunberg's Travels, IV, 148.

TRIGYNIA

POLYGONUM3 W, M bistort a ? 1. Greater Bistort, or Snake weed. See Woodville's Medical Botany, I, 100. persicaria 2. Dead or spotted Arsmart, blossoms in July. barbatum 3. pennsylvanicum 4. Pale arsmart, blossoms in October. hirsutum 5. Knot grass, blossoms in June. aviculare 6. Knot Grass, blossoms in June. articulatum ? 7. Canadian jointed, spiked, knot grass, blossoms in June. divaricatum ? 8. Branching Corsican knot grass. saggitatum 9. Virginian Arrow shaped Helxine. arifolium 10. Arum leaved Helxine.

CHARACTER We know but little of the Medical properties of the plants of this class. Doctor Cutler says those of this class with horned anthera, are astringent, and their berries acid and esculent. Some species of Deer Sugar (Rhexia) flower handsomely and are suit­ able for gardens.

1 Polygonum, Knotweed PLATE IV

Kalmia latifolia

Class IX ENNEANDRIA

From ewta, nine. Consists of such hermaphro­ dite flowers as are furnished with nine stamens.

-<-7&~,<3&r

MONOGYNIA

LAURUS1 W, M Borbonia i. "Carolinian Laural or" [DM] Red Bay Tree. "Red stalked, blue berried bay tree". [D] See Catesby, I, 63. Grows in the lower Country. Its grain is so fine and bears so good a polish, that it is sometimes used for cabinet work and furniture, affording almost as good an appearance as mahogany. geniculata 2. "Carolinian Spice Wood tree". [DM] Blossoms in May. benzoin ? 3. Spice Wood, or Benjamin Tree. Grows in watery places. "Blossoms in March" [D] "and April". [V] Decoctions made from it are given to horses in the Upper parts of the State, successfully, in certain cases; blossoms in March and April. The berries of this plant, and the bark of Calycanthus, were used during the American War, instead of Allspice. See Barton's Essay for a Materia Medica, page 20. The botanical character of this plant was entirely mis­ taken, by modern botanists, until the year 1787; when Mr. Dryander fully ascertained it to be a Styrax. This was done, from a specimen from Su­ matra, and from thence and the East Indies, this drug was always imported. Most of the late writers

»Laurus =Lauraceae: L. Borbonia =Persea Borbonia; L. Benzoin and L. melissaefolia = Benzoin aesti­ valis and B. melissaefolia; L. sassafras —Sassafras varifolium, and L. geniculata =Litsia geniculata 41 42 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

on the Materia Medica, have conceived it to be collected from a species of Laurus native of Virginia, to which, from this erroneous supposition, they have given the trivial name of Benzoin. Woodville's Medi­ cal Botany, II, 202. melissaefolia 4. sassafras 5. Sassafras tree, grows on interior high land of sandy nature, and blossoms in April. Decoctions from its roots and flowers are great cleansers of the blood; and it hence constitutes a part of diet drinks. The bark of its root dried and powdered, sprinkled lightly on a dog or cat, will immediately affect the fleas, and add much to the comfort of the animal. The dog or cat will be sick during the operation. As posts for fencing, its timber is of long duration. See Barton's Essay for a Materia Medica, p. 19; also an elegant engraving of it, in Smith's Insects, I, 3. Also see Catesby, I, 55, and Woodville's Medical Botany, I, 91, "where the representation of the Sassafrass tree is better exe­ cuted than in Catesby". [D] ERIOGONUM M tomentosum 1. Grows in dry pine lands. See Michaux, I, 246.

TRIGYNI A

PLEEA2 M tenuifolia 1. Grows in open wet places in the woods of the lower country. See Michaux, I, 248.

CHARACTER This [class] although very small, contains a number of important vegetables, as well for ornament as use. Some of them as Sassafras, Benzoin, are medicinal; others as Borbonia, etc. are useful for their wood, and orna­ mental for their appearance.

2 Pleea, Rush-featherling (Sm.) Class X DECANDRIA

From Una, ten. Consists of such hermaphrodite flowers as are furnished with ten stamens, which are not united by their filaments below, or by their anthers above.

-<-*&*yJ€T>-

MONOGYNIA

SOPHORA1 w, M* tinctoria I. Virginian Dyer's Sophora, blossoms in June. alba 2. White flowered Dyer's Sophora; blossoms in May. villosa 3. Hairy Sophora. perfoliata 4. Perfoliated Sophora. lanceolata 5. Lance shaped leaved Sophora.

[LEDUM2 M palustre 1.] "Marsh Cistus, or Wild Rosemary". [DM]

CERCIS W, M canadensis 1. "Canadian Judas tree", [D] Red Bud Tree. Grows on Mellow land. Its blossoms are used sometimes as sallad. An ornamental tree; blossoming the latter end of March and in April. CASSIA3 w, M caroliniana 1. Carolinian wild Senna. Tora 1. Indian Six leaved Senna, blossoms in August. marilandica 3. Maryland Sixteen leaved Senna, blossoms in August. nictitans 4. Virginian many leaved Senna, blossoms in August. Chamaecrisia ? 5. Shrubby trailing Cassia, blossoms in August. See a beautiful engraving of this in Smith's Insects, I, 9.

1 Sophora =Baptisia species 2 Ledum, Labrador Tea ' Cassia Chamaecrista, Partridge Pea; C nictitans, Wild Sensitive Plant

43 44 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

MONOTROPA4 w hypopitys I. Primrose-rooted-smelling birdsnest, blossoms in Sep­ tember. uniflora i. Virginian uniflorous Monotropa, or broom rape, blossoms in September. See Catesby I, 36. CLETHRA5 w, M "Alder" [DM] or Ash leaved Clethra. alnifolia I. PYROLA "Winter-Green." [DM] w, M maculata I. Maryland spotted Pyrola.

6 [ANONYMOS w aquatica I.] ANDROMEDA7 [See Plate V] w, M mariana I. Maryland "or broad leaved" [DM] Andromeda, blos­ soms in May, grows around ponds and on Margins of running streams. See Smith's Insects, II, 61. nitida i. "Evergreen" shining leaved Andromeda, "or Caro­ linian Red Buds". [DM] Catesbcei 3. Catesbean Andromeda. Grows in watery shady places. reticulata 4. panicutata 5 "Panicled" [DM] Virginian Andromeda. See Catesby II, 43; blossoms in May. racemosa 6. Pennsylvanian "Red-Bud Andromeda". [DM] Blos­ soms in May. arborea 7. Sorrel tree. Grows in the upper parts of the State, on Sterile land and on the mountains. Its leaves are as pleasant to the taste as garden Sorrel. It is a plant of handsome appearance, and in the Upper Country grows to a large tree. "See Bartram's Travels, page 325; also Catesby, I, 71." [D] ferruginea 8. Ferruginous Andromeda. These Andromedas grow for the most part in sour, spungy, swamps. Some of them, however, grow on high land. Of ornamental appearance. They blossom in April and May. A wash "decoction" [DM] either of the roots or leaves of Andromeda mariana and nitida, cures itchy eruptions on the skin, particularly the Ground Itch.

* Monotropa Hypopitys, Pinesap, False Beech Drops; M. uniflora, Indian Pipe fi Clethra alnifolia, Sweet Pepperbush " Anonymos =Decodon verticillata, Swamp Loose-strife 7 Andromeda: The plants Drayton included here are now divided among Andromedas, Leucothoes, Lyonias (Fetterbush, Staggerbush); A. arborea =Oxydendron arboreum, Sour Wood. CLASS X DECANDRIA 45

KALMIA8 [See Plate IV] w, M latifolia i. Calico flower, Wild Ivy, or Laurel. A beautiful flowering evergreen: "whose flowers of red and white, grow in such large clusters together; as to give the whole plant at a small distance the appearance of having a bit of calico thrown over it"; [V] grows luxuriantly in the middle and upper country: below the mountains, near water courses, but on the moun­ tains, it grows any where. It grows also in the lower country, on the banks of Sampit Creek and Black river, in Georgetown district: blossoms in April and May. It kills sheep and other animals which eat its leaves. The American Indians sometimes use a decoc­ tion of it to destroy themselves; and a decoction of it externally applied, has often cured the itch. "See Barton's Essay for a Materia Medica, p. 18". [D] See Catesby, II, 98, "whercthe coloring of this plant is erroneous in several instances. First, the foot stalks from which the flowers are suspended should be a bright brown colour. 2ndly, the buds of the flowers should be a very bright flesh colour tipped with crimson, and as the flower expands it should become whiter; and there should be a crimson spot in each section of the flower. 3rdly, the stem which runs through the center of each leaf lengthwise should be yellow. This I know, as I have a painting of one by me, which I did carefully from nature at Lowther's Lake on Pedee". [D] hirsuta i. "Small ivy" [V] Hairy Calico Flower. Grows towards the high hills of Santee; "grows a little above the quarter house Quaere? Grows on the moun­ tains". [D] See Curtis's Bot. Mag., IV, 138; "Catesby, II, 117". [D] [angustifolia 3.] "Narrow leaved Laurel or Calico flower". [DM] There is also a species of Mountain Laurel, which grows into a tall shrub near water courses, on the Occonnee and other mountains of this State.

* Kalmia—This is the "painting" reproduced here, see Plate IV. Professor E. C. Coker of the University of South Carolina says that Kalmia still grows thickly at Lowthers Lake in Darlington County. The "Quarter House" was on Charleston Neck. 46 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

EPIGAEA repens i. Trailing arbutus.

VACCINIUM9 (Linnaeus places this plant in Octandria, Monogynia) w, M stammeum I. American long leaved Whortleberry, with large berries, blossoms in April. [frondosum 2.] "Indian Gooseberry". [DM] [arboreum 3.] "Winter or Tree Whortleberry." [DM] mucronatum 4. Ovate "pointed" [D] leaved American Whortleberry; "Farkle" [D] or Fertile berry; grows on sandy lands. corymbosum 5. Beautiful Corymb Flowered Vaccinium, grows along the sandy banks of freshwater rivers, "on ridges in Santee swamps;" blossoms in April, "bears a flat berry with a stone in it and has a sweet taste". [D]

[ANONYMOS10 w corymbosa 1. ligustrina 1. frondosa 3.]

RHODODENDRON11 M ferrugineum Rose Bay; a beautiful scarlet flowering shrub, grow­ [minus (M)] 1. ing near watery places in the upper country; par­ ticularly near the rivers and on the mountains; blos­ soms in May. See Catesby, [II, 117]. [catawbiense 1. "Catawba Rosebay". [DM]

STYRAX W, M officinale 1. "Large flowering Styrax." [DM] Syrian Storax tree? A beautiful and fragrant flowering shrub, growing in the lower country on lands adjacent to low grounds; blossoms in "April", [DM] May. "Grows near Mr. Jack in St. Thomas's parish, in good high land adjacent to water." [D] See Woodville's Medical Botany, II, 197. laeve 1. "Smooth leaved Styrax." [DM] Another species of Styrax with a smaller leaf and blossom; grows in ponds and lowgrounds in the lower country. Blos­ soms in May. "An handsome flowering shrub of this

• Vaccinium (Blueberry) and Gaylussaccia (Huckleberry) divide these species. 10 Anonymos corymbosa and A. frondosa—see Vaccinium above; A. ligustrina =*Lyonia ligustrina 11 Rhododendron ferruginum —R. minus, or possibly R. carolinianum CLASS X DECANDRIA 47

kind is in Mr. Thomas Simons's garden on Charles­ ton Neck." [D] pulverulentum 3. Another species of Styrax with a small oval leaf, and branches inclining somewhat to an horizontal posi­ tion; grows in swampy good land, blossoms in May. Michaux has placed Styrax in Monadelphia Polyandria, but Doctor Barton agrees with Walter in placing it in Decandria.

DIGYNIA

CHRYSOSPLENIUM ? W, M oppositi-folium ? 1. Common golden Saxifrage.

DIANTHUS12 W carolinianus 1. Carolina scarlet pink. See Catesby, II, 54. Grows in high land, Catesby says, near Charleston; "in the same kind of ground where pink root does; blossoms in May". [D] HYDRANGEA13 W, M nivea [glauca (V)] 1. Snowy Hydrangea. Grows half way down the banks of Keowee River, and on the Table Mountain. This is a singularly beautiful and flowering shrub; its branches terminate with large heavy panicles of flowers, of two kinds. Those nearest the branch, are clusters of numerous small fruitful flowers, termi­ nating with one or more large expansive neutral four petaled flowers, standing on a separate long, slender, and stiff peduncle. It blossoms in the Spring and Autumn; and a beautiful species of the same is des­ cribed and engraven in Bartram's Travels, p. 380. vulgaris 2. Grows in the mountains, near brooks of water.

TRIGYNIA

ARENARIA14 w, M caroliniana 1. Carolinian Arenaria.

I! Dianthus: The plant pictured by Catesby is the Fire Pink or Catchfly, Silene virginica. Cf. Silene, below. D. car. =D. Armeria 11 Hydrangea nivea =H. radiata; H. vulgaris =H. aborescens "Arenaria caroliniana, Pine-barren Sandwort 48 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

STELLARIA16 uniflora i. Single flowered Stick-wort; blossoms in April.

CUCUBALUS16 w polypetalus i. Berry bearing Chickweed.

SILENE17 Blossoms in April. w, M antirrhina i Toad flax leaved Virginian night flowering Campion, or Catchfly. Catesbaei i. Large purplish red flowering Catchfly. caroliniana 3. Carolinian Catchfly. Grows on the declivity of hills in the lower country, adjacent to swamps, in St. James's Parish Santee; blossoms in May. A decoction of the root is used, and is said to have been found a very efficacious remedy in worm cases. It is said also to be of poisonous nature. Walter says of this species "Varietates. Petalis supra coccineis, subtus incarnatis; et petalis utrinque incarnatis." [Varieties with petals scarlet above, pink below; and with petals pink on both sides.]

PENTAGYNIA

PENTHORUM18 w, M sedoides 1. Virginian Penthorum, blossoms in July.

SPERGULA arvensis 1. Corn Spurrey. nodosa ? 2. Knotted Spurrey, or English Marsh Saxifrage.

CERASTIUM w semi-decandrum ? 1. Least Mouse eared Chickweed.

OXALIS w, M violacea 1. Virginian Violet Wood Sorrel, blossoms in April. stricta 2. Upright Virginian Yellow Wood Sorrel, blossoms in April.

1S Stellaria, Chickweed, Starwort 18 Cucubalus polypetalus = Silene ovata 17 Silene—see Dianthus above. 18 Penthorum, Ditch Stone-crop CLASS X : DECANDRIA 49

DECAGYNIA

PHYTOLACCA W, M decandra 1. Virginian Phytolacca, or Poke, grows on rich land "near dung hills". [D] The young sprouts of it are used in the spring for soup. But after it be grown larger, it possesses Cathartic powers of too violent a nature to allow its further use. Blossoms in May. See Smith's Insects, II, 193.

CHARACTER The Class decandria contains a beautiful tribe of Vegetables, some extremely ornamental for gardening, and also of singular appearance as, Cercis, Cassia, Andromeda, Kalmia, Rhododendron, Styrax, Dianthus, Hydrangea, Silene. Several plants of this Class are poisonous, as Kalmia, some species of Azalea, Andromeda, Rhododendron, Silene, Phytolacca. In a Medical point of View this Class furnishes the following plants: Cassia, Kalmia, Silene, Phytolacca, Andromeda. Many of the genera of this Class are native of the United States. This tract of Country is especially rich in plants of the fine order Bicornes. Class XI DODECANDRIA

From dwdeKa, twelve. This Class notwithstanding its title, which is expressive of twelve stamina, consists of such plants as bear hermaphrodite flowers, furnished with any number of [stamens] from twelve to nineteen inclusive. So indeterminate is the number of the Stamens of this Class.

-<-^4_.Jsr<-

MONOGYNIA

1 ASARUM Heart Snake root? "Colts foot or Wild Ginger." [D] w, M carolinianum I, Carolinian kidney shaped leaved Asarabacca. virginicum i. Virginian spotted leaved Asarabacca, blossoms in April. Heart Snake Root grows in shady mellow land, in the lower country. "See Catesby, [II, 41] treating about the Rattle snake and Woodville's Med. Bot." [II, 237] [DM] "See Miller's Gardner's Dictionary." [D] HALESIA2 w, M tetraptera "Carolinian quadrangular" [D] "four-winged fruit­ ed" [DM] Halesia, or Snow drop tree. Grows along the slopes of sandy hills; much of it is growing on the sandy grounds adjacent to the ferry of North Santee. It throws out a profusion of flowers of ornamental appearance, and blossoms in "April and" [D] May. See Catesby, I, 64. diptera 2. Ovate leaved, short petaled, "two winged, fruited" [DM] Halesia. Walter says "differentia videtur vix specifica." [the difference between species is hard to see.] 1 Asarum carolinianum =A. canadense 1 Halesia tetraptera =H. Carolina, Opossum Wood 5° CLASS XI DODECANDRIA 51

PORTULACA w oleracea 1. Green purslane; used as sallad sometimes; blossoms in May. "See Illecebrum." [D] DIONAEA W, M muscipula 1. Venus's fly trap. "A newly discovered species of sen­ sitive plant. See Bartram's Travels, pp. xiii-xiv, 471." [D] Grows near the Seashore road on the bor­ ders of North Carolina, in moist places or savannahs. Its leaf possesses such sensitive powers, that when insects light thereon, the leaves close from either side, like a serrated steel spring trap, and there de­ tain the unfortunate insect so long as its struggles excite the irritable powers of the leaf. A particular description of this, is given in the Annual Register for 1775, P- 93' title, Nat. History. Also see a beau­ tiful engraving of it in Darwin's Botanic Garden, Loves of the Plants, p. 16; also in Barton's Elements of Botany, plate VII.

TRIGYNI A

EUPHORBIA w, M thymifolia 1. Thyme leaved Ceylon Spurge, blossoms in June. maculata 1. Spotted leaved Virginian Spurge, blossoms in June. Chamaesyce 3. Siberian trailing spurge. corrollata 4. Corrollated Virginian Spurge, blossoms in May. polygonifolia 5 Polygoniun leaved Virginian trailing spurge. "Ipecacuanha" 6. [V] These Euphorbia possess active emetic virtues. "See Barton's Essay, p. 25." [D]

CHARACTER Few of the Classes of the Sexual System are of so little consequence to mankind in a medical point of view as the Class dodecandria. Some of them however are endowed with medical properties, such as Asarum, as sternutatories, and [as] emetics, Euphorbia. For ornament, this class pro­ duces Halesia, Dionaea; and as an esculent salad, Portulacca. Class XII ISOSANDRIA

So called from eincxn, twenty. It embraces those her­ maphrodite flowers, which are furnished with twenty or more stamens, which are inserted into the Calyx, or into the inner side of the petals. By this last mentioned cir­ cumstance, and not by the mere number of the Stamens, is this Class distinguished from the Class Polyandria.

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MONOGYNIA

CACTUS1 W, M opuntia i. Common Indian Fig, or Prickly pear, or melon Thistle. Grows plentifully on the Sea-islands, and on sandy lands adjacent to Salt water. It also grows in some places in the middle and upper Country; and is to be found occasionally on the rocks, particu­ larly at Pickensville. It blossoms in May, and is the plant on which the Cochineal insects feed.

PHILADELPHUS w. M inodorus i. Mock orange, or Carolinian Scentless Syringa. Grows in the middle and upper country, near water courses. An ornamental shrub. See Catesby, II, 84. He says, the only tree of the kind he ever saw was on the banks of Savannah river, near its Cat­ aracts. Bartram in his Travels, p. 317, says it is in the neighborhood of Silver Bluff, on Savannah River.

1 Cactus opuntia =Opuntia vulgaris 52 CLASS XII ISOS ANDRI A 53

PRUNUS2 W, M* virginiana I. Virginian bird Cherry tree or common black "wild" [DM] Cherry, blossoms in April. See Catesby, I, 28, II, 94. Grows in the upper country in strong dry soils; it is occasionally found about settlements in the lower parts of the state; probably propagated by birds. The fruit of this tree makes an excellent cordial. lusitanica i. Wild Orange, or Portugal Laurel. Grows in Knolls or fresh water swamp lands, in the lower and middle country. This tree is a beautiful evergreen, growing to the height of thirty feet or more; and in March putting forth a profusion of blossoms of strong mellifluous flavour. Its foliage is so close, that it is successfully used for ornamental hedges. spmosa ? 3. Winter plumb. See Woodville's Medical Botany, II, 233. Grows in high mellow swamp, and bears a rich fruit which is much used in making sugar preserves. It is supposed to be the richest indigenous plumb, growing within the boundaries of this State; blos­ soms in April. insititia ? 4. Black Bullace tree. "Large Black Sloe," [V] or com­ mon Wild, or Chicasah Plumb. See Smith's Insects, II, 119. pumila 5. Small black Sloe. Grows in the lower country, on the sandy ridges in tide swamp lands. This plant puts forth a number of beautiful white clustered blossoms in March; at a small distance they look like so many large white roses. It is highly ornamental where in­ troduced into the shrubbery of a garden. DECUMARIA3 w,* M forsythia 1. "Climbing Decumaria." [DM] An high and beautiful Climber, producing elegant Corymbs of white and very fragrant blossoms. Blossoms in May; grows in shady moist places, in rich mellow swamp lands. Walter calls it Forsythia Scandens, Climbing For- sythia. Michaux calls it Decumaria. 1 Prunus—P. virginiana =Padusnanaorserotina; P. lusitanica =Laurocerasus caroliniana, Carolina Cherry Laurel or Mock Orange; P. spinosa =P. americana, River Plum; P. insititia and pumila =P. angustifolia and umbellata. [C & T] The reference to Catesby is to a West Indian species. 8 Decumaria Forsythia =D. barbara L. "Linnaeus's being much earlier, takes precedence over Forsythia." (W. C. C.) See below, p. 58, note 3. 54 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

DIGYNIA

CRATAEGUS Blossoms in April and May. w, M coccinia I. Virginian Cockspur Hawthorn. Grows in Biggin swamp. oxyacantha ? 2. Common Haw-thorn, or white thorn. viridis ? 3. Green leaved Virginian thorn. populifolia 4. Poplar leaved thorn. Crus-galli 5. Virginian Pear-leaved Azarole, or thorn.

TRIGYNIA

[SORBUS4 M aucuparia.] "Mountain Ash, or Service Tree." [DM]

PENTAGYNIA

MESPILUS5 See an Engraving of this Genus in Ehret's Plantae Selectae, plate XVII. w, M laciniata I. Medlar tree. hyemalis 2. Winter Medlar tree. "Blossoms in spring; fruit small, stone flat, grows near fresh water rivers." [D] aestivalis 3. Summer Medlar tree; "grows in upper country in high good land." [D] canadensis 4. Canadian Medlar tree; blossoms in March. "Dwarf reddish fruited Medlar." [DM] arbutifolia 5. Ovate fruited Virginian Medlar tree; blossoms in April. amelanchier ? 6. Amelanchier, or dwarf black fruited Medlar tree.

PYRUS coronaria 1. "Virginian" [D] Crab apple tree. Grows in high land in the lower country. It blossoms in April, and then presents a beautiful rose coloured appearance; by its fragrance perfuming the atmosphere for some dis­ tance around. It bears an acid fruit, which is pre­ served occasionally with Sugar. [angustifolia 2.] "Carolinian Crab Apple." [DM]

* Sorbus =Pyrus Aucuparia, European Mountain Ash, Rowan Tree 5 Mespilus—Most of these are now classified among the Crataegus species, but M. amelanchier =Amelan- chier canadense, Shad bush, Service Berry. CLASS XII ISOS ANDRI A 55

6 SPIRAEA M, v trifoliata i. Indian physic, Ipecacuanha, or Bowman's root. The bark of the root of this plant, is a safe, and effica­ cious emetic, in doses of about thirty grains; along with its emetic, it seems to possess a tonic power. It has accordingly been thought peculiarly beneficial in the intermittent fever; and is often given to horses to mend their appetites. Walter has placed Spiraea in the order Polygynia; I think it should be in Pen- tagynia. In this opinion I am supported by Doctor Barton in his Elements of Botany, part III, 56. [salicifolia 2.] "Willow leaved Spiraea." [tomentosa 3.] "Scarlet flowered Spiraea." [opulifolia 4.] "Guelder Rose-leaved Spiraea, or Nine Bark." [DM]

POLYGYNIA ROSA W, M Carolina 1. Carolinian Rose. Grows on Clayey soils, near water; and adjacent to ditches. See an Engraving of this plant, in Smith's Insects, I, 49; blossoms in May. RUBUS w, M occidentalis 1. Virginian "American" black fruited Raspberry "bush"; [DM] grows towards the mountains, in the upper country. hispidus 1. Hispid-stalked Canadian bramble or blackberry, "American Dewberry bush," [DM] blossoms in April. parvifolius 3. Small leaved Moluccan bramble, or blackberry. fruticosus 4. Common bramble or blackberry, or Bitter Sweets, blossoms in April. arc tic us 5. Siberian dwarf, purple flowering Rubus. [odoratus 6.] "Rose flowering Raspberry." [DM] FRAGARIA w, M vesca 1. Carolinian scarlet strawberry. Grows in the upper country, in Indian old fields, and other open grounds and mellow valley lands, in abundance. "Blossoms in April." [D] POTENTILLA W, M canadensis 1. Canadian Cinquefoil; blossoms in April. Grows on high land. • Spirea: The other species have not been reclassified, but S. trifoliata =Gillenia trifoliata. 56 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

GEUM carolinianum i. Carolinian Avens, or herb Bennet; blossoms in April. CALYCANTHUS w, M florid us i. Sweet scented shrub, or Carolina All-Spice. Grows abundantly in the middle and upper country, near lowlands. It is also to be found in the lower country a few miles above Nelson's ferry, where it grows plentifully along the sandy bluffs of Santee River, and blossoms in April. During the late American War, necessity drove the inhabitants, in many parts of the United States, to seek for a substitute for some of the spices, to which they had been accus­ tomed. They used the dried and powdered berries of the laurus benzoin, which we call spice wood, and wild Alspice bush, and found them a tolerable sub­ stitute for spice. See Barton's Essay towardsa Materia Medica of the United States, p. 20. See also Catesby, I, 46. See also an elegant engraving of this plant in Smith's Insects, II, 207, far superior to Catesby's and more correct. Walter makes two species of Calycan­ thus, viz.: sterilis 1. fertilis 2. I suppose the fertilis is what he meant for the Calycanthus floridus. The sterilis, I suppose may be a species which bears a dirty coloured brick dust blossom, not so fragrant as the other, which bears a deep brown coloured blossom.

CHARACTER This Class may with some degree of propriety be deemed Esculent. The Cactus or Indian fig is eatable, and pleasant. Several species of Prunus afford plumbs and berries. It also affords the Pyrus or Crab-apple; the Mespilus or Medlars; the Rubus, Raspberries and blackberries, the Fragaria or strawberry, and others. The bark of the Prunus Virginica, or Wild Cherry tree, is used against intermittents. Some species of Geum have acquired reputation as substitutes for Peruvian bark. Spiraea trifoliata or Indian Physic, is a good emetic. Philadelphus inodorus, Prunus Lusitanica, Prunus pumila, Crataegus, Pyrus Coronaria, Rosa, and Calycanthus are also an assemblage of beautiful and ornamental shrubs. Also Decumaria Forsythia, which is an elegant and lofty Climber, bearing Corymbs of beautiful white and very fragrant blossoms. PLATE V

Andromeda mariana

Class XIII POLYANDRIA

From TTOXVS, many. This Class embraces those hermaphrodite flowers, which are furnished with a number of stamens, that are inserted into the receptable of the flower.

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MONOGYNIA ACTEA1 Herb Christopher or Barberris; blossoms in May. w, M monogyna i. pentagyna i. dioica 3.

2 CISTUS w carolinianus 1. Carolinian Cistus. canadensis ? 2. Canadian dwarf Cistus; blossoms in April.

SARRACENIA W, M purpurea 1. Purple side saddle flower. See Catesby, II, 70. Also Barton's Elements of Botany, plate I. Blossoms in April. Grows in boggy pine barren land in the lower country. See Curtis's Bot. Mag., XXII, 849. rubra 2. Red side-saddle flower. flava 3. Yellow side saddle flower. See Catesby, II, 69. Grows in wet pine land in the lower country. Blossoms in April. minor 4. Less side-saddle flower. These sarracenias, blossom in April, and grow in boggy land in the lower coun­ try. See the introduction to Bartram's Travels, p. xii; he says they are all insect catchers. 1 Actaea, Baneberry, Cohosh 1 Cistus =Cistaceae: Helianthemum, Rockrose, Frostweed 57 58 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

TlLIA W, M americana i. Linden tree, or American "Carolinian" [DM] black lime tree. Grows in the upper country, in high swamp. [canadensis i.] "Canadian Linden Tree; grows in the high moun­ tains; also in high swamp land adjacent to running waters near the mountains." [DM] ARGEMONE w mexicana i. Mexican Prickly poppy. SANGUINARIA [See Plate VI] w, M canadensis i Canadian Puccoon, "Blood Root; Indian Paint, Tur­ meric, etc." [DM] Grows in the State near water courses in mellow, good high land. The root dies a bright red, with which the Indians used to paint themselves, anterior to the settlement of this State by the whites, "before they had free use of Vermil­ lion." [D] They now use it for dying some of their manufactures, particularly their cane baskets. It is said to possess emetic virtues; blossoms in March and April. See Curtis's Bot. Mag., V, 162; "Barton's Essay, p. 27." [D] PODOPHYLLUM w, M peltatum I. May apple. "Ducks foot." [D] Grows in high lands on open and cultivated grounds in the lower coun­ try, blossoming in April and May. It bears a fruit of a sweetish sickly taste; and its root and leaves are said to possess Cathartic and anthelmintic Virtues. Doctor Barton says 20 grains of its root is an excel­ lent cathartic: "Essay, p. 30." [D] See Catesby, I, 24. FORSYTHIA3 Michaux calls it Decumaria Forsythia. See page 53. w, M* scandens 1. Climbing Forsythia. A Beautiful and fragrant Climber, bearing Corymbs of White blossoms in April and May. Grows in high swamp, and attaches itself to the bark of Trees. • Forsythia scandens = Decumaria barbara. See above, p. 53, note 3. In the copy of Walter's Flora Caroliniana in the South Caroliniana Library, this name is printed "Anonymos scandens." A check of eight copies of Walter in as many libraries discovered no other with "Anonymos." "What puzzles one is where Walter (or Fraser) got the name Forsythia. It was not pre­ sented as a new genus of his own, not being in italics, yet it was not proposed, so far as the records go, until 1805 by Vahl. The explanation does not yet appear. Our guess, however, is that after some copies had been printed, Fraser substituted Forsythia for Anonymos, proposing it as a new genus, but forgot to underscore it. This is apparently what was assumed by the Kew Index, for they give this Forsythia as a Walter genus." (W. C. C.) CLASS XIII POLYANDRIA 59

NYMPHAEA4 lutea i. Yellow water Lilly. "Blossoms in April." [D] saggitifolia i. Arrow shaped leaved water Lilly. pentapetala 3. Five petaled water Lilly. Nelumbo 4. Jamaica water Lilly. This species grows in Japan. See Thunberg's Travels, III, 227. alba 5. White water Lilly; blossoms in July. reniformis 6. Kidney shaped water Lilly.

DIGYNIA

[FOTHERGILLA M Gardeni 1.] "Carolinian Fothergill." [DM]

DELPHINIUM6 W, M carolinianum 1. Carolinian "Blue" [DM] Larkspur. Grows in the Upper Country; blossoms in May. Bartram men­ tions it in his Travels, p. 326, as being of a blue colour, and growing on Lough Abber, which is in Abbeville district.

PENTAGYNIA

AQUILEGIA W, M canadensis 1. Early Canadian Columbine. See Curtis's Bot. Mag., VII, 246.

POLYGYNIA

HYDRASTIS W, M caroliniensis 1. Carolinian Hydrastis, blossoms in June. Perhaps this is the same which Barton in his Elements of Botany, calls Yellow root, and which furnishes a beautiful Yellow dye.

CLEMATIS w, M viorna 1. Creeping purple Virgin's Bower or Climber with stiff petals; blossoms in April, grows near water courses. reticulata 2. See Smith's Insects, II, 201.

* Nymphaeacea: Nelumbo lutea, Sacred Bean, Water Chinquapin; N. alba and N. reniformis? =Castalia species 'Delphinium carolinianum =D. azureum 6o THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

crispa ? 3. Carolinian Curled flower Virgin's bower. virginiana 4. Virginian Climber. The leaves of Clematis are sometimes used as Blisters.

THALICTRUM carolinianum 1. Carolinian Meadow Rue.

ANEMONE6 w, M hepatica I. Anemone, or Wind Flower, or noble Liverwort. "Blossoms in April." [D] See Curtis's Bot. Mag., I, 10. virginiana 2. Small flowered Virginian Anemone, blossoms in June. caroliniana 3. Carolinian Anemony. See a species of anemone in Woodville's Medical Botany, III, 400. ANNONA7 w, M* triloba 1. Smooth Annona, or Papaw. Grows in the rich swampy lands of the Upper Country "on Keowee River" [D] towards, and at the mountains. This tree bears a fruit somewhat like a banana, but thicker. When ripe it is covered like the banana, with a thin dark skin, containing in the inside a rich pulp, tast­ ing somewhat between a banana and a persimon. In the pulp are a few seeds, nearly like those of a persimon. See Catesby, II, 85; blossoms in March and April. I think this plant is improperly named. It should have been, Annona palustris, Swamp papaw. See an excellent engraving of it, in Smith's Insects I, 7. LlRIODENDRON w, M tulipifera Flowering poplar, or Tulip tree. See Ehret's Plantae Selectae, plate X. Also Catesby, I, 48. "In coloring this flower Mr. Catesby has entirely failed, as is known to those who are acquainted with it, and as may be found by his own description of it. Other­ wise the plant in its leaf and blossom appears cor­ rect." [D] Blossoms in May; grows in mellow land, enclining to moist. These are tall, straight, ornamen­ tal trees; their bark is frequently used in intermit- tents, and is supposed by many, to be little inferior • Anemone hepatica =Hepatica triloba; other species unchanged. 7 Annona =Asimina triloba, North American Papaw CLASS XIII POLYANDRIA 6l

to Peruvian bark. "They grow throughout the state. In the upper country they grow on high land as well as in low situations; and far outstrip those of the lower country. Some of their stems are said to be eighteen or twenty feet in circumference; and their height, in such cases, is from seventy to one hundred feet: one half of which distance, the stem is without branches. The wood of this tree is used in planks, or wainscot work." [V] See Curtis's Bot. Mag., VIII, 275. "Barton's Essay, p. 14." [D] MAGNOLIA w, M grandiflora I. Evergreen Carolinian laurel tree; grows in the lower country adjacent to Salts in good high land, or on knolls in dry swamp land. I have also met with it on ridges of swampy land along Edisto river, towards Orangeburg. This tree is one of the most noble of the forest tribe; putting forth large white and fragrant blossoms in May, and shooting up its stem to the height of fifty or sixty feet. It is highly ornamental in gardens and pleasure grounds. See Catesby, II, 61. glauca 1. Small sweet Bay tree. Grows in wet soils in the low country, putting forth fragrant white blossoms in April and May. See Catesby, I, 39. The bark is an agreeable aromatic, tonic, "bitter" medicine, "useful in intermittent fevers. See Barton's Essay, p. 13." [D] acuminata 3. Cucumber tree. See Catesby, "II, 115." [D] Grows, in the upper country, and on the Table Mountain. A spirituous tincture of the cones or seed vessels of this tree, has been used advantageously in rheumatic complaints. tripetala 4. Umbrella tree. See Catesby, II, 80. Grows in the lower country, in high swamp near salts; much of it is in the high swamp eastward of Rantolls bridge on Stono river. From its large leaf, it is called the Um­ brella tree. Blossoms in May. Fraseri 5. Fraser's auriculated Bay tree [or] "Magnolia." [DM] See an engraving of this tree as a frontispiece to Walter's Flora Caroliniana. It grows on the ridges between Sinica and Keowee, and onwards towards the mountains. See a particular description of it in Bartram's Travels, p. 337. 62 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

RANUNCULUS Blossoms in April and May. w, M flammula I. Lesser Spearwort. fie aria 1. Pilewort, or lesser Celandine. abortivus 3. Virginian three flowered Crowfoot. "Blossoms in May." [D] lanuginosus 4. Montpelier downy leaved Crowfoot. nitidus 5. Carolinian shining leaved, yellow blossomed Crow­ foot. CALTHA M palustris 1. Marsh marigold. The young flower buds of this plant, are in some countries pickled, and sold as capers. See Barton's Elements of Botany, part III, p. 68. I have tried them; they are a good substitute. HYDROPELTIS8 M purpurea 1. Grows in reserves and ponds in the lower country. See Michaux, I, 324.

CHARACTER The Class Polyandria contains a great number of poisonous vegetables. There are however many innocent ones: such as Podophyllum, Annona, Nymphae Nelumbo. In a medicinal view, Sanguinaria, Podophyllum, the Leaves of Clematis crispa and Clematis viorna, Ranunculus, Anemone, Liriodendron tulipefera, Magnolia glauca, possess valuable properties. See Barton's Elements of Botany, Part III, 68, 69, 70. He there says the Stagger weed so destructive to horses, is either an Aconitum or Delphinium—I imagine it is the first, as I do not know the last is in the Lower Country; and in the Lower Country horses sometimes unaccountably die with stag­ gers, by some attributed to their feeding in wet pastures, where perhaps they meet with the Aconitum. The following are ornamental trees and shrubs: Tilia, Delphinium, Clematis, Annona, Liriodendron, Magnolia, Forsythia.

8 Hydropeltis -Brasenia Schreberi Class XIV DIDYNAMIA

From his, twice, Swa/xis, power. This Class con­ tains those hermaphrodite flowers, which are furnished with four stamens, of which two are constantly long, and two short.

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G Y M N O S P E R M I A [Seed Naked] 1 [ANONYMOS w repens I.] LAVANDULA2 Wild Lavender. Grows on the Table Mountain; blos­ soms in August. v MENTHA3 w, M viridis I. Green Mint, or Spear Mint. See Woodville's Medical Botany, III, 463. "Wild Penny-Royal ? grows plentifully in many old fields, and by the sides of public roads in the upper country; so that the air is perfumed by it when bruised in traveling. It is not clear however, that it is indigenous." v

TEUCRIUM or Wild Sage. w, M canadense i. Canadian Germander. virginicum i. Virginian Germander. LAMIUM4 w, M amplexicaule I. Great Henbit; blossoms in March. • Anonymas repens =Lippia nodiflora, Fog-fruit 1 Lavendula not identified. • Mentha: "Wild Pennyroyal"—not a mint, but probably Trychostema species. • Lamium, Dead Nettle 63 64 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

STACHYS5 w, M annua i. Annual Yellow and white base horehound. arvensis i. ? Square stalked base hore-hound. palustris 3. ? Marsh base hore-hound.

NEPETA w, M Cataria I. Cat Mint, or Nap.

VERBENA w, M urticifolia I. Nettle leaved Virginian Vervain; blossoms in June.

BRACHYSTEMUM6 M verticillatum I. Grows in the upper country. See Michaux, II, 6. muticum 1. virginicum 3.

THYMBRA7 caroliniana 1. Carolinian Mountain Hyssop.

SCUTELLARIA w, M lateriflora 1. Side flowering Canadian Scull-Cap, blossoms in Sep­ tember. hyssopifolia 1. Virginian Hyssop leaved Scull-Cap, "blossoms in May". [D] caroliniana 3. Carolinian Scull-Cap.

PRUNELLA w, M* vulgaris 1. Self Heal, "blossoms in April". [D] laciniata 1. Jagged leaved Self heal: blossoms in June.

[ANONYMOS8 w caroliniensis 1.]

TRICHOSTEMA9 W, M dichotomum 1. Wild Marjoram-leaved dichotomous Trichostema; blossoms in April, "August". [D] lineare 1. Narrow leaved Trichostema.

ISANTHUS10 M caerulens I. Grows in loamy, cretaceous land. See Michaux, II, 4.

' Stachys, Hedge Nettle 1 Brachystemum =Pycnanthemum species 7 Thymbra caroliniana =Macbridea pulchra » Anonymos caroliniensis =Verbena canadensis, Vervain • Trichostema, Blue Curls, Bastard Pennyroyal 10 Isanthus, False Pennyroyal CLASS XIV DIDYNAMIA 65

CLINOPODIUM11 vulgare 1. Common field Basil; blossoms in June. incanum 1. Virginian hoary field basil. rugosum 3. Carolinian rough leaved field basil. "Blossoms in August." [D]

ORIGANUM12 "Marjoram". [D] w incanum 1. "Wild marjoram. Grows on the rocks at Pickens- ville." [V] flexuosum 1. clinopodioides 3. marjorana 4. Sweet Marjoram.

13 PRASIUM ? w, M51 incarnatum 1. "Shrubby Hedge nettle."|[D] purpureum 2. Purple flowered hedge nettle. coccinium 3. Crimson flowered hedge nettle.

14 PHRYMA w, M caroliniensis 1. Carolinian Phryma. leptostachya 2. American Phryma.

16 PYCNANTHEMUM M aristatum 1. Grows in Upper Country. montanum 2. See Michaux, II, 8. monardella 3.

ANGIOSPERMIA [Seed Covered] 16 OBOLARIA w caroliniana 1. Carolinian Obolaria, blossoms in July.

OROBANCHE17 uniflora 1. Virginian blue one-flowered broom rape. americana 1. American broom rape.

11 Clinopodium =Satureja, Savory, Calamint, Basil 12 Origanum—See Pycnanthemum below, note 15. 18 Prasium incarnata =Macbridea pulchra; P. purpureum and coccinium =Physostegia virginiana, False Dragon's Head w Phryma, Lopseed 15 Pycnanthemum, Mountain Mint, Basil. See Origanum, above, note \1. 16 Obolaria =Bacopa caroliniana, Water Hyssop 17 Orobanche uniflora =Aphyllon uniflorum, Cancer root; O. americana =Conapholis americana, American Cancer root; O. virginiana =Epiphagus americanus, Beech drops 66 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

virginiana 3. Virginian broom rape, Cancer root. See Barton's Sec­ ond Collection for Materia Medica. It grows near the roots of Beech trees, and is supposed to be the vege­ table Doctor Martin used for cancers. "See Tran­ sactions of the Linnaean Society, 4to, IV, 197." [D]

BARTSIA w, M coccinea 1. Virginian Bartsia. "Painted Cup." [DM] Blossoms in April. SCHWALBEA18 w, M americana 1. Maryland Schwalbea.

19 [ANONYMOS w caroliniensis 1.]

BIGNONIA20—[See also p. 22] w, M radicans 1. Ash leaved scarlet trumpet flower. See Catesby, I, 65. Blossoms in June. A beautiful Climber, growing in the lower country. crucigera 2. Dark yellow flowering Bignonia. Blossoms in May. [See Catesby, 1,65.] [catalpa 3.] "Catalpa Tree." [DM]

BUCKNERA21 W, M americana ] American Violet coloured Bucknera, blossoms in May.

ANTIRRHINUM22—[See Plate VI] canadense 1. Canadian Toad flax; blossoms in March and April. See an elegant engraving of this plant, in Smith's Insects, I, 15; grows in sandy pastures.

23 [ANONYMOS w purpurea 1. erecta 1. setacea 3. flava 4. pedicularis 5.]

18 Schwalbea, Chaff-seed 19 Anonymos caroliniensis =Ruellia caroliniensis " Bignonia radicans =Tecoma radicans, Trumpet flower; B. crucigera =• B. capreolata, Crossvine; B. catalpa, Catalpa bignonioides, Indian Bean, Cigar Tree 21 Buchnera, Blue Hearts 22 Antirrhinum =Linaria 21 Anonymos =Gerardia; G. flava, Downy False Foxglove. See below, page 67, note 27. CLASS XIV DIDYNAMIA 6?

24 [ANONYMOS w cassioides 1.]

PEDICULARIS25 canadensis 1. Canadian Coxcomb, or Louse-wort.

MlMULUS w, M ringens 1. Virginian upright Mimulus or Monkey flower, blos­ soms in July. See Curtis's Bot. Mag. VIII, 283.

CHELONE26 W, M glabra 1. Smooth Virginian rose colored Chelone. penstemon 2. Purple Virginian Chelone, blossoms in May.

27 GERARDIA [Anonymos (W)] w. M purpurea 1. Purple flowered Gerardia; grows in flat pine land, near Galls; blossoms in October, a large handsome flower, on a fine delicate stalk. [Noted in (D) "in great abundance at Fort Johnson", but included under Antirrhinum as a "species of Toad Flax."] flava 2. Large Corolla Yellow Gerardia, grows in flat pine land, near Galls, blossoms in October. Its blossoms are as bright and as large as the yellow jasmine, growing on an upright, simple slender stalk; it is a beautiful flower, well suited to adorn gardens. alba 3. White Gerardia, grows in boggy land, blossoms in October.

CHARACTER This Class, contains many Verticillate plants; most of which contain a very fragrant odorous matter of a warm penetrating nature; and few if any of them are poisonous. Many of these plants delight to grow in dry situa­ tions. Several of the covered-seeded plants of Didynamia are poisonous, such as Chelone, Bignonia. In a Medical View, Orobanche Virginica is said to be Doctor Martin's famous Cancer root. Bignonia is an ornamental Climber; Gerardia is also an handsome flowering shrub, well suited for ornamenting the quarters of a flower garden.

M Anonymos =Seymeria cassioides, Mullein Foxglove 36 Pedicularis canadensis, Wood Betony » Chelone, Turtlehead, Snakehead 27 Gerardia flava and G. virginica (yellow flowered species), Downy and Smooth False Foxglove. See above, page 66, note a3. Class XV TETRADYNAMIA

From Tecrap,is, power: having six Stamens, four long, and two short.

-<-^L.visr>-

SILICULOSA [From silicula, a small pod] 1 CLYPEOLA w caroliniana I Carolinian treacle mustard, blossoms in May, LEPIDIUM virginicum i. Virginian low Dittander, blossoms in March. THLASPI2 w bursa pastoris i. Shepherd's purse, blossoms in March. SCANDIX3 v infesta i. Shepherd's Needle. Shepherd's purse, and Shepherd's Needle, are noxious weeds, whose seeds adhere to one's cloaths. They grow generally through the State, in lands which are not boggy and have been in cultivation.

4 BISCUTELLA w, M* apetala I. Buckler Mustard, blossoms in April.

SILIQUOSA [From silique, a long narrow pod] ERYSIMUM6 pinnatum I. Hedge Mustard.

1 Clypeola caroliniana =Lepidium virginicum, Pepper Grass 2 Thlaspi =Capsella Bursa-Pastoris, Shepherds Purse—63 species 2 Scandix Pectin-Veneris, Venus Comb 4 Biscutella =Senebiera didyma 6 Erysimum pinnatum =Sisymbrium canescens 68 CLASS XV TETRADYNAMIA 69

SISYMBRIUM6 w indieum 1. Indian Water Cresses, blossoms in April. tanacetifolium Tansey leaved Rocket, Water Cresses. Has yellow blossoms; is eaten with sallad. nasturtium ? Water Cresses. See Woodville's Medical Botany, I, 134. N. B. This Species has white flowers, and grows in tide lands. The Negroes call it pepper grass and use it in their soups. It has an excellent crisp flavor, much like the curled Cress; is small and delicate.

DRABA w, M caroliniana Carolinian Whitlow grass.

CHARACTER Hitherto, there has not been discovered a single instance of a true tree in the whole order. Some species however are shrubby. The root is fibrous; the stem, generally herbaceous; the flowers in a Corymb; the fruit a silicle, two valved and two celled, containing many seeds. Very few if any of these plants are poisonous. It furnishes several nutritious vegetables, such as turnip, cabbage, mustard, Horse raddish, etc. of antiscorbutic qualities.

' Sisymbrium indicum and tanacetifolium =Nasturtium species; S. Nasturtium =Thelypodium or Iodan- thus pinnatindus Class XVI MONADELPHIA

From fiovos, one; and aU\4>6s, a brother: embracing those hermaphrodite flowers which have all their stamens or male organs united below, that is by their filaments, into one body or cylinder, through which the pistil or female organ passes.

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PENTANDRIA 1 WALTHERIA P w caroliniana Carolinian Walteria. 2 ERYTHRORHIZA M rotundifolia I. Grows in the Mountains, flowers in May. See Mi­ chaux, II, 36. DECANDRIA GERANIUM W, M maculatum 1. Carolinian spotted Cranes bill. carolinianum 2. Carolinian doves-foot Cranes bill.

POLYANDRIA STEWARTIA3 W, M Malachodendron I.Virginian Stewertia. See Catesby, II, 113. Blossoms in April. Grows in the middle and upper country. An ornamental shrub. Grows in mellow land, near water. montana 2. Mountain Stewertia. A new species discovered by Mr. Bartram, in his travels through this State in 1776; growing near Keowee and onwards to the mountains. [Not in (W) or (M)] > Waltheria caroliniana =Piriqueta fulva 2 Erythrorhiza = Galax aphylla, Galax leaves •Stewartia Montana =S. pentagyna 70 CLASS XVI MONADELPHIA 71

SlDA w, M spinosa 1. "Prickly Virginian Sida, blossoms in June." [D] w, M "MALVA4 caroliniana 1. Carolinian Mallow." [D]

6 MA LOPE w malacoides 1. Mauritanian Bastard Mallow; blossoms in April.

HIBISCUS w, M Moscheutos I. Virginian white and purple Hibiscus; blossoms in June. palustris 2. Marsh "Virginian" [D] Hibiscus, blossoms in August and September; is an herbaceous plant, and grows in Santee swamp. See Curtis's Bot. Mag., XXIII, 882. aculeatus 3. "Rough stemmed Hibiscus. Blossoms in July and August." [DM] virginicus 4. Virginian Hibiscus, blossoms in June. coccineus 5. Scarlet Hibiscus. See a particular description of this plant, in Bartram's Travels, p. 102. clypeatus 6. American clypeated Hibiscus.

GORDONIA6 w, M Lasianthus 1. Loblolly bay tree; blossoms in July, August, and September; grows in the low country, in boggy low­ lands "particularly in those low tracts of lands called bays." [V] I know of nothing this tree is good for, unless for fire wood. Two or three months after being cut down, it makes a very comfortable fire; and throws out no sparks, as Poplar, Chinquapin and Chesnut do. [pubescens 2.] "Downy Gordonia, or Franklinia." [DM]

CHARACTER The plants of this class with many filaments, are mucilaginous and emolient; and many of the monadelphous plants might be used as articles of diet. The following plants are ornamental for gardening, viz. Stewertia, Hibiscus, Gordonia, Malope.

' Malva caroliniana =Modiola caroliniana ' Malope =Malvatrum tricuspidatum ? • Gordonia Franklinia = G. Altamaha (C & T) Class XVII DIADELPHIA

From Sts, twice, and aSeXc^oj, a brother: embracing those hermaphrodite flowers, which have their stamen united below, into two sets of Cylindrical filaments. The leaves of these plants are food for Cattle, and the seeds also for quadrupeds of the same kind; the latter are accounted flatulent.

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OCTANDRIA

POLYGALA incarnata i. Rose coloured Milkwort. senega i. Senega Rattle snake root; "this plant possesses great medicinal virtues." [V] See Woodville's Medical Botany, II, 253. lutea 3. Yellow flowered Milkwort: blossoms in May. viridescens ? 4. Greenish flowered Milk Wort, blossoms in May. sanguinea 5. Bloody flowered Milk Wort. cruciata 6. Four leaved Milk Wort. polygama 7. grandiflora 8. Large flowered Milk Wort. cymosa 9.

DECANDRIA

AMORPHA [See Plate V] w, M fruticosa 1. Bastard purple spiked flowering "shrubby" [DM] Carolinian Indigo; blossoms in April. See Smith's Insects II, 177. herbacea 1. Herbaceous Bastard Indigo. "Dwarf Indigo." [DM] 72 PLATE VI

Antirrhinum canadense

Grass {unidentified)

Sanguinaria canadensis

CLASS XVII DIADELPHIA 73

ERYTHRINA herbacea i. Carolinian Wild Coral. See Catesby, II, 49; blossoms in May, grows in high land inclining to sandy; said to be used in diet drinks. In May this plant shoots up a stem two or three feet high, red with beautiful blossoms, extremely ornamental in gardens; and the pods if left on, make an handsome show with their red beans during a part of the winter.

LUPINUS W, M perennis 1. Perennial Lupine, blossoms in April; grows in dry sandy pine barren lands "in the middle and lower parts of the state." [DM] See Curtis's Bot. Mag., VI, 202. pilosus 2. Hairy leaved Lupine. Grows in dry sandy pine barren lands, blossoms in "April and" May. [D]

[ANONYMOS1. Lupino affinis w sagittalis 1. "Arrow-shaped leaf Lupine with yellow blossoms."

rotundifolia 2.] "Round-shaped leaf Lupine with yellow blossoms." [D] [ANONYMOS2 w bracteata 1.]

ARACHIS3 w, M aprica 1. Ground or Earth Nut, blossoms in June.

PHASEOLUS w, M vexillatus 1. Havannah large Vexillum-flowered kidney bean, blossoms in August. helvolvus 2. Carolinian Short Vexillum-flowered kidney bean. perennis 3. Perennial kidney bean.

VISCIA w, M* caroliniana 1. Carolinian Vetch, "blossoms in March and April." [D] sativa 2. White Vetch.

1 Anonymos =Crotolaria sagittalis and C rotundifolia, Rattle box 2 Anonymos =Zornia bracteata 2 Arachis =Apios tuberosa, Groundnut, Wild Bean 74 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

4 ASTRAGALUS W, M carolinianus i. Carolinian greenish, yellowish flowered, Wild Liquor­ ice or Milk Vetch; blossoms in August. canadensis i. Canadian Greenish yellowish flowered Milk Vetch.

TRIFOLIUM "Trefoil". [DM] w, M reflexum i. Virginian reflexed trefoil blossoms in April, seeds in June. Grows on ridges in river swamp. repens i. White trefoil, Dutch clover, or honeysuckle grass. Blossoms in April, seeds ripe about the latter end of May. Grows in high river swamp. Four seed in a pod. arvense f 3. "Hare's foot trefoil. Blossoms in May." [D] psoralioides 4. simplicifolium ? 5. erectum ? 6. [carolinianum 7.] "Carolinian Trefoil." [DM]

HEDYSARUM8 [See Plate VII] w, M* junceum 1. Bushy Indian Hedysarum, or French Honeysuckle, blossoms in September. umbellatum 2. Umbelliferous, smooth podded Hedysarum. barbatum 3. Bearded leaved Hedysarum, blossoms in September. marilandicum ? 4. Short podded three leaved Hedysarum of Maryland, blossoms in September. See Smith's Insects, II, 167. Grows in flat pine barren; its pods stick to one's cloathes. frutescens ? 5. Virginian ovate, lanceolated leaved Hedysarum. grandiflorum 6. Large flowering Hedysarum, blossoms in September. viridiflorum 7. Green flowering Hedysarum, blossoms in August. hirtum 8. Oblong spiked Virginian Hedysarum, blossoms in September. violaceum 9. Violet coloured Hedysarum, blossoms in August. repens 10. Trailing Virginian Hedysarum. paniculatum 11. Paniculated Virginian Hedysarum. See Smith's In­ sects, I, 30; grows in flat high pine barren. Its pods stick to one's cloathes. nudiflorum 12. Virginian nudiflorous Hedysarum, blossoms in July.

4 Astragalus car. and A. can. =A. canadensis s Hedysarum—divided between Lespedeza and Desmodium species CLASS XVII DIADELPHIA 75

MEDICAGO6 W, M lupulina I. Melilot trefoil. polymorpha i. Polymorphous trefoil. DOLICHOS7 v i. Wild Pea. Grows on the Mountains. GLYCINE8 [See Plate VI] w, M apios i. Tuberose rooted Glycine, or knobbed rooted Liquor­ ice Vetch, or Kidney Bean tree; blossoms in "August." [D] frutescens 2. [Anonymos frutescens. (W)] Shrubby Glycine or Kidney Bean tree. Grows on mellow land near swamps in the lower country, blossoms in May. See a beautiful engraving of this plant in Smith's Insects, I, 45. "This is a beautiful climber, well adapted for Bowers, etc." [D] CLITORIA* [See Plate VII] w, M virginiana 1. Virginian Climbing, small blue flowering Clitoria, blossoms in July, August, and Sept. mariana 2. Maryland Clitoria. These two species grow in high land.

ROBINIA W, M Pseudo-Acacia White flowering Robinia, false Accasia, or common Locust tree with white blossoms. "A delicate and or­ namental tree", [V] grows in the upper country near rivers, and on high swamp land. Its blossoms are extremely melifluous. Its wood "tough and elastic" [V] is used by the Indians for making Bows. hispida 2. Locust tree, "or Prickly acasia" [D] with Rose coloured blossoms. Grows on, or near, the Occonnee Mountain. "Bartram's Travels, p. 333. He says he never saw any tree of this species in Carolina but at one place near the Apalachian mountains." [D] An handsome coloured engraving of this tree is in Catesby, II, 120; also Curtis's Bot. Mag. IX, 311. [vis cos a 3.] "Locust Tree with a rosaceous whitish coloured blos- som. [DM] • Medicago, Medick 7 Dolichos not identified. 8 Glycine apios—see Apios above; G. frutescens =Wisteria frutescens, Wild Wisteria (or Wistaria), Ti-ti 2 Clitoria mariana, Butterfly Pea; C. virgin. =Centrosema virginianum 76 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

10 INDIGOFERA w, M caroliniana i. Shrubby Carolinian Indigo, blossoms in May, grows in high land. See Ehret's Plantae Selectae, plates LIII,LIV,LV.

11 ERVUM ? Tare or Vetch w erectum i. volubile i.

GALEGA12 ? virginiana i. Virginian reddish flowered Galega, or Goats Rue. spicata i.

13 [ANONYMOS w caroliniensis]

LESPEDEZA M sessiliflora i. procumbens i. capitata 3. polystachya 4. See Engravings of Lespedeza, in Michaux, II, 71.

14 ZORNIA M tetraphylla Grows in the lower country. The hairy Legume of this plant easily comes off, and adheres to Clothes in the same way as Shepherds Purse. See Michaux, n, 73-

CHARACTER The vegetables of this Class, constitute valuable articles of food to man, and many other animals. The following plants are medicinal: Polygala, Galega. The following are ornamental: Erythrina, Lupinus, Glycine, Ro­ binia.

•• Indigofera =Baptisia species, False Indigo 11 Ervum: see Vicia 22 Galega =Tephrosea virginiana, Goats Rue, Catgut, Devil's Shoe Strings; T. spicate, Hoary Pea 13 Anonymos =Amphicarpa monoica, Hog Peanut » Zornia tetraphylla =Z. bracteata Class XVIII POLYADELPHIA

From TTOXVS, many, and ade\

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POLYANDRIA

HOPEA tinctoria i. Sweet Leaf, or Horse Sugar. [In 1798 it was] "not yet known by any particular English name. This shrub grows usually about 8 or 10 feet high with a slender stem, in moist and shady woods in the lower parts of the State. See Catesby, I, 54. It also grows in the upper parts of the State. See Bartram's Travels, p. 360". [D] Its leaf, when chewed, has a sweetish taste; and it makes a beautiful yellow Dye "with which the negroes die their clothes". [D] Blos­ soms in April. It is an ornamental shrub for gardening. HYPERICUM w, M canadense I. Canadian St. Johns Wort, blossoms in June. virginicum i. Virginian St. Johns Wort, blossoms in June. maculatum 3. Spotted St. Johns Wort, blossoms in June. pilosum. 4. Hairy St. Johns Wort, blossoms in June. denticulatum 5. Blossoms in July. quinquenervium 6 Blossoms in July, grows in watery places. nudicaule 7. coris ? 8. Cretan Rock St. Johns Wort. campanulatum 9. tubulosum 10. petiolatum 11. Brasilian Hypericum. 77 78 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

ASCYRUM Crux Andre i. Yellow flowering St. Peters Wort. hypericoides 2. Yellow flowering St. Peters Wort, blossoms in "June", [D] September and October; grows in lands inclining to moist, at the head of Bay Galls etc. in the low country. See Michaux, II, 77. [pumilum 3.] "Dwarf St. Peters Wort." [DM]

CHARACTER This Class is one of the smallest and least important of the Sexual system. Hopea is an ornamental plant, and its leaves make a beautiful yellow dye. Class XIX SYNGENESIA

From

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POLYGAMIA AEQUALIS

LEONTODON1 w, M taraxacum I. Common dandelion, or Pissabed flower. See Wood­ ville's Medical Botany, I, 7. carolinianum 2. Carolinian dandelion, blossoms in May.

SONCHUS w, M carolinianus 1. Carolinian Sow Thistle. "Blossoms in April." [D]

PRENANTHES2 w, M alba 1. White bulbous rooted Prenanthes or Wild Lettuce, blossoms in September. autumnalis 2. Autumnal Wild lettuce. Doctor Witt's Snake root, or Rattle Snake's Master. LACTUCA w, M caroliniana 1. Carolinian lettuce.

HIERACIUM w, M Gronovii 1. Virginian panicled flowered Hawkweed; blossoms in August.

1 Leontodon taraxacum =Taraxacum officinale 2 Prenanthes alba, White Lettuce, Rattlesnake-root; P. serpentaria (autumnalis) =Lion's foot, Gall-of- the-earth 79 8o THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

HYOSERIS3 virginica I. Virginian lyre shaped leaved Hyoseris; blossoms in April. caroliniana 2. Carolinian Hyoseris. major 3. Large Hyoseris. biflora 4. Two flowered Hyoseris.

4 CARTHAMUS w carolinianus 1. Carolina "Bastard" Saffron, grows in "dry land in" the lower country. "Blossoms in June." [D]

CARDUUS8 W, M* spinossissimus 1 Prickly thistle, varieties with white and red blos­ soms. "Blossoms in May." [D] carolinianus 2. Carolinian thistle. Blossoms a little red. virginianus 3. Virginian Leafy stalked thistle. "Blossoms in Au­ gust"; [D] varieties with red and white blossoms. In Doctor Cutler's account of Indiginous vegetables, presented to the Society of Arts and Sciences at Boston, and published in their Memoirs, p. 477, he says "the flowers of thistles have the property of rennet, in curdling milk."

ETHULIA6 uniflora 1. Single purple flowered Ethulia. Grows in lands which are flowed occasionally with water. See Michaux, II, 95, where it is called Sparganophorus. CACALIA7 w, M suaveolens 1. Virginian White Cacalia, blossoms in September. atriplicifolia 2 Virginian Smooth leaved Cacalia, blossoms in July. has lata ? 3. Siberian Cacalia. ovata 4. Oval leaved Cacalia.

CHRYSOCOMA8 w, M graminifolia 1, Canadian grass leaved Goldylocks, blossoms in June. acaulis 2. Stemless Goldylocks. gigantea 3. Tall goldy locks, blossoms in July. tomentosa 4. Downy leaved Goldy locks.

1 Hyoseris =Krigia virginica and K. Dandelion, Dwarf dandelion 4 Carthamus =Elephantopus carolinianus 6 Carduus =Cirsium species 2 Ethulia =Sclerolepis verticillata 7 Cacalia, Indian Plantain 2 Chrysocoma, Vernonia species, Ironweed CLASS XIX SYNGENESI A 8l

9 [ANONYMOS w pilosa I. ciliata i. graminifolia 3. ramosa 4. paniculata 5. uniflora 6. odoratissima 7.]

PERSOONIA10 w,* M latifolia 1. grows in the mountains. See Michaux, II, 105. lanceolata 2.

EUPATORIUM11 w, M scandens 1. White Virginian Climbing Hemp Agrimony; blos­ soms in September. trifoliatum 2. Trifoliate Virginian Hemp Agrimony. "Blossoms in June." [D] fusco-rubrum 3. sessilefolium 4. Sessile leaved Hemp Agrimony; blossoms in August. album 5. White Hemp agrimony; blossoms in August. linearifolium 6. pilosum 7. Hairy Hemp agrimony, or Wild Horehound. Blos­ soms in August; grows in mellow land, rather en- clining to moist, "in the lower country. It is bitter and stomachic, and of much virtue in curig then bites of snakes." [V] rotundifolium ? Round leaved Hemp Agrimony, "Wild Horehound," [D] blossoms in July. marrabium 9. Tame horehound, grows in clayey high land, near dung hills, and where the wastings of kitchens are thrown; blossoms in May and June. foeniculoides 10. compositifolium 11. cordatum 12.

• Anonymos =Liatris, Trilisa, and Chrysocoma species, Blazing Star 10 /Persoonia \ ., • ,,. < . . > =Marshallia species lAthanasia J r 11 Eupatorium scandens =Mikania scandens, Climbing Hemp weed; other species still classified as Eupa­ torium: E. perforatum, Thoroughwort, Boneset; E. coelestinum, Mist Flower; E. (trifoliatum) pur­ pureum, Joe Pye Weed; E. (foenic.) capillifolium, Dog Fennell. 82 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

perfoliatum 13. Thorough-wort. Blossoms in August. A great cleanser of the blood, also an Emetic. "Used by the Indians as medicine in intermittent fevers." [V] "Barton's Essay, p. 27." [D] odoratum ? 14. coelestinum 15. Blossoms in August. incarnatum 16. Blossoms in September.

12 CALEA w caroliniana 1. Carolinian Calea.

ATHANASIA10 graminifolia 1. Grass leaved Athanasia. obovata 2. trinervia 3. hastata 4. paniculata 5.

1 BIDENS * W, M* frondosa 1. Broad leaved, frondose, yellow Canadian Bidens, or Water Hemp agrimony. Blossoms in September. nivea 2. Carolinian white flowering Bidens. tripartita ? 3. Yellow blossomed trifed Water Bidens.

14 STAEHELINA W, M* elegans 1. Elegant reddish Staehelina. gnaphaloides 1. Yellow Ethiopian Staehelina.

PTERONIA W caroliniana 1. Carolinian Pteronia.

LIATRIS15 [Anonymos, Walter, pp. 196-198] w,* M Twelve species: See Michaux [II, 91-94]. odoratissima 13. Indian Tobacco. Grows in flat Pine Barren in the lower country. Blossoms in April. Smells like the Tonka Bean and used by Segar Makers to give a flavor to Segars. Much of it on the Orangeburgh road to Charleston.

12 Calea—not identified. >2 Bidens, Beggar-ticks, Stick-tight 14 Staehelina =Liatris species, Blazing Star, Button Snakeroot 18 Liatris odoratissima =Trilisa odorotissima CLASS XIX S YNGENESI A 83

POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA [Superflua—floating above]

BACCHARIS16 w, M foetida 1. Stinking Baccharis. viscosa 1. halimifolia 3. Virginian Baccharis, "Groundsel Tree." [DM] Blos­ soms in September and October. GNAPHALIUM17 w, M hyemale 1. Winter Gnaphalium, or eternal flower. obtusifolium ? 2. Obtuse leaved Virginian Gnaphalium, blossoms in March. See an engraving of it, in Smith's Insects, I, i7- margaritaceum ? 3. American Cud-weed, Cat's foot, or life everlasting, blossoms in September. Excellent for colds. plataginifolium 4. Plaintain leaved Cud-weed. undulatum 5. Waved leaf, African Cud-weed. Two sorts of Gnaphalium or Cud weed are found near Kopping, in Java, which the Javanese call Sombong Madur. See Thunberg's Travels, IV, 150.

PERDICIUM18 w, M* semiflosculare ? 1. Perennial Cape Perdicum, blossoms in April.

CONYZA19 W, M* linifolia 1. Flax leaved Conyza, or Flea Bane. asteroides 2. Maryland radiated Flea Bane. bifoliata ? J. Indian two leaved Flea Bane, blossoms in August.

CHRYSANTHEMUM20 w, M* carolinianum 1. Carolinian Corn Marygold. serotinum 2. Late Corn Marygold. Grow in swampy rich lands, particularly in "Inland" [D] rice fields. See Catesby, I, 92.

12 Baccharis halimifolia, Groundsel Tree, Pencil Bush; B. foetida =Pluchea camphorata, Marsh Fleabane 17 Gnaphalium obtusifolium =G. polycephallum, Cudweed, Life Everlasting, Rabbit Tobacco; G. Marga- retaceum =Anaphalis Marg., Pearly Everlasting; G. plantaginifoha =Antennaria plantag., Plantain- leaved Everlasting, Pussytoes •"Perdicium =Chaptalia tomentosa 18 Conyza = Sericocarpus, White topped Asters 20 Chrysanthemum carolinianum =Boltonia asteroides 84 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

DORONICUM21 Leopard's Bane, blossoms in April and May. w, M acaule i. laevifolium 2. ramosum 3. ERIGERON22 w, M* carolinianum 1. Carolinian Flea bane. glandulosum 1. pilosum 3. squarrosum 4. cymosum ? 5.

SOLIDAGO sempervirens 1. Evergreen Golden rod, blossoms in July. canadensis 2. Canadian Golden rod, blossoms in September. altissima 3. Tall Golden rod, blossoms in September. lateriflora 4. Side flowering Golden rod, blossoms in Sept. caesia 5. Smooth stalked Golden rod: blossoms in Sept. flexicaulis 6. Flexible, winding stalked Golden rod, blossoms in Sept. noveboracensis ? 7 New York Golden rod, blossoms in Sept. rigida 8. Stiff leaved Golden rod, blossoms in October. latifolia 9. Broad leaved Golden rod, blossoms in October. lanceolata 10. Lancet leaved Golden rod, blossoms in Sept. pilosa 11. Hairy stalked Golden rod.

CINERARIA23 Blossoms in April, grows in ponds and lakes. w canadensis 1. Canadian broad leaved Sea Rag Wort. caroliniensis 2. Carolinian Rag Wort.

SENECIO24 W, M hieracifolius ? 1. Hawkweed leaved Groundsel. ciliatus 1. tussilaginoides 3. ASTER W, M carolinianus 1. Carolinian Aster or Star Wort. dumosus 1. New England bushy white Starwort, blossoms in September.

21 Doronicum acaula =Arnica nudicaulis; D. laevifolium and D. ramosum •= Erigeron species, Fleabane 22 Erigeron, Fleabane 21 Cineraria canadensis =Erechtites hieracifolia, Fire weed 21 Senecio hieracifolius =Erechtites species; S. ciliatus =Erigeron sp.; S. tussilaginoides =S. aureus, Golden Ragwort, Squaw weed CLASS XIX SYNGENESI A 85

ericoides 3. Blossoms in October. tenuifolius 4. White blue spiked American Star-Wort; blossoms in October. linarifolius 5. Blossoms in September. concolor 6. Blossoms in October. grandiflorus 7. Large blue piramidal, or Catesby's Starwort; "blos­ soms in August." [D] ciliatus 8. squarrosus 9. laevis 10. American smooth leaved blue Star Wort; blossoms in September. Tradescanti 11. Late flowering blue Starwort "or Michaelmas daisy," [D] blossoms in September and October. wow belgii 12. Pale violet New Holland Starwort; blossoms in Sep­ tember. tardiflorus 13. Late flowering Canadian Starwort, blossoms in Oc­ tober. tripolium ? 14. Sea Starwort. The most beautiful ("tall and elegant" [D]) of these species grow in the upper country, in good mellow high land, blossoming in September and October.

HELENIUM vernale 1. Spring bastard Sun flower. Blossoms in May. aestivale 1. Summer Bastard Sun flower. serotinum 3. Late bastard Sun flower. autumnale 4. Autumnal bastard Sunflower, blossoms in September.

LEYS ERA25 w caroliniana 1. Carolinian Leysera.

ANTHEMIS26 cotula ? 1. Stinking Maw-weed. repens 2. Creeping Maw-weed.

BUPHTHALMUM27 Ox Eye. frutescens 1. helianthoides 2. Virginian yellow Ox Eye.

26 Leysera =Not identified. 22 Anthemis cotula =Eclipra erecta; A. repens =Spi!anthes repens 27 Buphthalum frutescens =Uorrichia frutescens, Sea Ox-eye; B. Helianthoides =Heliopsis ieavis 86 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

28 AMELLUS ? w carolinianus i. Carolinian Star flower. See Catesby, I, 33.

29 VERBESCINA W, M virginica 1. Virginian Verbescina, blossoms in August. occidentalis 2. laciniata ? 3.

POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA [Frustranea—useless] CENTAUREA w caroliniana 1. Carolinian Centaury, blossoms in June.

30 RUDBECKIA w, M hirta 1. Hairy American Sunflower. purpurea 1. Purple American Sunflower. See Catesby, II, 59; Curtis's Bot. Mag., I, 2. COREOPSIS W, M verticillata 1. Virginian verticillated leaved Coreopsis, or Tick- seed; blossoms in June. See Curtis's Bot. Mag., V, 156. major 2. "coronata 3. Virginian five leaved, eight petaled Coreopsis." [D] auriculata 4. Virginian Auriculated Coreopsis; blossoms in April. lanceolata 5. Lanceolated Coreopsis; blossoms in May. bidens 6. Pennsylvanian Golden Coreopsis; blossoms in Sep­ tember. perfoliata 7. Perfoliated Coreopsis, with pale yellow blossoms; blossoms in July, grows in watry places; "at Honbl Mr J. Peyre's." [D] gladiata 8.

HELIANTHUS W, M divaricatus 1. Rough narrow-leaved Sunflower, blossoms in June. See Smith's Insects, II, 127. laevis 2. Smooth leaved Virginian Sunflower. angustifolius 3. Narrow leaved Virginian Sun flower; "blossoms in September." [D] atro-rubens 4. Dark, red disked Carolinian Sunflower.

22 Amellus =Eclipta alba 29 Verbescina, Crownbeard 20 Rudbeckia hirta, Coneflower, Black-eyed Susan; R. purpurea = Brauneria purpurea, purple conefiower CLASS XIX SYNGENESI A 87

POLYGAMIA NECESSARIA [Necessaria—necessary]

ARCTOTIS ? w caroliniana 1. Carolinian Arctotis. POLYMNIA31 uvedalia 1. Virginian opposite leaved Polymnia. tetragonotheca 2.

SILPHIUM32 laciniatum I. Jagged leaved bastard Marygold. trifoliatum 1. Three-leaved bastard Marygold. scabrum 3.

CHRYSOGONUM virginicum I. Virginian Willow leaved Chrysogonum.

POLYGAMIA SEGREGATA

ELEPHANTOPUS [See Plate VIII] w, M scaber 1. Rough leaved Elephant's foot, blossoms in August. See Smith's Insects, II, 131; grows in good high land "where beech trees do. The juice applied to cuta­ neous and scorbutic eruptions several times a day often affects a cure." [D] LOBELIA w, M Kalmii 1. Canadian Cardinal flower; blossoms in June. siphilitica 1. Blue Virginian cardinal flower. See Woodville's Med­ ical Botany, I, 177. Blossoms in August. Used by the Indians for curing the Venerial desease. cardinalis 3. "Virginian" [D] "Beautiful" [DM] scarlet, Cardinal flower. [See Plate I] Blossoms in July and August; grows in rich swampy places; much of it in Santee Swamp, along the river sides. inflata ? 4. Blue Virginian inflated cardinal flower. glandulosa 5. Purple Cardinal flower, grows in wet grassey lands, near Galls and Ponds, blossoms in September and October.

21 Polymnia, Leafcup 22Silphium, Rosin-weed; S. scabrum =Berlandiera pumila (Sm.), Green eyes 88 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

amoena 6. Blue Cardinal flower, grows in Clayey marley M ditches etc. on the Dorchester road a mile or two above the ferry; blossoms in September. Also in swampy land, throughout the State. Grow, some in mellow grounds, and some in watery places. Of the roots of one of the species (siphilitica) growing on the mountains, the Indians make a part of their diet drink. It possesses diuretic qualities. The Lobelia Amoena, possesses also the same qualities. "Barton's Essay, p. 34." [D]

VIOLA33 w, M palmata ? I. Palmated Virginian Violet; blossoms in "March," [D] April. "Grows in swampy land." [DM] pedata 1. Seven leaved pedated Virginian Violet. See Curtis's Bot. Mag., II, 89. primulifolia 3. Primrose leaved Violet. villosa 4. Hairy Violet. cor data 5. Heart shaped leaved Violet. canina 6. The Negroes call the Violet, "which bears heart shaped leaves and purple blossoms," [DM] wild ockra. Its leaves make very good soup, somewhat like the ockra. "See Transactions of the Linnaean Society, 4to, VI, 309." [D]

IMPATIENS biflora 1. Two flowered Balsam, or Female Balsamine; blos­ soms in September.

SISYRINCHIUM34 "Blossoms in April. Grows in sandy land." [D] w, M bermudiana 1. Bermudian Sisyrinchium. "See Smith's Insects, I,

palmifolium ? 2. Brasilian Sisyrinchium.

CHARACTER The Class Syngenesia embraces the great family of compound flowers. The essence of these compound flowers, consists in the two circumstances of the union of the anthers into a cylinder; and a single seed placed below the receptacle, and attached to each floscule. These plants have a kind of

22 Viola villosa and V. cordata =V. cucullata; V. canina not identified. 24 Sisyrinchium, Blue-eyed Grass, now classified as a genus of the Iris family. PLATE VII

Hedysarum species

s

Clitoria mariana

CLASS XIX SYNGENESIA 89 weedlike appearance. The greater number of Syngenesious plants are re­ ferred by Linnaeus to his forty ninth order, which he calls Compositae and he says "there is no poisonous plant in the order compositae, with the ex­ ception of Tagetes, Doronicum, and Arnica." A good many of the semi- floscular plants of the first order are esculent. And although the lactescent plants of the other classes, are very frequently poisonous ("Plantae lac- tescentes plerumque venenatae sunt"), the milky plants of Syngenesia, with a very few exceptions, are entirely innocent. The plants of this Class are commonly bitter, and stomachic. This class furnishes some ornamental plants such as Chrysanthemum, Solidago, Aster, Helenium, Helianthus, Rud­ beckia, Lobelia, Viola, Liatris. Class XX GYNANDRIA

From ywrj, a woman; and avr\p, a man. It contains those hermaphrodite flowers, in which the stamens are placed either on the style itself, or on a pillar-shaped receptacle, resembling a style, which rises in the center of the flower and supports both the stamens and pistil.

-«-^L.._&r»-

DI ANDRIA ORCHIS1 "Orchis, or Fool-Stones." [DM] w, M ciliaris I. Virginian ciliated Orchis, blossoms in June and July. lata 2. ophioglossoides 3. habenaria ? 4. Jamaican Orchis. calcarata 5. Grow in boggy land, blossom in May, June, July and August. OPHRYS2 w, M trifolia 1. Three leaved Ophrys, Twyblade or Twayblade. fimbriata 1. barbata 3. LIMODORUM3 ? praecox 1. Early limodorum. autumnale 2. Autumnal Limodorum. CYPRIPEDIUM4 w, M calceolus 1. Yellow ladies Slipper. See Catesby, II, 72, 73. "reginae 1. Queen's Ladies Slipper." [D]

1 Orchis ciliaris =Habneria ciliaris; O. ophioglossoides =H. microstylis; O. habneria =H. macroceratitis; other species unidentified. 2 Ophrys trifolia =0. fusca; O. fimbriata =Habneria fissa ? ; O. barbata =Calapogon pulchellus 2 Limodorum praecox =Spiranthes graminea; L. autunmale =S. cernua, Ladies' Tresses 4 Cypripedium calceolus =C. pubescens; C reginae =C spectabile

90 CLASS XX GYNANDRIA 91

ARETHUSA* w, M divaricata 1. Dark purple American Arethusa; or Lilly leaved Hellebore. See Catesby, I, 58. racemosa 1. spicata 3. foliosa 4.

PENTANDRIA

PASSIFLORA W, M Small yellow flowered Virginian passion flower; blos­ lutea 1. soms in June. Virginian flesh coloured flowering passion flower; incarnata 2. blossoms in June. w, M ARISTO LOCHIA Virginian Snake root. A Tonic bitter, possessing a serpentaria 1. pungent aromatic taste; preferable to the common snake root. See Catesby, I, 29; Woodville's Medical Botany, II, 291. Smith's Insects, I, 5; "Barton's Essay, p. 15" [D], Grows in high land. [sipho 2.] "Pennsylvanian Shrubby snake root." [DM]

CLEOME6 w, M pentaphylla 1. Indian five leaved rose coloured Mustardine, blos­ soms in June.

POLYANDRIA

7 POTHOS W, M ovatus 1. Oval leaved Pothos, blossoms in April. Grows in watery places in St. Thomas's Old field. ARUM8 w, M dracontium 1. Small dwarf Indian Dragon without spots. "Scunk cabbage, Polecat Weed." [DM] triphyllum 2. Three leaved Brazilian Arum or Indian Turnip; blossoms in April, "May". [DM] See Curtis's Bot. Mag., XXIV, 950.

> Arethusa diviricata =Pogonia divaricata; A. racemosa =Ponthiera glandulosa; A. spicata =Amplectrum hyemale 2 Cleome, Spider Flower. Small differentiates 12 species. 7 Pothos =Orontium aquaticum, Golden Club • Arum dracontium =Arisaema Dracontium; Arum triphyllum =Arisaema autrorubens; Arum virgini­ cum = Peltandra virginica; A. saggitifolium =Caladium hastifolium 92 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

virginicum 3. Virginian Arum, blossoms in May, grows in St. Thomas's run. saggittifolium 4. Esculent saggitated leaved Arum, or Wampee. Grows in swampy lands of good quality. "Possesses stimu­ lating qualities." [V] See Catesby, I, 83. Professor Thunberg in his Travels, IV, 122, says "The Arum esculentum is cultivated in small beds in the fields, not only, on account of its esculent roots, though these, unless prepared are very acrid; but also on account of its stalks, which they cut in pieces, and put in soups. In like manner they use for food the roots of the following plants which grow wild, viz. The Saggitaria saggitata, Polygonum multiflorum, and Dioscorea japonica. The two latter of which serve as fodder for the Cattle." This is respecting the Empire of Japan. Of the Arum they have various sorts in Java, very common, near ponds, and in every ditch— Thunberg's Travels, IV, 149.

CHARACTER The genera Arum, Dracontium, Pothos, are acrid vegetables, which in their recent state do, unquestionably, exert powerful effects upon the sys­ tem. The fresh root of the Arum triphyllum, boiled in milk, and thus taken for some time, has been found useful in concumptions of the lungs. The Aristolochia serpentaria, or Snake root, is a medicinal article of real value. Class XXI MONOECIA

From fiovos, alone; and oUCa, an house, or habitation. It embraces those vegetables in which the male and female flowers, in other words, the stamens and the styles, are placed apart, in separate covers, on the same plant.

-"-^L.J^r>-

MONANDRIA

ZANNICHELLIA palustris I. Horned Pondweed; grows in watery places in St. Thomas' old field. "Blossoms in July." [D]

DI ANDRI A

LEMNA W, M minor i. Least Duck's Meat.

TRIANDRI Coix lacryma I. Job's tears. CAREX1 W, M squarrosa I. Canadian rough Carex. baldensis ? 2. Carex of Mount Baldus arenaria 3. Sea Carex. vulpina 4. Great Carex. paniculata 5. Panicled Carex. capillar is 6. Capillary Carex. panicea 7. Pink Carex.

' Carex =Sedge species 93 94 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

folliculata 8. Canadian Carex. pseudo-cyperus 9. Bastard Carex. distans 10. Loose Carex. lithosperma 11.

TYPHA w, M latifolia 1. Great Cat's Tail, or Reed Mace.

PHYLLANTHUS ? w, M caroliniensis 1. Carolinian Sea side Laurel, or Phyllanthus, blossoms in June. TRAGIA innocua 1. mercurialis 1. Madrass Tragia. urens ? 3. Stinking Virginian Tragia. "Blossoms in August." [D] [ANONYMOS2 w aquatica I.]

TETRANDRIA

URTICA3 w, M canadensis 1. Canadian Nettle, blossoms in July. capitata 1. Canadian capitated Nettle, blossoms in August. filiformis 3. pumila 4. Dwarf Canadian Nettle. "cylindrica 5. Virginian cylindrical catkined nettle." [D]

BETULA w, M alba ? 1 Common English birch. nigra 2. Black Alder, blossoms in April. alnus 3. Alder, blossoms in "February" [V], March. See Smith's Insects, II, 183 (called Betula serrulata). [papyrifera 4.] "White paper Birch." [DM] The Birch Saplings make good barrel hoops, much in use by Rice planters. "Grow on high swamp, adjacent to large fresh water rivers; the wood lasts long in water but will rot in the course of a year ex­ posed to dry land." [V]

2 Anonymos =Planera aquatica, Planer Tree, Water Elm ' Urtica canadensis =Laportia canadensis, Wood Nettle; U. capitata, filiformis and cylindrica = Boehmeria cylindrica, False Nettle; U. pumila =Pilea pumila, Richweed CLASS XXI MONOECIA 95

PENTANDRIA XANTHIUM4 w, M americanum I. American lesser Burdock, blossoms in September

AMBROSIA6 simplicifolia i. Ambrosia.

CROTONOPSIS M linearis i. Grows in the maritime parts of the State, near Long Bog; see Michaux, II, 186. IVA6 w frutescens i. False Jesuit's bark tree. imbricata i. monophylla 3.

7 AMARANTHUS w hybridus 1. Green spiked Amaranth. spinosus 1. Thorny East Indian Amaranth. Blossoms in June.

HEXANDRIA 8 ZIZANIA W, M aquatica 1. Water oats. "Tare grass." [D] palustris 2. Grows on the borders of fresh water rivers, where the tides flow, and in rice field ditches. They make good fodder when cut green.

POLYANDRIA

SAGGITARIA See Note on page 92, ante. w, M saggittifolia 1. Arrow head; blossoms in April and May. lancifolia 2. Jamaica arrowhead.

FAGUS9 castanea 1. "American" [DM] Chesnut tree, blossoms in May. Grows in the upper parts of the State "to a large

4 Xanthium, Cocklebur 2 Ambrosia simplicifolia "A. artemisifolia 2 Iva, Marsh Elder, High-water Shrub 7 Amaranthus, Amaranth, Pigweed 2 Zizania palustris, Indian Rice 2 Fagus sylvatica =F. americana; F. castanea =Castanea dentata, Chestnut tree; F. pumila = Castanea pumila, Chinquapin 96 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

tree, and on the mountains, producing excellent chesnuts. Its timber is large and durable, and is applied to many uses of husbandry. The inhabitants of the upper country often give way to the pernicious custom of cutting them down for the chesnuts. The consequence will be that, what with the clearing of lands, and this mode of gathering the fruit, these trees in time will be nearly extirpated below the mountains." [V] pumila 2. Dwarf Chesnut, or Chinquapin tree; blossoms in May. Grows throughout the State. "Its fruit is small and of a roundish form, tasting like the chesnut." [V] See Catesby, I, 9; also Smith's Insects, II, 113. sylvatica 3. Beech tree; blossoms in May, grows in mellow good land, "and in the rich high swamps particularly of the middle and upper country. Beech trees are there not infrequently seen with tall straight stems of three or four feet diameter." [V] QUERCUS10 w, M sempervirens 1. "Carolinian" [DM] Live Oak tree. See Catesby, I, 17. Grows on Sea islands, and on lands adjacent to Salts. "This tree is an evergreen, and the most durable oak which the State affords. It is almost as heavy as lignum vitae; and its parts have such ad­ hesion that it will not split, and a nail once driven into it is with difficulty extracted. Its trunk is short, some times six and seven feet diameter; and its large crooked branches will some times spread over near half an acre of ground. It is much used in ship building." [V]

20 Quercus humilis —Q. cinerea; Q. pumila "is only a small shrub, so the note can hardly apply to its use­ fulness." (W. C. C.) Q. prinos "Now called Swamp Chesnut Oak." (W. C. C.) Q. nigra now called Water Oak; the Black Jack Oak is Q. marylandica; Q. aquatica now not used. Q. rubra now includes Q. falcata and Q. triloba, see #20 and 21 above in text. Q. laevis -"Q. Catesbaei Mich. (#22), Turkey Oak." (W. C. C.) Q. alba no longer includes 2 species listed. Q. lyrata, Overcup Oak, from shape of acorn Q. sinuata *=Q. pagoda Q. villosa "obscure—probably Q. Stellata (obstusiloba) or Margaretta." (W. C. C.) Q. obtusiloba—"probably same as #13." (W. C. C.) Q. prinos monticola =Q. montana, Rock Chesnut Oak Q. prinos pumila =Q. prinoides Q. tinctoria =Q. velutina Q. Catesbaei, Turkey Oak CLASS XXI MONOECIA 97

phellos i. "Carolina" [D] Willow leaved Oak. See Catesby, I, 16. Grows in watery places in the lower country. humilis 3. Highland, dwarf willow leaved Oak. pumila 4. Dwarf, or shrub oak, grows on high land, and barren grounds; "useful for fire wood and hoop poles" [V]. Prinus 5. "Virginian" Chesnut leaved "or swamp" [D] white oak. Catesby, I, 18. Grows in mellow land, near swamps, "throughout the state. It is used for various purposes of husbandry not only for plank, but it may be easily split into barrell staves, rails and clap­ boards." [V] nigra 6. Black oak, or black Jack. Catesby, I, 19. Grows on high land "in the lower parts of the state, into a large shrub. But in the middle and upper country it grows into a handsome tree." [V] aquatica 7. Water oak. rubra 8. Red Oak. Catesby, I, 23; grows on high land, "and is used for rails, staves, and clap boards; and its bark for tanning leather" [V]. laevis 9. "Smooth leaved oak." [D] «/&z 10. White oak: of which there are two species, pinnati- fida, et repanda. Grows in high land, and is called by some Post oak. "In the middle and upper country it is much used for the corner and other principal posts of buildings: and lasts long when fixed in the ground, without rotting." [V] Catesby, I, 21. Iyrata II. Harp leaved "or Water White" [DM] Oak. Grows in swampy lands. sinuata 12. Spanish Oak, "or scolloped leaved Oak" [D]. "Grows on high land in the lower country into a large and beautiful tree." [V] villosa 13. Hairy leaved Oak. obtusiloba 14. Upland White Oak. Grows in high land. M prinus monticola 15. Mountain Chesnut "leaved white" Oak. [DM] Grows on the mountains. prinus pumila 16 . Chinquapin Oak. Grows in the upper country. cinerea 17. Upland willow oak. Grows in the lower country. laurifolia 18. Laurel leaved oak. Grows in shady forests on the sea coast. 98 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

tinctoria 19. Great black oak. Grows on and towards the moun­ tains. triloba 20. Downy black oak. falcata 21. Downy red oak. Catesbaei 11. Sandy Red oak. Grows in barren sandy land. coccinea 13. Scarlet Oak. Grows in the upper country. "In the autumnal months the leaves of this tree assume a beautiful scarlet appearance." [V] JUGLANS11 w, M alba 1. Hickory nut tree, "Butter nut" [DM]; blossoms in May. "Grows in strong land. Its young saplings are used for hoop poles, and its timber for cogs, and other uses of husbandry." [V] See Catesby, 1,38. nigra 1. Black Walnut. "Round Virginian Walnut." [D] "Grows sometimes in high land in the lower and middle country. In the upper country it grows in the intervales, becoming a large tree, and its timber is much used in making cabinet work, which in some cases is little inferior to mahogany." [V] See Catesby, I, 67; blossoms in May. cinerea 3. Pennsylvanian Walnut. "Long sharpfruited Hickory Tree." [DM] "Shell bark Hickory nut. Grows in the upper country." [V] "pecan 4. Pecan or Illinois nut tree—'foliolis plerumque qui- nis lanceolatis, serrulatis, sessilibus, utrinque laevi- bus. Fructus non vidi.' Walter, p. 236. See Catesby, I, 38." [D] [Leaflets usually in fives, lanceolate, ser­ rulate, sessile, smooth on both sides. I have not seen the fruit.] CORYLUS w, M americana 1. Hazel. "American Hazelnut." [DM] Grows in the upper country, in vallies and near waters; blossoms in March. "Producing excellent hazel nuts." [V] CARPINUS12 w, M caroliniana 1. Carolinian Hornbeam tree; blossoms in April, grows in rich high swamp.

11 Juglans alba ^Hicoria alba: "This is the common white-heart or mockernut hickory, and should not be called 'butternut,' which belongs to J. cinerea." (W. C C) J. Pecan: "Walter has this with a ques­ tion mark, not having seen the fruit. If native it was probably Water Hickory, Hicoria aquatica." (W. C C.) 12 Carpinus car. and americana the same; C. ostrya =Ostrya virginiana CLASS XXI MONOECIA 99

[americana 2.] "American Hornbeam." [DM] [ostrya 3.] "Hop Hornbeam or Ironwood." [DM]

PLATANUS13 w occidentalis 1. American "western," [D] Plane tree. Sometimes called Sycamore "in this state; in the northern states, button tree"; [V] grows near fresh water rivers, and in mellow lands "more especially in the middle and upper country." [V] "See Catesby, I, 56. He is mis­ taken in saying they only grow on the hilly parts, particularly on the banks of Savannah river. See Bartram's Travels, p. 307, on which I ground the assertion. Walter does not appear to have noted in this work the Sycamore tree: Acer pseudo-Platanus, which is common throughout the state and as an ornamental tree is undoubtedly worthy of notice. Upon investi­ gation I am not clear that [this] Sycamore grows at all in the state." [D]

LlQUIDAMBAR w, M styraciflua 1. Sweet gum tree, grows throughout the State, both on high and low lands "and possesses a sweet gum, of valuable medicinal virtue," [V] "advantageously used in diarrhoeas. See Barton's Essay, page 17." [D] See Catesby, II, 65.

M O N A D E L P H I A 14 PlNUS w, M glabra 1. squarrosa 1. palustris 3. "American long leaved Swamp Pine." [D] Loblolly swamp pine. Smith's Insects, I, 83. lutea 4. American Yellow Pine. Grows on high land. "Grows in the lower and middle country; from this tree, ship

12 Acer pseudo-Platanus: "This shows the difficulty Drayton was under in the confusion of common names as used in America and England. In England 'cycomore' is a Maple." (W. C. C) 14 Pinus glabra, Walter's pine or Spruce pine P. squarrosa and P. lutea =P. echinata P. palustris, Long-leaved pine. The name Loblolly pine is now applied to P. taeda. P. cedrus ?—"Obscure, probably Chamaecyparis which is not mentioned." (W. C. C.) P. sylvestris- "Obscure." (W. C. C.) P. abies =Abies Fraseri, Fraser's Fir, or A. balsamea, Balsam Fir. IOO THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

and other planks, flooring boards, feather edge boards, and house frames are sawed. It is used also for masts of vessels." [V] Cedrus ? 5. taeda 6. Pitch Pine. "Grows in the lower and middle M parts of the state. This tree affords turpentine, rosin, tar, and pitch; and may be considered the most valuable tree in the state." [V] Strobus 7. White pine, "New England Pine," [DM] grows M near the mountains. sylvestris 8. Fir. Grow near the mountains. "Bartram says M abies 9. near the Occonnee Mountain." [V] M CUPRESSUS16 w, M disticha 1. "Carolinian" [D] "Deciduous" [DM] Cypress tree. Grows in fresh water swamps, in the lower and middle country. "This tree, for height and thickness, is the largest tree growing in this state. Some of them measure thirty feet circumference round the lower part of their stem; and their wood is very lasting, and easy to work. Large boats are made of them, by joining two or three pieces together; and six or eight oared canoes are sometimes made from a single tree. It affords plank and timber for various uses in build­ ing and agriculture; boards for panel work and shingles for covering houses." [V] "Catesby, I, 11." [D] [thuyoides 2.] "Blue berried cypress or Juniper." [DM]

THUJA w, M occidentalis 1. Arbor Vitae tree.

ACALYPHA w, M virginica 1. Virginian three seeded Mercury. "Blooms in May." [D] caroliniana 1. Carolinian oval serrated leaved Mercury. CROTON w, M glandulosum 1. Jamaican glandulous leaved Croton; blossoms in July; "grows in Echaw and Wassamasaw." [D] maritimum 1. Sea Croton.

12 Cupressus disticha =Taxodium distichum, Swamp Cypress or T. ascendens, Pond cypress. C. thuyoides =Chamaecyparis thuyoides, but it is not blue berried. The blue berried juniper is Juniperus virginiana. CLASS XXI : MONOECIA IOI

16 JATROPHA w, M urens I. Stinging, prickly Jatropha. "Blossoms in May." [D]

17 STILLINGIA w, M sylvatica I. Yaw weed, or Cock-up Hat; blossoms in May and June. Grows in Barren sandy land. Its large roots are used in diet drinks; and are said to be excellent for the cure of the Venerial disorder.

SINGENESIA

CUCUMIS18 w glaber i. "Smooth cucumber," [D] yellow blossom. ? 2. White blossom. ?3- Spear shaped; leaves opposite.

SCHISANDRIA19 M coccinea i. Scarlet flowering Schisandra; grows in shady places. See Michaux, II, 219.

CHARACTER This Class contains some of the most valuable and necessary plants in the use of man. For purposes of House and Ship building, husbandry, and ornament, it gives the following: Phyllanthus, Betula, Fagus, Quercus, Juglans, Corylus, Carpinus, Platanus, Liquidambar, Pinus, Cupressus. Zizania, when cut green makes an excellent fodder for horses and cattle in the spring; and many of the forest trees give excellent fruit, as Corylus, Juglans, Fagus. Some of the oaks are much used for tanning Leather, while others afford excellent dies for manufactures.

12 Jatropha, Tread-softly, Spurge Nettle " Stillingia, Queen's Root, Queen's Delight 12 Cucumis glaber =Melothria pendula 12 Schisandria, Wild Sarsparilla, Bay Star-vine Class XXII DIOECIA

From 5k, twice; and o'tKia, an house. It consists of those plants, which have no hermaphrodite flowers; but produce male and female flowers on distinct individuals of the same species.

-'Tit>Jt>r>-

DIANDRI A OLEA1 W, M americana i. The purple berried bay; sometimes called Wild Olive, but Quaere? Grows on the sea islands, and on high sandy lands adjacent to salts. See Catesby, I, 61; also, Woodville's Medical Botany, I, 94. Blossoms in April, "May". [V] A beautiful evergreen shrub, suit­ able for gardens. AD ELI A2 M acuminata I. Grows along the borders of rivers. See Michaux, II, 225. TRI ANDRI A VISCUM3 w album ? I. White Misseltoe. "Blossoms in April." [D] See Wood­ ville's Medical Botany, IV, 150.

TETRANDRIA MORUS W, M rubra 1. "Large leaved Virginian" [D] mulberry tree. Grows in the upper country in good lands, principally in 1 Olea =Osmanthus americana 2 Adelia =Forestiera acuminata (Sm.), Swamp Privet 2 Viscum album—Phoradendron flavescens, Mistletoe I02 CLASS XXII DIOECI A 103

mellow low grounds; blossoms in April. It also some­ times grows in rich high swamp in the lower country.

ILEX4 w, M aquifolium 1. Common prickly Holly, with red berries. Grows in dry land; an evergreen. "Blossoms in May." [D] Its wood is very white; as such used by Cabinet Makers for inlaying mahogany. "'baccis flavis.' Walter, p. 241. Yellow berried holly." [D] "It may, however, only be a variety." [V] Dahoon 3. Dahoon holly. Grows in the lower country, in watery places near the Sea Shore; a beautiful species of evergreen, bearing red berries in Clusters. "Blossoms in May." [D] See Catesby, I, 31. myrtifolia 4. Myrtle leaved Holly, with red berries. Grows towards the middle country in swampy land; along the Orangeburgh road. "Blossoms in May." [D] decidua 5. Deciduous holly, grows in low lands in the lower country, producing red berries; blossoms in May. cassine 6. Cassena Shrub, "or Yaupon," [D] grows on Sea w islands adjacent to salts on Sandy land; excellent for hedges. "Blossoms in May." [D]

MYRICA w, M cerifera 1. Candleberry Myrtle. See Catesby, I, 13, 69. Blos­ soms in April. Grows in the lower country, adjacent to salts. Its berries make an excellent wax, suitable either for soap or candles.

PENTANDRI A

CASSINE5 w caroliniana 1. Carolinian Maurocenia, or Hottentot Cherry tree.

VITIS w, M Labrusca 1. "Wild Virginian," [D] "American" [DM] Fox Grape. See Smith's Insects, I, 81. aestivalis 1. Summer grape. Its fruit is small, and a little acid.

* Ilex aquifolium «=I. opaca; I. Dahoon = I. Cassine; I. Cassine = I. vomitoria 2 Cassine caroliniana "Ilex ambigua (Kew Index) 104 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

cordifolia 3. Winter Grape. Its berries are small, and ripen at a late period. rotundifolia 4. Muscadin or Bull grape. "These grow abundantly throughout the country, and will sometimes climb to the tops of the highest trees." [V]

6 ZANTHOXYLON W, M fraxinifolium 1. Prickly Ash. Grows on high land. The roots beaten up, wash woolens like soap. clava Hercules 2. Hercules' Club or Ash leaved toothache tree. Grows on the Sea Islands, and lands near the Salts. "The bark, leaves and root of this tree are of a pungent nature, used successfully sometimes for the tooth­ ache; it also promotes salivation and has been given in cases of rheumatism." [V] See Catesby, 1,26; "also Barton's Essay, p. 52." [D] "Also Marshall on plant­ ing, 8vo II, title Zanthoxylum." [DM] SALIX7 w, M pentandra 1. Sweet or bay leaved "Carolinian" [DM] Willow tree. occidentalis 2. Western Willow tree. alpina 3.

SMILAX8 W, M rotundifolia I, Round leaved Smilax. glauca 2. Glaucus leaved Smilax. Bona-nox 3. Prickly leaved Smilax. laurifolia 4. Bay leaved black berried "Virginian" [D] rough bind weed. See Catesby, I, 15. pubera 5. Dwarf or shrub smilax. Universe pubens [generally hairy]. tamnifolia 6. "Briony-leaved rough Smilax." [DM] herbacea 7. "Virginian" [D] Herbaceous Ivy leaved Smilax. auriculata 8. Auriculated leaved Smilax. lanceolata 9. Lancet leaved Smilax. See Catesby, II, 84. "variegata 10." "inermis 11." [D] r^i»<7 ? "pseudo Three nerved leaved, Rough bindweed, or "False"

•Zanthoxylon fraxinifolium =>Z. Clava-Hercules 7 Salix pentandra =»S. Nigra; "other two sp. obscure." (W. C. C.) 9 Smilax pubera =S. pumila; S. tamnifolia and variegata «=S. Bona-nox; S. inermis —S. herbacea; S. China ? »S. Walteri; S. sarsaparilla ? PLATE VIII

•ft

Elephantopus scaber

CLASS XXII DIOECIA 105

China"[D] 12. [D] China root. "Useful in diet drinks." [V] See Woodville's Medical Botany, IV, 65; also Catesby, I, 52. "From the root of this species, Bartram in his Travels, p. 239, says an excellent jelly is made by the Indians." [D] sarsaparilla 13. "Virginian Ivy-leaved rough bindweed" [or] Sarsa- parilla. "Also useful in diet drinks." [V] See Wood­ ville's Medical Botany III, 528; "also Catesby, I, 62." [D] The young shoots of Smilax, boiled, are a very good substitute for ("eat like" [D]) asparagus. "China root grows in abundance in Japan, China etc. See Thunberg's Travels, VI, 61." [D]

9 [ANONYMOS Dioscoreae affinis. w quaternata 1. quinata 2.]

RAJANIA w ovata 1. Oval shaped leaved Rajania.

10 PRINOS w glaber 1. Yaupon, or Winter berry, "or Cassena Shrub". [D] See Catesby, II, 57. Blossoms in May; a great diure­ tic; "Barton's Essay, p. 36." [D] ambiguis 2.

11 MENISPERMUM W, M carolinianum Carolinian Moon Seed. virginicum 2. Virginian Moon Seed. [canadense 3.] "Canadian Moon Seed." [DM]

12 POPULUS W, M nigra ? 1. Carolinian black poplar or Cotton tree. Blossoms in April. Grows along the borders of the large fresh water rivers, coming from the mountains; as a 2 Anonymos =Dioscorea species, Yam "Prinos glaber =llex glabra, Inkberry or gallberry. "Drayton's note referring to P. glaber as being the plant used by the Indians to make 'Black Drink' suggests that he has here confused that species with Ilex vomitoria or Yaupon, which is the species accepted by all other authors we have seen." (W. C. C.) This suggestion is borne out by the label, in Drayton's handwriting for plate a6 of Catesby's Hortus in the copy in the South Caroliniana Library. 11 Menispermum carolinianum and virginicum =Cocculus carolinus, which has red berries. M. canadense has black berries. 22 Populus nigra =P. deltoides, Carolina poplar; "P. tremula is an error." (W. C. C.) io6 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

curious instance of this fact, it is in plenty along the banks of Great Pedee; but is scarcely to be seen along those of Little Pedee. The waters of those two rivers are also differently coloured." [V] heterophylla i. Virginian poplar tree; blossoms in April. tremula 3. Aspen tree. Grows in the vicinity of the mountains. "Bartram says of the Occonnee mountains." [D]

MONADELPHIA

JUNIPERUS W, M virginiana I, Red Cedar. Grows on the Sea Islands, and on lands not far removed from Salts. Small trees of it also grow on the mountains, "on the Table Mountain and among the rocks near Flat Creek. This tree is a beautiful evergreen, whose branches spread hori­ zontally until the lowermost will at length nearly touch the ground; and whose whole appearance is a regular cone. The wood of this tree is used in many cases of cabinet work, in timbering boats and vessels; and as timber or posts to be fixed in the earth; it is the most lasting wood which grows in this state." [V]

CHARACTER This Class furnishes medical plants in estimation. The barks of dif­ ferent species of Salix and Pcpulus, have been found good substitutes for the Peruvian bark. Candleberry Myrtle (Myrica) and Missletoe (Viscum) have likewise been used as tonic medicines. The species of Zanthoxylum possess in their barks, capsules and roots a very pungent heating taste, which act powerfully on the saliva. Seme species of Smilax, possess valuable medicinal properties, in purifying the system. Prinos glaber is said to be an excellent Diuretic; a decoction of this called black drink, is used by the Indian War­ riors on particular public occasions.10 This Class also furnishes some ornamental plants as, Olea, Ilex, Popu­ lus, Juniperus: the later extremely valuable, on account of its useful and lasting wood. It also affords us the grateful fruits of the Mulberry (Morus), the Grape (Vitis), and the berries of the Candleberry Myrtle, which make excellent wax for candles and soap making; and Cedar berries which in use are said to be little inferior to those of the Juniper. Class XXIII POLYGAMIA

From TTOXVS, many, and ydpos, marriage. It embraces those plants, the different individuals of which bear hermaphro­ dite flowers, and likewise male or female flowers, or both.

-n&^Jar*-

MONOECIA

1 ISCHAEMUM w secundatum i. scariosum 2. glabrum 3.

2 AEGILOPS w aromaticum 1. Aromatic Aegilops, or wild Fescue Grass, or Hard Grass. saccharinum 2.

3 APLUDA ? w scirpioides 1.

CELTIS4 w, M occidentalis 1. Western purple fruited Nettle tree, or Sugar-berry. Grows along the bluff of Beaufort; and in swampy places of that district. Its foliage is thick and hand­ some. See Smith's Insects, I, 71. "foliis. 1. fructu caerulo'. Walter, p. 250. Sky coloured fruited Nettle tree." [D]

1 Ischaemum secundatum =Stenotaphrum glabrum; I. glabrum =Tripsacum dactyloides, Sesame grass Gama grass 2 Aegilops aromaticum =Ctenium americanum; A. saccharinum =Eleusine aegyptica 1 Apluda scirpoides, an unidentified grass ' Celtis, Species l, unidentified. It is obviously confused in W, where Fraser could not make sense of Walter's note. IO7 io8 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

5 ACER WJ M saccharinum i. Sugar Maple: grows in the upper country, in low rich lands and on the mountains. "Much of it is on Turkey Creek near Broad river." [D] "During the American Revolutionary war, some maple sugar was made in the upper country for domestic use par­ ticularly from the maple trees which grow plentifully adjacent to Turkey Creek, in York district." [V] negundo 2. Ash leaved Maple. Grows in mellow lands and swamps. carolinianum 3. Carolinian trilobed leaved Maple. I take this species to be the one meant by Catesby, I, 62, called red flowering Maple (Acer rubrurri). It blossoms early in March, and grows principally in swampy grounds. "Will produce sugar. See Repository of the Arts, XI, 130, note x." [D] rubrum 4. Red "scarlet" [DM] flowering Maple; blossoms early in February, grows in swampy grounds. It fur­ nishes the beautiful curled Maple used for rifle stocks, and is afterwards coloured by rubbing it over with aqua fortis, and polished. [pennsylvanicum 5.]"Dwarf mountain maple." [DM] M

6 MIMOSA w, M horridula 1. Sensitive briar, "angular stalked Malabrian mimosa or sensitive plant". [D] Grows on high land, in some parts of the lower and middle country; but is fre­ quently met with in the high lands of the upper country; blossoms in May, "June". [DM] See Smith's Insects, II, 123.

ATRIPLEX7 laciniata 1. Jagged Sea Orach. glauca 2. Spanish Sea Purslane tree.

2 Acer saccharinum, the Silver Maple; the sugar Maples are A. saccharum, floridanum and leucoderme. Drayton's note should read Repertory oj Arts, not Repository, No Revolutionary sugar-maker of Turkey Creek has been traced. Before 1767, however, T. Griffieh[s], who later became agent of the Wedg­ wood potteries for purchasing American clays, had attempted and failed in a South Carolina enterprise for "the manufacture of maple sugar after the manner of the Indians."—Eliza Meteyard, Life of Josiah Wedgwood, II, 5. 2 Mimosa intsia =Schrankia uncinata 7 Atriplex laciniata =A. rosea; A. glauca unidentified CLASS XXIII : POLYGAMIA IO9

DIOECIA

PANAX W, M quiquefolium 1. Five leaved Ginsing. trifolium 2. Three leaved Ginsing. The two above species grow in the upper country, in rich land, near and on the mountains. "Ginsing has been so much sought by the Cherokee Indians for trade, that at this time it is by no means so plenty as it used formerly to be in this state." [V] See an Engraving of the first in Catesby, II, 116; Woodville's Medical Botany, II, 270; also an engraving of the second in Woodville's Medical Botany, III, 540; also Ehret's Plantae Selectae, plate VI.

DlOSPYROS W, M virginiana 1. Persimon tree. Grows both in high land and river swamps. Its fruit when ripe is pleasant: when green dangerously astringent. The green fruit sliced, dried and beaten, under due medical direction is supposed to be a valuable astringent medicine. "See Smith's Insects, II, 47." [D]

NYSSA8 W, M uniflora 1. Single flowered Tupelo tree or water Tupelo. biflora 1. The two flowered Tupelo tree.' multiflora 3. Many flowered Tupelo tree. capitata 4. "Oval cordated serrated leaved Tupelo tree. Grows in swamps to a large tree. See a species of the Tupelo tree in Catesby, 1,41." [D] tomentosa 5. Some of these species of Tupelo have broad, and others narrow leaves. They bear a dark colored berry, possessing both an acid and a bitter taste. None but the best swampy soils produce these trees "and they are therefore excellent criterions of good rice land. The broad leaved tupelo is used for making bowls and other house utensils, being a clean, light wood". [V] A species of small leaf, sometimes called black gum, grows in gullies, adjacent to swamps; its wood is so tough, that it is used for the naves of cart and waggon wheels.

2 Nyssa uniflora-N. aquetica; N. multiflora =N. sylvatica; N. capitata =N. ogeche, Ogeechee lime Sour Tupelo; N. tomentosa ="N. uniflora, probably." (W. C. C.) no THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

9 FRAXINUS w, M excelsior i. Common Ash tree; grows in mellow swampy land. pubescens 1. Downy leaved Ash tree. americana 3. Carolinian broad keyed red ash. See Catesby, I, 80. Grows in low swampy lands; a tree of small size.

GLEDITSIA10 triacanthos 1. "Three thorned sweet" [D] Honey locust tree, grows on high land, "blossoms in May," [D] "bearing a pod of very saccharine qualities, from which a metheglin beverage is sometimes made". See Smith's Insects, II, 169. "Gleditsia polysperma of Millar." [V] monospertna 1. "Water acacia". [DM]

HAMAMELIS Witch Hazel. w, M dioica 1. monoica 1. androgyna 3. See a species of this shrub, in Catesby, II, 102. Also Bartram's Travels, page 335. Grows in high land, blossoms in October "and continues its blossoms till frost. The species in Catesby is to be found plentifully in tolerable good high land, covered with shrubby trees along the road from Charleston to Santee". [D]

RHUS11 glabra 1. Smooth "New England" [D] "Pennsylvanian" [DM] Sumach. Grows throughout the State. See Catesby, II, 104. Blossoms in June. The berries of this put in water, make a grateful acid drink. copallina 2. "True" [D] Lentiscus leaved shumach. "Blossoms in August". [D] typhina 3. "Virginian" [D] Stag's horn Sumach. [Vernix 4.] "Poisonous Varnish Tree, or Carolina Poison Ash. Grows at the edges of swamps." [DM] radicans 5. Poisonous Vine. "Radicant Toxicodendron." [D]

• Fraxinus excelsior: "Error, not American. His plant was probably F. caroliniana, as were the other two supposed species." (W. C C.) 10 Gleditsia monosperma = G. aquatica 22 Rhus radicans now considered a variety of R. toxicodendron, while R. quercifolia is a separate •pecie*. CLASS XXIII : POLYGAMIA III

toxicodendron 6. Poison oak. Varieties, Michaux <*vulgare. "Poisonous oak." /3 quercifolia. "Poison vine." 7 microcarpa. "Dwarf Poison oak." This last species is poisonous and grows in the lower country, on sandy high land. Michaux has placed this Genus, in Pentandria Trigynia: Quaere? "Sept. 20th 1805. Gen'l Pinckney toid me today, Michaux had informed him that generally those species of Rhus or Sumach which had whitish seeds were poisonous; those with coloured seeds generally were not." [DM]

CHARACTER This Class embraces a number of useful and curious plants. Of these some are medicinal as, Panax, Diospyros, Rhus. Others are esculent, as Diospyros, Gleditsia, Celtis, whose fruit is agreeable eating. The sap of the Sugar Maple, makes an excellent sugar. Celtis, Acer rubrum, Mimosa, Hamamelis, Rhus, are suitable for ornamental gardening, and some of them, of curious nature. Poison Oak (Rhus toxicodendron) is said to be of an en- flaming poisonous nature, and therefore ought not be introduced into flower gardens. Fraxinus affords timber for Carriage makers, and some purposes of Husbandry. Class XXIV CRYPTOGAMIA

From Kpvirru, to hide; and ydpos, a marriage. It contains an assemblage of vegetables; whose minutiae of fructification are such, or from their situation, as to be concealed, or imperfectly visible. The plants of this Class are often of dangerous and poisonous nature.

-ri&-.3&r>-

FILICES1 [Ferns] These are plants, which bear their flower and fruit, on the back of the leaf, or stalk, which in this class of plants are the same. Many of the ferns however, bear their fructification in a spike.

EQUISETUM w, M arvense i. Horsetail. hyemale 1. Winter Horsetail, Shave Grass, Pewterwort, or Dutch Rushes. Grows in marshy watery soils; and at Beard's Mills above Granby; blossoms in July and August. It is used by Turners and Cabinet Makers, for polishing their work.

OPHIOGLOSSUM Adders tongue. w, M crotalophoroides i

OSMUNDA Royal Osmund, or Flowering fern. w, M adiantifolia i. virginica i. regalis 3.

1 Filices: The family names of the ferns have remained in use; the species names have changed. 112 CLASS XXIV : CRYPTOGAMIA 113

claytoniana 4. cinnomomea 5. caroliniana 6. Tussic ? Blossoms in April. Grows in black, husky tide lands. POLYPODIUM w, M virginianum 1. Virginian Polypody.

ASPLENIUM w, M salicifolium 1. Willow leaved Spleenwort.

BLECHNUM w, M carolinianum 1. occidentale 2.

PTERIS Brakes, or female Fern. W, M atropurpurea 1. Blossoms in May.

ADIANTUM Maiden Hair. pedatum 1.

M U S C I [Mosses]

LYCOPODIUM Club Moss. W, M alopecuroides 1. rupestre ? 2. innudatum 3.

HYPNUM W, M crista castrensis 1. illecebrum 2. riparium ? 3. cuspidatum 4. ALGAE LICHEN Liverwort. "See a species of this vegetable w, M in Woodville's Medical Botany, IV, 151." [D] nivalis 1. fagineus 2. pyxidatus 3. cocciferus 4. subulatus 5. hirtus 6. II4 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

FUNGI2

AGARICUS Agaric, or Mushroom. w cantharellus i. campestris 1. violaceous 3. viscidus 4. fimetarius 5. quercinus 6. Agaric of the Oak. plumatus 7.

BOLETUS w igniarius 1. versicolor 2. sanguineus 3. perennis 4. dimidiatus 5.

HYDNUM parasiticum 1.

PHALLUS impudicus 1. "Stink Horns." [D]

CLAVARIA Club Mushroom. w hy poxy Ion 1. coralloides 1.

LYCOPERDON cervinum 1. Truffles or puff ball. Grows in barren sandy land. Some were dug up in preparing my garden at Hope- land on Santee, near the Sea Shore. They have neither root or Stem, and are used in cookery. "Pro­ fessor Thunberg in his Travels, IV, 121, says 'Truffles (Lycoperdon tuber) are dug out of the ground in many places, of the size of a plumb: when fresh dug they are soft and rather of a brown colour, but when salted they turn black. I frequently saw the Japanese eat them after they had been salted in soups in the same manner as morels.' This is in Japan." [D]

2 Fungi: "The modern treatment of the species Drayton describes in this section, has changed so com­ pletely that it is not worth while to attempt to trace present-day terminology." (W. C. C.) CLASS XXIV : CRYPTOGAMIA 115

bovista 2. stellatum 3. pisiformis 4. [ANONYMOS3 Fungus ovatus. caroliniensis 1.]

CHARACTER Although the Ferns are said by Barton "to constitute a beautiful cov­ ering upon the summits of many of our mountains", yet, excepting as they assist in the formation of peat, perhaps they are of little use. They gen­ erally grow in boggy, sour land. And much of a species of Fern, commonly called Tussics (perhaps a species of Osmundd) is to be found in the fresh water marshes near the salts at the mouths of our rivers. They offer great impediments to cultivation of the tide lands on which they grow: the best way for destroying them is by the hoe; and afterwards with fire, when heaped up. . The Mosses are few. None of any consideration except the long Moss; which only grows in the middle and lower country.4 It makes a tolerable fodder in the winter, when cattle can procure nothing better. Endeavours have been made to introduce it into the upper country for the support of their cattle in the winter: but as yet, without success. The Mushrooms afford an excellent species for the Table or pickling; they grow on dung hills, and pasture grounds, principally in the spring and latter end of the Autumn; after heavy rains and hot sun. They come up first like white round buttons, the bottom of the buttons covered with a white web, which adheres to the stem. On taking away this web, the in­ side of the mushroom appears, at first nearly white, afterwards, a flesh colour; and as it grows old it assumes a brown colour. The Mushroom has an agreeable flavour and the skin on the top of the Mushroom peels off easily, which it does not with the others. The webb, the flavour, the Colour, and the easy peeling of the outward skin, must all unite in the true Mush­ room—otherwise, it is poisonous. This Class affords few plants of importance. Equisetum, is used by Cabinet Makers, for polishing their work. Agaricus also, affords a species (Agaricus Quercinus) well known as a styptic when applied to external wounds. It may also be usefully employed in dying silks of a Black colour.

2 Anonymos caroliniensis =Lycoperdon species i 4 Not a moss, of course. See Tillandsia. EXOTIC PLANTS1 Which have become naturalized to South-Carolina; or are cultivated for domestic use. The plants marked thus (*) are sometimes killed to the roots by severe winters: they put forth however again with the return of spring.

-<-ijt->^ar--

RICE. (Oriza.) SQUASHES. (Cucurbita pepo.) COTTON. (Gossipium.) TANNIERS AND EDDOES. Species of TOBACCO. (Nicotiana.) (Arum.) INDIGO. (Indigofera.) CUCUMBER. (Cucumis.) INDIAN CORN, OR MAIZE. (Zea.) The GUINEA CORN OF SEVERAL KINDS. Indians are said to have been (Holcus.) found in possession of this plant, APPLE. (Pyrus malus.) when America was first discovered. QUINCE. (Pyrus Cydonia.) Cow PEASE. (Pisum.) PEAR. (Pyrus communis.) LONG POTATOES. (Convolvulus bata­ PLUM OF SEVERAL KINDS. (Prunus.) tas.) APRICOT. (Prunus Armeniaca.) ROUND POTATOES. (Solanum tubero­ PEACH MANY KINDS. (Amygdalus.) sum.) The Indians are said to have NECTARINE. (Amygdalus Persica, of been found in possession of this Millar.) plant when America was first dis­ *ALMOND BOTH SWEET AND BITTER. covered. (Amygdalus communis.) WHEAT. (Triticum.) *OLIVES. (Olea.) RYE. (Secale.) OLEANDER. (Nerium Oleander.) A BARLEY. (Avena.) beautifully flowering and orna­ BUCKWHEAT. (Polygonum.) mental garden plant. HEMP. (Cannabis Sativa.) *FIG SEVERAL KINDS. (Ficus.) FLAX. (Linum usitatissimum.) POMEGRANATE. (Punica granatum.) TURNIPS. (Brassica rapa.) Grows in great perfection on the MELLONS, BOTH MUSK AND WATER. sea islands, in Beaufort district; (Cucumis?) and is also cultivated in other GOURD. (Cucurbita.) parts of the state. POMPIONS. (Cucurbita Melopepo.) OKRA. (Hibiscus esculentus) The pod

i This section is taken from Drayton's View of South Carolina, pp. 84-87. Il6 EXOTIC PLANTS 117

and seeds of this plant, when mintic, a decoction of its roots, young, is in common use for mak­ being used with much success in ing soup during summer, and is worm cases. Professor Thunberg, much esteemed. in his travels to Japan, says the *ORANGES, BOTH SWEET AND SOUR. fruit of this tree was there used (Citrus Aurantium.) like the seeds of the Rhus Succe- *LEMONS. (Citrus limon, of Millar.) danea, for making an expressed TIMES. (Citrus acris, of Millar.) oil; which oil grew hard like tallow, Sweet oranges, lemons, and limes, and was used for candles. It is sup­ are produced in much perfection posed this plant possesses delete­ on some of the sea islands in Beau­ rious qualities. Horses, horned fort district; the sour oranges are cattle, and hogs, however eat its of hardier nature, and grow in dif­ leaves and berries with impunity; ferent parts of the state. and robins (Turdus migratorius) *P0PNIAC TREE, OR FRAGRANT MI­ devour the berries in such large MOSA. (Mimosa.) A delicate and quantities in winter, that after eat­ ornamental shrub. ing them they are observed to fall *PALMA CHRISTI, OR CASTOR OIL TREE. down, and are readily taken. This, (Ricinus.) It possesses cathartic however, is ascribed more to dis­ qualities. The oil of this plant is tention from abundant eating; than abundant; and may be easily to any deleterious qualities of the adapted to lighting lamps for ma­ plant. chinery: particularly for the tide LOMBARDY POPLAR. (Populus dila- rice mill, which works both night tata of Millar.) and day. The oil is easily extracted FLOWERING ALOE. (Agave Ameri­ from the nuts, by pressure like cana.) A beautifully flowering linseed; or by boiling them, and plant, extremely ornamental to skimming off the oil floating on gardens, putting forth its blossoms the surface. From an acre of land, at the summit of a vigorous stem cultivated with this plant, 100 to eighteen or twenty feet high. This 150 gallons of oil are said to have plant requires many years growth been made. previous to its blossoming. *TALLOW TREE. (Croton Sebiferum.) SWEET MYRTLE. (Myrtus Commu­ From the berries of this tree a tal­ nis.) low is made, which is used in CAPE JASMINE OR FRAGRANT GAR­ 2 China for candles; it is said to be DENIA. (Gardenia Florida.) also useful in making soap. WEEPING WILLOW. (Salix Babylo- PRIDE OF INDIA. (Melia azedarach.) nica.) This plant is an excellent anthel­

2 The inclusion of Gardenia and Fothergilla Gardeni (p. 59) constitutes Drayton's only notice of the earliest South Carolina botanist, Dr. Alexander Garden (c. 1730-1791).

APPENDIX

RAYTON'S only original contribution to the botany of the state was his discovery of the Yellow Honeysuckle which he called Lonicera lutea D Caroliniensis. His uncertainties and changes of mind in classifying the flower are plain to see in the two "Florist" manuscripts and in his pub­ lished plant list in the View of South Carolina. To put them all into this text of the "Florist," scattered among the genera in which he tentatively clas­ sified the plant, is to do Drayton little credit. A man has a right to hesitate and contradict himself in his notebooks, but when he sends his work to the printer he has made up his mind. The editor has therefore collected all of Drayton's wrong guesses into this appendix, and in the text has put only his right guess which is luckily the one he himself published in the View, though he retracted it in the second manuscript "Florist." Sometime before 1798, Drayton first mentions his yellow honeysuckle on page 20 of the earlier draft of "The Carolinian Florist," where in a note to Walter's Azalea species he says: "An odoriferous yellow honeysuckle of a climbing nature grows plentifully on Paris's Mountain near Reedy river in the upper country." When he published the View in 1802 he had changed his mind and moved the yellow honeysuckle to the Loniceras, where he gives this descrip­ tion on page 64: "Yellow Carolinian woodbine, or honeysuckle. (Lonicera Lutea Caroliniensis.) I have so called this flowering plant, it not yet being noticed in any botanical book respecting this state. It is of the Climbing species, bearing bright yellow blossoms, extremely elegant and fragrant: in form and appearance much like the English honey-suckle. And has only yet been found growing in a southern exposure, on the rocks of Paris's Mountain; in Greenville district." Substantially the same description appears in the second draft of the "Florist," where he copied many of the View paragraphs intact. But when he had studied Michaux's Flora Boreali-Americana, he changed his mind again, and put the plant back in the Azaleas. In the margin of his copy of Michaux, he wrote, beside Azalea calendulacea, var. crocea: "Yellow Honey­ suckle: grows on Paris's Mountain." And in the notebook "Florist" he drew a sharply pointing hand at the side of his Lonicera lutea caroliniensis note and wrote: "When I wrote this I had not seen Michaux's Flora. Bor. Amer.; I believe this a variety of his Azalea Calendulacea, or scarlet Honeysuckle. He says: Var. a. flammea: Hab. ad ripas fluvii Savannah: loco dicto Two Sisters." [Flame azealea: Grows on the banks of Savannah River at Two Sisters Ferry.] "b. crocea: In summis montibus Carolinae." [Yellow azalea: On the high mountains of Carolina.] 119 120 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

Dr. Coker has summarized the subsequent botanical history of the plant for this appendix: Drayton's yellow honeysuckle is Lonicera flava Sims, published in Curtis's Botanical Magazine in 1810, with a colored plate (No. 1318). It is interesting to note that the very plant from which the species was described and figured was found by John Fraser on the same mountain on which Drayton collected his specimens. It seems possible that Fraser was informed of the occurrence of the plant on Paris Mountain by Drayton himself. If Sims knew of Drayton's publication of it in his View of South Carolina (1802), he should have mentioned the name used by Dray­ ton. That Drayton's nomenclature has not been accepted by botanists since that day is a puzzle. It is my guess that Sims did not know about Drayton's work and that, with the exception of Elliott in his Sketch (1821), all subsequent systematists have overlooked it. Elliot mentions Drayton's discovery of the plant, but does not cite his name for it. The writer has collected this very fine native vine from this same Paris Mountain at Greenville, and now has it growing in his garden at Chapel Hill. It is a finer ornamental than the commoner L. sempervirens and the fragrance is delightful.—W. C. C. DRAYTON'S BIBLIOGRAPHY

Annual Register, A Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad. . ., London, 1775- BARTON, BENJAMIN SMITH, Collections for an Essay toward a Materia Medica of The United States, Part First, 2nd ed., Philadelphia, 1801; Part Second, Philadelphia, 1804. , Elements of Botany: or Outlines of the Natural History of Vege­ tables, Philadelphia, 1803. BARTRAM, WILLIAM, Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida . . ., 2nd ed., London, 1794. CATESBY, MARK, The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and The Bahama Islands . . ., 2 vols., 4th English ed., London, 1771. CURTIS, WILLIAM, The Botanical Magazine, or Flower Garden Displayed. . ., 20 vols., [XIV-XX edited by John Sims, M.D.], London, 1787-1804. CUTLER, MANASSEH, "An account of some of the vegetable Productions, naturally growing in this part of America, botanically arranged." Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, I, 396-493, Boston, 1785. DARWIN, ERASMUS, The Botanic Garden: Part II, The Loves of the Plants, 4th ed., 2 vols., London, 1799. ? [Domestic] Encyclopaedia or a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, 1st ed., 2 vols., Philadelphia, 1791. FORSTER, THOMAS F, "Description of a New Species of Viola," Transactions of the Linnaean Society, VI, 309-311, London, 1798. ? MARSHALL, CHARLES, An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American from the 2nd London ed., Boston, 1799. MICHAUX, ANDREAS, Flora Boreali-Americana, sistens caracteres plantarum quas in America septentrionali collegit, et detexit . . ., 2 vols., Paris, 1803. MILLER, PHILIP, Gardners Dictionary, 1 vols., 1st ed., London, 1731. Repertory of Arts and Manufactures . .. Series 1, XI, 128-140, London, 1799. SALISBURY, SIR RICHARD ANTHONY, "Descriptions of Several species of Pancratium," Transactions of the Linnaean Society, II, 70-75, London, 1794. 121 122 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

SMITH, SIR JAMES EDWARD, English Botany; or Coloured figures of British plants, with their essential Characters, synonyms, and places of growth, to which will be added occasional remarks. The figures by James Sowerby, 36 vols., London, 1790-1814. -, The Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia: Including their Systematic Characters, the particulars of their several Metamorphoses, and the Plants on which they Feed. Collected from the Observations of Mr. John Abbot, many years resident in that Country. 2 vols., London, 1797. "The date of publication is sometimes given as 1796-1798, which would seem to indicate that it was originally issued in numbers."—Sabine. Its title may, in that case, have been different, which would account for the fact that Drayton invariably referred to the work as "Smith's American Insects." , "Remarks on Some Foreign Species of Orobanche," Transactions of the Linnaean Society, IV, 164-172, London, 1796. THUNBERG, CHARLES PETER, Travels in Europe, Africa, and Asia, made between the years 1770 and i?7g, 4 vols., London, 1795. [TREW, CHRISTOPHORUS JACOBUS], Plantae Selectae quarum imagines ad exemplaria naturalia Londini in Hortis Curiosorum nutrita manu arti- ficiosa doctaque pinxit Georgius Dionysius Ehret, Germanus, occasione haud vulgare collegit nominibus proprius notisque subinde illustravit et publico usui dicavit D. Christophorus Jacobus Trew . . ., Nuremberg, 1750-1773. WALTER, THOMAS, Flora Caroliniana, Secundum Systema Vegetabilium periilustris Linnaei digesta; characteres essentiales naturalesve et dif- ferentias veras exhibens; . . . sumptibus, J. Fraser, London, 1788. WOODVILLE, WILLIAM, Medical Botany, ... 3 vols., London, 1790. , A Supplement to Medical Botany, or Part The Second . . ., London, 1794. EDITOR'S BIBLIOGRAPHY Printed Works

CATESBY, MARK, Hortus Europae Americanus . . . London, 1767. COKER, WILLIAM CHAMBERS and TOTTEN, HENRY ROLAND, Trees of the Southeastern States. Chapel Hill, N. C, 1934. Dictionary of American Biography, V, 445, New York, 1930. DRAYTON, JOHN, A View of South-Carolina as Respects her Natural and Civil Concerns, Charleston, 1802. , Letters Written during a Tour of the Northeastern States, Charles­ ton, 1794. -, Memoirs of the American Revolution . . ., 2 vols., Charleston, 1821. ELLIOTT, STEPHEN, A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia, 2 vols., Charleston, 1821, 1824. Garnet & Black, South Carolina College, Columbia, 1901. GRAY, ASA, New Manual of Botany, 7th ed. rev. by B. L. Robinson and M. L. Fernald, New York etc., c. 1908. [HAMMOND, HARRY], South Carolina Resources and Population . . ., Charles­ ton, 1883. HOOKER, JOSEPH D., and JACKSON, B. DOYDON, Index Kewensis, An Enumeration of the Genera and Species of Flowering Plants, Oxford, 1895, 2 vols. , Supplement, Brussels, 1901-1906. MEISEL, MAX, Bibliography of American Natural History, 3 vols., New York, 1924, 1926, 1929. METEYARD, ELIZA, Life of Josiah Wedgwood . . ., 2 vols., London, 1865- 1866. MILLS, ROBERT, Statistics of South Carolina . . ., Charleston, 1826. National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, The,XlI, 162, New York, 1904. O'NEALL, JOHN BELTON, Biographical Sketches of the Bench and Bar of South Carolina, 2 vols., Charleston, 1859. PORCHER, FRANCIS PEYRE, Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests . . ., Charleston, 1863. RAMSAY, DAVID, The History of South Carolina ..., 2 vols., Charleston, 1809. 123 124 THE CAROLINIAN FLORIST

St. Memin Collection of Portraits The,. . . photographed from proof impres­ sions . . ., New York, 1862. SHECUT, JOHN L. E. W., Flora Carolinaensis, 2 vols., (only one published), Charleston, 1806. SMALL, JOHN KUNKEL, Manual of the Southeastern Flora, New York, 1933. SMITH, WILLIAM WRAGG, "Flora of the Lower Country of South Carolina Reviewed," Journal of the Elliott Society of Natural History, vol. I, article 1. Charleston, 1859. SPRAGUE, T. A., "Analysis of binary combinations published under 'Anony­ mos' by Walter, Fl. Carol. (1788)," Kew Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, No. 7, London, 1939. WEHLE, HARRY B., American Miniatures, lyjo-fSjo, New York, 1927. WHARTON, ANNE H., Heirlooms in Miniature, Philadelphia, 1897. University of South Carolina Bulletin, No. 21, "Founders' Day, 1910", Columbia, 1910. , No. 72, Gee, Wilson, "South Carolina Botanists", Columbia, 1918.

Manuscripts DRAYTON, JOHN, "The Carolinian Florist," 1798, with one watercolor illustration, Charleston Library Society. , "Executive Journals," 1800-1801, 1801-1802, 1808-1809, 1809- 1810, 4 vols., State Archives, Columbia. , "A View of South Carolina . . .," 1802, with four watercolor sketches, Charleston Library Society. , "The Carolinian Florist," 1807, with fifteen watercolor illustra­ tions, South Caroliniana Library, Columbia. , "Descent of the Drayton Family" and Notes from Family Bible. Copies in possession of his descendants and in the South Caroliniana Library. -, "The Battle of Miami," 1791. Poem and watercolor sketch, lent to the South Caroliniana Library by Robert E. Lide, Columbia. Marriage Settlements, Books II and IV; Miscellaneous Book III, O. State Archives, Columbia. Wills, Charleston County, Books E and F. Copies in the South Caroliniana Library. LATIN INDEX

Drayton indexed the two manuscript "Florists" under both Latin and Eng­ lish plant names. Neither list was complete and some names were repeated in both. The following index contains all the scientific names referred to in the text. The modern Latin nomenclature of the footnotes is not indexed.

Carpinus, 98 Acalypha, ioo Arenaria, 47 Carthamus, 80 Acer, 108 Arethusa, 91 Cassia, 43 Acorus, 35 Argemone, 58 Cassine, 103 Actea, 57 Aristida, n Catalpa, 6, 22 Adelia, 102 Aristolochia, 91 Celtis, 107 Adiantum, 113 Arum, 91 Arundo, 13 Cenchrus, 12 Aegilops, 107 Asarum, 50 Centaurea, 86 Aesculus, 38 Asclepias, 25 Centaurella, 17 Agaricus 114 Ascyrum, 78 Ceonothus, 24 Agave, 34 Asplenium, 113 Cephalanthus, 15 Agrimonia, 40 Aster, 84 Cerastium, 48 Agrostis, 12 Astragalus, 74 Cercis, 43 Aira, 12 Athanasia, 82 Chelone, 67 Aletris, 34 Atriplex, 108 Chenopodium, 27 Algae, 113 Avena, 13 Chionanthus, 5 Allionia, 15 Azalea, 22, 119 Chironea, 21 Allium, 33 Chrysanthemum, 83 Alopecurus, 11 Chrysocoma, 80 Alsine, 30 .Daccharis, 83 Chrysogonum, 87 Amaranthus, 95 Bartsia, 66 Chrysosplenium, 47 Amaryllis, 33 Berberis, 33 Cicuta, 29 Ambrosia, 95 Betula, 94 Cineraria, 84 Amellus, 86 Bidens, 82 Cinna, 3 Ammania, 17 Bignonia, 22, 66 Cistus, 57 Ammi, 28 Biscutella, 68 Clavaria, 114 Amorpha, 72 Blechnum, 113 Clematis, 59 Amsonia, 22 Boletus, 114 Cleome, 91 Andromeda, 44 Brachystemum, 64 Clethra, 44 Anemone, 60 Briza, 12 Clinopodium, 65 Angelica, 29 Bromus, 13 Clitoria, 75 Annona, 60 Bucknera, 66 Clypeola, 68 Anonymos, 5,6, 8, 9,16, 22, 24, Buphthalmum, 85 Coix, 93 26, 35, 37. 44. 46. 63> 64. Collinsonia, 7 66, 67, 73, 76, 81, 82, 94, Commelina, 9 105,115 Cacalia, 80 Convallaria, 34 Anthemis, 85 Cactus, 52 Convolvulus, 20 Anthoxanthum, 7 Calea, 82 Conyza, 83 Antirrhinum, 66 Callicarpa, 15 Coreopsis, 86 Apium, 29 Callitriche, 4 Cornucopia, 10 Apluda, 107 Caltha, 62 Cornus, 17 Apocynum, 25 Calycanthus, 56 Corylus, 98 Aquilegia, 59 Campanula, 23 Corypha, 32 Arachis, 73 Canna, 3 Crataegus, 54 Aralia, 30 Carduus, 80 Croton, 100 Arctotis, 87 Carex, 93 125 126 LATIN INDEX

Crotonopsis, 95 Frasera, 16 Jatropha, 101 Cucubalus, 48 Fraxinus, no Juglans, 98 Cucumis, 101 Fungi, 114 Juncus, 36 Cupressus, 100 Juniperus, 106 Cuscuta, 26 Galega, 76 Cynosurus, 13 Galium, 16 IValmia, 45 Cyperus, 9 Gaura, 39 Cypripedium, 90 Gentiana, 26 Cyrilla, 24 Lactuca, 79 Geranium, 70 Lamium, 63 Gerardia, 67 L/actylis, 11 Laurus, 41 Geum, 55 Lavandula, 63 Datura, 21 Gleditsia, no Lechea, 14 Daucus, 28 Glycine, 75 Ledum, 43 Decumaria, 53, 58 Gnaphalium, 83 Lemna, 93 Delphinium, 59 Gordonia, 71 Leontodon, 79 Dianthera,6 Gratiola, 5 Lepidium, 68 Dianthus, 47 Lespedeza, 76 Diodia, 16 Leysera, 85 Dionaea, 51 Elalesia, 50 Liatris, 82 Dioscorea, 105 Hamamelis, no Lichen, 113 Diospyros, 109 Hedera, 24 Lilium, 35 Diphylleia, 34 Hedyotis, 16 Limodorum, 90 Dirca, 39 Hedysarum, 74 Linum, 30 Dolichos, 75 Helenium, 85 Liquidambar, 99 Doronicum, 84 Helianthus, 86 Liriodendron, 60 Draba, 69 Heliotropium, 19 Lithospermum, 19 Drosera, 30 Heretiera, 10 Lobelia, 87 Heuchera, 27 Lonicera, 23, 119, 120 lichites, 22 Hibiscus, 71 Ludwigia, 17 Elephantopus, 87 Hieracium, 79 Lupinus, 73 Elymus, 14 Hippuris, 3 Lycium, 15 Elytraria, 6 Hopea, 77 Lycoperdon, 114 Epigaea, 46 Hordeum, 13 Lycopodium, 113 Equisitum, 112 Hydnum, 114 Lycopus, 6 Erigeron, 84 Hydrangea, 47 Lysimachia, 20 Eriocaulon, 14 Hydrastis, 59 Lythrum, 33 Eriogonum, 42 Hydrocotyle, 28 Eriophorum, 9 Hydrolea, 26 Ervum, 76 Hydropeltis, 62 JVlagnolia, 61 Eryngium, 28 Hyoseris, 80 Malope, 71 Erysimum, 68 Hypericum, 77 Malva, 71 Erythrina, 73 Hypnum, 113 Medeola, 36 Erythrorhiza, 70 Hypoxis, 34 Medicago, 75 Ethulia, 80 Melanthium, 36 Eupatorium, 81 Melica, 12 Euphorbia, 51 Illecebrum, 25 Melothria, 8 Menispermum, 105 Evonymus, 24 Ilex, 103 Impatiens, 88 Mentha, 63 Mespilus, 54 Pagus, 95 Indigofera, 76 Micranthemum, 6 Ferula, 29 Ipomoea, 22 Mimosa, 108 Festuca, 13 Iris, 8 Mimulus, 67 Filices, 112-113 Isanthus, 64 Mitchella, 16 Forsythia, 53, 58 Ischaemum, 107 Mollugo, 14 Fothergilla, 59 Itea, 24 Monarda, 7 Fragaria, 55 Iva, 95 LATIN INDEX 127

Monotropa, 44 Polymnia, 87 Schoenus, 9 Morus, 102 Polypodium, 113 Schwalbea, 66 Musci, 113 Polypremum, 15 Scirpus, 9 Myrica, 103 Pontederia, 33 Scutellaria, 64 Populus, 105 Senecio, 84 Portulaca, 51 Sida, 71 IN epeta, 64 Potamogeton, 18 Sideroxylon, 23 Nymphaea, 59 Potentilla, 55 Silene, 48 Nyssa, 109 Pothos, 91 Silphium, 87 Prasium, 65 Sisymbrium, 69 Prenanthes, 79 Sisyrinchium, 88 Obolaria, 65 Prinos, 105 Sium, 28 Proserpinaca, 14 Oenanthe, 28 Smilax, 104 Prunella, 64 Oenothera, 39 Smyrnium, 28 Prunus, 53 Olea, 102, 116 Solanum, 23 Ptelea, 16 Ophioglossum, 112 Solidago, 84 Pteris, 113 Ophrys, 90 Sonchus, 79 Pteronia, 82 Orchis, 90 Sophora, 43 Pulmonaria, 19 Origanum, 65 Sorbus, 54 Pycnanthemum, 65 Orobanche, 6j Spergula, 48 Pyrola, 44 Orontium, 36 Spigelia, 20 Pyrus, 54 Osmunda, ill Spiraea, 55 Pyxidanthera, 25 Oxalis, 48 Stachys, 64 Staehelina, 82 Staphylea, 30 uercus 0- Statice, 30 Panax, 109 V2 > 9 98 Stellaria, 48 Pancratium, 33 Stewartia, 70 Panicum, 10 Ivajania, 105 Stillingia, 101 Paspalum, 11 Stipa, 12 Passiflora, 91 Ranuculus, 62 Rhamnus, 24 Stipulicida, 9 Pedicularis, 67 Streptopus, 34 Penthorum, 48 Rhexia, 39 Rhododendron, 46 Styrax, 46 Perdicium, 83 Syntherisma, n Persoonia, 81 Rhus, 110 Phalaris, n Robinia, 75 Phallus, 114 Rosa, 55 Pharnaceum, 30 Rubia, 16 J eucrium, 63 Phaseolus, 73 Rubus, 55 Thalictrum, 60 Philadelphus, 5a Rudbeckia, 86 Thlaspi, 68 Phlox, 21 Rumex, 37 Thuja, 100 Phryma, 65 Thymbra, 64 Phyllanthus, 94 Tilia, 58 Physalis, 23 Saggitaria, 95 Tillandsia, 32 Phytolacca, 49 Salicornia, 3 Tradescantia, 33 Pinckneya, 19 Salix, 104 Tragia, 94 Pinguicula, 6 Salsola, 27 Trichodium, 14 Pinus, 99 Salvia, 7 Trichostema, 64 Plantago, 15 Sambucus, 29 Tri folium, 74 Platanus, 99 Samolus, 23 Trillium, 36 Pleea, 42 Sanguinaria, 58 Tripterella, 9 Poa, 12 Sanicula, 28 Typha, 94 Podophyllum, 58 Sarracenia, 57 Polycarpon, 14 Saururus, 37 Polygala, 72 Scandix, 68 Lumus, 27 Polygonum, 40 Schisandria, 101 Uniola, 12 128 LATIN INDEX

Urtica, 94 Viburnum, 29 -X.anthium, 95 Utricularia, 6 Vincetoxicum, 25 Xyris, 9 Viola, 88 Viscia, 73 Yucca, 35 Vaccinium, 46 Viscum, 102 Valeriana, 8 Vitis, 103 ^/annichellia, 93 Verbascum, 21 Zanthoxylon, 104 Verbena, 64 Zizania, 95 Verbescina, 86 Zornia, 76 Veronica, 5 Waltheria, 70 Zygadenus, 37 ENGLISH INDEX

This index contains Drayton's popular names from the text and list of exotics. Additional modern names for plants which had not been colloqui­ ally named in Drayton's time have been indexed from the footnotes. Where popular and Latin names are the same—e.g. Aster, Magnolia—the plant is listed only in the Latin index.

Adder's Tongue, 112 Blackberry, 55 Cat Agrimony, 40, 81, 82 Blackeyed Susan, 86n. nap, 64 Alder, 94 Bladdernut, 30 -tail, 94 Allspice, 56 Bladderwort, 6n. Catsfoot, 83 Almond, 116 Blazing Star, 8m. Catalpa Tree, 6, 22, 66 Aloe, 34, 117 Bloodroot, 58 Catchfly, 47n., 48 Alum Root, 27 Blueberry, 46m Cedar, 106 Angelica Tree, 30 curls, 64m Celandine, 62 Angle-pod, 25 hearts, 66n. Centaury, 21, 86 Apple, 116 -eyed grass, 88n. Chaff-seed, 66n. Apricot, 116 Bluets, i6n. Cherry, 53, 103 Arbor Vitae, 100 Boneset, 8in. Laurel, 53m Arbutus, 46 Bowman's Root, 55 Chestnut, 95 Arrow-head, 95 Boxthorn, 15 Chickweed, 5, 25, 30, 48 Arrow-wood, 29 Brake, 113 China Root, 105 Arsmart, 40 Broom-rape, 44, 65, 66 Chinquapin, 59n., 96 Ash, 54n., 104, no Buckeye, 38 Cinquefoil, 55 Asparagus, 36 Buckthorn, 23, 24 Clary,7 Avens, 26n., 55 Buckwheat, 116 Clover, Prairie, 24, 74 Bullace tree, 53 Club Moss, 26n., 113 Bulrush, 9 Mushroom, 114 £>alm, 7 Bunch-flower, 36m Cock-up Hat, 101 ft Balsam, 88 Burdock, 95 Cocks-foot grass, 11 Baneberry, 57n. Bur Grass, 12 -spur thorn, 54 Barley, 116 Butterfly pea, 75 Colic-root, 34n. Grass, 13 weed, 25 Columbine, 59 Basil, 65 Butterwort, 6 Columbo, i6n. Barberry, 33 Button Snakeroot, 28, 82n. Comfrey, 9 Bay, 61, 71, 102 Weed, i6n. Cone-flower, 86 Bear Grass, 35 Wood, 15 Coral, 73 Bedstraw, 16 Corn, 116 Beech, 96 Guinea, 116 drops, 44n., 65n. Vjabbage Palm, 32 Marigold, 83 Beggar Ticks, 82n. Calamus, ^^ Salad, 8n. Bellflower, 23 Calico Bush, 45 Cotton, 116 Benjamin tree, 41 Campion, 48 Grass, 9 Bent Grass, 12 Canary Grass, 11 Tree, 105 Bergamot, 7n. Cancer Root, 65, 66 Coxcomb, 67 Betony, 5, 67m Weed, 7 Crab Apple, 54 Birch, 94 Cane, 13 Grass, 11 Bird's Nest, 28, 44 Cardinal-flower, 87 Cranesbill, 70 Bishop's-weed, 28 Carrot, 28 Cress, 69 Bistort, 40 Castor Oil Tree, 117 Crop Grass, 11 129 13° ENGLISH INDEX

Cross-vine, 66n. Flax, 15, 30, 116 Herb Crowfoot, 62 Fleabane, 83 Bennet, 55 Cucumber, 101, 116 Floating Heart, 26n. Christopher, 57 Creeping, 8 Flower de Luce, 8 Truelove, 36 Indian, 36 Flypoison, 36 Hercules' Club, 104 tree, 61 Fog-fruit, 63n. Hickory, 98 Cudweed, 83 Fool-Stones, 90 Holly, 103 Cypress, 100 Fothergill, 59 Honey Locust, no Four O'clock, 15m Honeysuckle, 22, 23, 74, 119, Foxglove, 66n., 6JD. 120 Dandelion, 79, 8on. Foxtail Grass, 11 Horehound, 64, 81 Day-flower, 9n. Franklinia, 71 Water, 6 Deer Sugar, 39 Fringe-tree, 5 Hornbeam, 98 Devil's Guts, 26 Horse Shoestrings, 76 Balm, 7n. Dewter.-y, 55 Chestnut, 38 Cjalax, 7on. Dittander, 68 Sugar, 77 Gall-of-the-earth, 79 Dock, 37 Tail, 112 Gardenia, 117 Weed, 7 Dodder, 26 Garlic, 33 Dogbane, 22, 25 Huckleberry, 46n. Gentian, 26 Dogtail Grass, 13 Hyssop, 64 Georgia Bark, 19m Dogwood, 17 Hedge, 5 Germander, 63 Dragon, 91 Water, 65n. Ginger, wild, 50 Dropwort, 28 Ginseng, 109 Dutch Rushes, 112 Glasswort, 3n., 27 Duck's Foot, 58 Goat's Rue, 76 Indian Meat, 93 Golden-club, 36, 9m. Bean, 66n. Dyer's weed, 43 Chickweed, i4n. -rod, 84 Fig, 52 Goldilocks, 26m, 80 Gooseberry, 46 Gourd, 116 XLddoes, 116 Hemp, 25 Grape, 103, 104 Elder, 29 Paint, 58 Grass, 7, 9, 10, II, 12, 13, 14, Elephant's-foot, 87 Physic, 55 35.39.95. IO7. II2 Elm, 27, 94n. Pink, 20 Eringo, 28 Green-eyes, 87 Pipe, 44n. Everlasting, 83 Gromwell, 19 Reed or Shot, 3 Ground Cherry, 23 Rice, 95n. Nut, 73 Tobacco, 82 Groundsel, 84 False acacia, 75 Turnip, 91 Tree, 83 Dragon Head, 65n. Indigo, 72, 76, 116 Foxglove, 66, 67m Inkberry, I05n. Farkle berry, 46 Ipecacuanha, 25, 55 Feather Grass, 12 EI air Grass, ion., 12, 14 Ironweed, 8on. Fennel, 29 Hare Bell, 23 Ironwood, 23, 99 Fern, 112, 113 Hawkweed, 79 Ivy, 24, 45 Fescue Grass, 13, 107 Haw, 29 Fetter Bush, 44n. Hawthorn, 54 Fig, 116 Hazel, 98 Jamestown Weed, 21 Finger Grass, nn. Hedgehog Grass, 12 Jasmin Fir, 100 Heliotrope, I9n. Cape, 117 Fire Pink, 47m Hellebore, 91 Yellow, 22 Weed, 84n. Hemlock Jerusalem Oak, 27 Fishpoison, 38 water, 29 [Jessamine, see Jasmin] Five Fingers, 26m Hemp, 116 Jesuit's Bark Tree, 95 Flag, 8, 35 Henbit, 63 Job's Tears, 93 ENGLISH INDEX 131

Joe Pye Weed, 8in. Meadow Orange, 117 Judas tree, 43 Beauty, 39 Orchard Grass, 11 Grass, 12 Ox-eye, 85 Rue, 60 Kali, 27 Medic, 75n. Kidney Bean, 73, 75 Medlar, 54 .Tainted Cup, 66 Knot Grass, 25, 40 Melic Grass, 12 Palmetto, 32 Root, 7 Melon, 116 Panic Grass, 10 Weed, 40 Mercury, 100 Papaw,60 Mermaid-weed, 14m Parsley, 29 Michaelmas Daisy, 85 Parsnip, 28 Labrador Tea, 43m Milfoil, 6 Partridgeberry, 16 Lady's Bedstraw, 16 Milkweed, 25 pea, 43n. Slipper, 90, 91 -wort, 72 Passion Flower, 91 Tresses, 9on. Mint, 63, 64, 65n. Patience, 37 Lamb's Lettuce, 8 Mist-flower, 8in. Pea, 75, 76n., 116 Quarters, 27 Mistletoe, 102 Peach,116 Larkspur, 59 6l Miterwort, 26m Peanut, 76n. Laurel, 41,45. 53. > 94 Mock Orange, 52, 53n. Pear, 116 Lavender, 63 Monkey Flower, 67 Pecan, 98 Leafcup, 87m Moonseed, 105 Leatherwood, 24^, 39 Pennyroyal, 63, 6411. Morning Glory, 20 Pepper Lemon, 117 Moss, 113 Leopard's bane, 84 bush, 44n. -Long, 32 Lettuce, 79 grass, 68n. Mountain vine, 24n. Ljly. 33> 34»»-> 35 Ash, 54n. Persimmon, 109 Lime, 109, 117 Laurel, 45 Pickerel-weed, 33m Linden, 58 Mulberry, 102 Pigweed, 27, 95n. Lion's foot, 79n. Bermuda, 15 Pimpernel, 23 tail, 7 Mullein, 21, 67n. Pine, 99-100 Liverwort, 60, 113 Mushroom, 114 Pinesap, 44m Lizard's Tail, 37n. Mustard, 68 Pink, 47 Locust, 75 Mustardine, 91 Pinkroot, 20 Loosestrife, 17, 20, 33, 44JI. Myrtle, 103, 117 Pinweed, 14m Lopseed, 65m Pipewort, i4n. Lousewort, 67 Plane tree, 99 Lungwort, 19 Plantain, 15, 8on. Lupine, 73 .Nectarine, 116 Pleurisy-root, 25 Lychnidea, 21 Nettle, 64n., 65, 94, 101 Plum, 53, 116 Lyme Grass, 14 Dead, 63m Tree, 107 Poison Oak, 111 New Jersey Tea, 24 Varnish tree, 110 Madder, 16 Nightshade, 23 Vine, 110 Maidenhair, 113 Nine-bark, 55 Poke, 49 Mallow, 71 Polypody, 26n., 113 Maple, 108 Pompion (Pumpkin), 116 Mare's-tail, 3 Oak, 96-98 Pomgranate, 116 Marigold, 83, 87 Oat grass, 13 Pondweed, 18, 93 Marjoram, 65 Oats Poplar, 60, 105, 117 Marsh water, 95 Popniac (Opopanax), 117 Elder, 95m Okra, 88, 116 Poppy, 58 Marigold, 62n. Oleander, 116 Potatoes, 20, 116 Rosemary, 30m Olive, 102, 116 Poverty Grass, 11 Martagon Lily, 35 Onion, 33 Prickley Ash, 104 Maw-weed, 85 Opossum Wood, 5on. Pear, 52 May Apple, 58 Orach, 27, 108 Poppy, 58 132 ENGLISH INDEX

Pride of India, 117 Sea Oats, 12 Strawberry, 55 Primrose Orach, 108 Sugarberry Tree, 107 tree, 39 Sedge, 93n. Sumach, no Privet, io2n. Self-heal, 64 Sundew, 30 Puccoon, ign., 58 Senna, 43 Sunflower, 85, 86 Purslane, 51 Sensitive Briar, 108 Supple-jack, 24 Pyxie Moss, 25 Plant, 43n. Sweet Gum, 99 Service berry, 54m Leaf, 77 tree, 54 Pepper bush, 44m Viuaking Grass, 12 Sesame Grass, I07n. Shrub, 56 Quamoclit, 22 Shad Bush, 54m William, 21 Queen Anne's Lace, 28n. Shave Grass, 112 Sycamore, 99 Queen's Delight, loin. Shepherd's Needle, 68 Quince, 116 Purse, 68 Side-saddle Flower, 57 lallow Tree, 117 Silk Grass, 35 Tanniers, 116 Ivagwort, 84 Skull Cap, 64 Tare, 95 Raspberry, 55 Skunkcabbage, 91 Thistle, 52, 79, 80 Rattlebox, 73m Sloe, 53 Thoroughwort, 8in., 82 Rattlesnake's Master, 28, 79 Snakeroot, 79, 91 Thrift, 30 Red Bay, 41 Black, 28 Tickseed, 86 Redbud, 43, 44 Heart, 26m, 50 Toadflax, 66, 67 Redroot, 24 Sampson's, 26 Tobacco, 116 Reed, 13 Senega, 72 Indian, 82 Rice, 95n., 116 Shrubby, 91 Rabbit, 83m Richweed, 94 Snake-weed, 40 Toothache-tree, 104 Rignum, 7 Snowdrop Tree, 50 Tread-softly, 10m. Rocket, 69 Soapwort, 26m Trefoil, 16, 74, 75 Rockrose, 57n. Solomon's Seal, 34 Truffles, 114 Rose, 55 Sorrel, 48 Trumpet-flower, 22, 66 Bay, 46 tree, 44 Tulip Tree, 60 Rosemary, 43 Sour-wood, 44n. Tupelo, 109 Rosin-weed, 87 Spear Grass, 12 Turnip, 91, 116 Rush, 36 -wort, 62 Turnsole, 19 featherling, 42n. Speedwell, 5 Turtlehead, 67 Rye, 116 Spice-wood, 41 Tussic, 113 Grass, 13 Spider-flower, 9 m. Twayblade, 90 wort, 33 Twisted-stalk, 34m 1'ly, 33 baffron, 80 Spindle Tree, 24 Sage, 7, 63 Spleenwort, 26n., 113 U mbrella Leaf, 34 St. John's-wort, 77 Spurge, 51 Tree, 61 St. Peters-wort, 78 Spurrey, 48 Saltwort, 27 Squash, 116 Samphire, 3n. Squaw weed, 84m Venus' Comb, 68n. Sandbur, 12 Stagger-bush, 44n. Flytrap, 51 -wort, 47m Star Pride, 16 Sanicle, 27, 28 Flower, 86 Vernal Grass, 7 Sarsparilla, loin. Grass, 34n. Star-wort, 4 Sassafras, 42 vine, 101 Vervain, 64 Savory, 65m -wort, 48, 84 Vetch, 73, 74, 75, 76 Saxifrage, 47 of Bethlehem, 34 Violet, 88 Sea Daffodil, 33 Stickwort, 48 Virginia Cowslip, ign. Lavender, 30m Stinkhorns, 114 Creeper, 24 Pink, 30 Stonecrop, 48 Virgin's Bower, 59 ENGLISH INDEX *33

Wahoo, 27 Whortleberry, 46 Woodbine, 23, 119 Wall Brome Grass, 13 Willow, 104, 116 Wormseed, 27 Walter's Grass, 10, 14 herb, 20 Walnut, 98 Wind-flower, 60 Wampee, 92 Winter berry, 105 Water-elm, 94n. cherry, 23 lam, io5n. lily. 59 Grass, 14 Yaupon, 105 pennywort, 28n. green, 44 Yaw-weed, 101 Willow, 6n. Wisteria, 75m Yellow-eyed Grass, 9 Wheat, 116 Witch Hazel, no Jasmin, 22 Whitlow Grass, 69 Wood Reed Grass, 3m Root, 59