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The Kenya Wildlife Service at Its Best

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The Kenya Wildlife Service at Its Best ihe Kenya wild Life service Iru the 2±st century: "Protective cqlobally significant Areas and Resoutrces The George Wright Forum The GWS Journal of Parks, Protected Areas & Cultural Sites volume 29 number 1 • 2012 Origins Founded in 1980, the George Wright Society is organized for the pur­ poses of promoting the application of knowledge, fostering communica­ tion, improving resource management, and providing information to improve public understanding and appreciation of the basic purposes of natural and cultural parks and equivalent reserves. The Society is dedicat­ ed to the protection, preservation, and management of cultural and natu­ ral parks and reserves through research and education. Mission The George Wright Society advances the scientific and heritage values of parks and protected areas. The Society promotes professional research and resource stewardship across natural and cultural disciplines, provides avenues of communication, and encourages public policies that embrace these values. Our Goal The Society strives to be the premier organization connecting people, places, knowledge, and ideas to foster excellence in natural and cultural resource management, research, protection, and interpretation in parks and equivalent reserves. Board of Directors BRENT A. MITCHELL, PRESIDENT • Ipswich, Massachusetts MOLLY N. ROSS, VICE PRESIDENT • Arlington, Virginia DAVIDJ. PARSONS, SECRETARY • Florence, Montana GARY E. DAVIS, TREASURER • Thousand Oaks, California BRAD BARR • Woods Hole, Massachusetts NATHALIE GAGNON • Ottawa, Ontario BARRETT KENNEDY • Baton Rouge, Louisiana FRANKJ. PRIZNAR • Gaithersburg, Maryland JANW. VAN WAGTEN'DONK • El Portal, California JOHN WAITHAKA • Ottawa, Ontario LYNN WILSON • Cobble Hill, British Columbia GRADUATE STUDENT LIAISON TO THE BOARD CARENA J. VAN RIPER • College Station, Texas Executive Office DAVID HARMON, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR EMILY DEKKER-FIALA, CONFERENCE COORDINATOR P. 0. Box 65 • Hancock, Michigan 49930-0065 USA 1-906-487-9722 • [email protected] • wwtv.georgewright.org Publications Committee JAN W. VAN WAGTENDONK (CHAIR), NATHALIE GAGNON, DAVID GRADER, ROLF DIAMANT, LAVELL MERRITT,JR., ABIGAIL MILLER,JOHN WAITHAKA; REBECCA CONARD & DAVID HARMON (CO-EDITORS, The George Wright Forum) fj) 2012 The George Wright Society, Inc. All rights reserved. (No copy­ right is claimed for previously published material reprinted herein.) ISSN 0732-4715. Editorial and manuscript submission guidelines may be found at t\Avw.georgewriglu.org/forum. Text paper is made of 50% recy­ cled fibers. Printed by Book Concern Printers, Hancock, Michigan. The George Wright Society is a member of US/ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites—U.S. Committee) and IUCN, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. The George Wright Forum The GWS Journal of Parks, Protected Areas & Cultural Sites volume 29 number 1 • 2012 Society News, Notes & Mail • 3 The National Park Service Centennial Essay Series The Park Idea as Catalyst and Conscience George B. Hartzog III • 6 Letter from Woodstock William E. Brown: Now More Than Ever Rolf Diamant • 18 The Kenya Wildlife Service in the 21st Century: Protecting Globally Significant Areas and Resources John Waithaka, guest editor Historical Factors that Shaped Wildlife Conservation in Kenya John Waithaka • 21 Laying the Foundation for Conservation of Kenya’s Natural Resources in the 21st Century Julius Kipng’etich • 30 The History and Evolution of National Parks in Kenya Mungumi Bakari Chongwa • 39 Protection of Marine Areas in Kenya Arthur Tuda and Mohamed Omar • 43 Wildlife as a Lifeline to Kenya’s Economy: Making Memorable Visitor Experiences Paul Udoto • 51 Wildlife Conservation Education Paul Mbugua • 59 Beyond Philanthropy: Community Nature-based Enterprises as a Basis for Wildlife Conservation Munira Anyonge-Bashir and Paul Udoto • 67 The Role of the Kenya Wildlife Service in Protecting Kenya’s Wildlife David Karanja • 74 Challenges and Opportunities for Conserving Some Threatened Species in Kenya Charles Musyoki, Samuel Andanje, Mohammed Said, Monica Chege, George Anyona, Luke Lukaria, and Bernard Kuloba • 81 The National Elephant Conservation and Management Strategy (2012–2021) at a Glance Patrick Omondi and Shadrack Ngene • 90 Mega-Translocations: The Kenya Wildlife Service at its Best Isaac Lekolool • 93 Medicine in the Wild: Strategies towards Healthy and Breeding Wildlife Populations in Kenya David Ndeereh, Vincent Obanda, Dominic Mijele, and Francis Gakuya • 100 Wildlife Management and Conservation in View of International Conventions James G. Njogu • 109 Mobilizing Resources for Wildlife Conservation in Kenya beyond the 21st Century Edwin W. Wanyonyi • 118 Should Isle Royale Wolves be Reintroduced? A Case Study on Wilderness Management in a Changing World John A. Vucetich, Michael P. Nelson, and Rolf O. Peterson • 126 The World Heritage Convention and the National Park Service: The First Two Decades, 1972–1992 Peter H. Stott • 148 On the cover: African elephants are perhaps the most potent symbol of wildlife on the continent, and certainly rank as one of the planet’s iconic species. Kenya, the focus of this issue, has estab- lished itself as a world leader in elephant conservation, forcefully arguing that only a total ban on the ivory trade will safeguard the species from highly organized criminal poaching. See the series of articles beginning on p. 21. Photo courtesy of the Kenya Wildlife Service. 2 The George Wright Forum SOCIETY NEWS, NOTES & MAIL Emory highlights Wright’s role in saving trumpeter swans GWS Life Member Jerry Emory was the keynote speaker at the 2011 annual meeting of the Trumpeter Swan Society (TSS), and he used the occasion to provide context for a relatively little-known facet of George Melendez Wright’s career: his role in saving the species from extinction in the Lower 48. In the 1930s, Wright conducted the first detailed studies of nest- ing trumpeter swans and documented that illegal shooting in areas near Yellowstone National Park was imperiling the last remnant population. He discovered the crucial importance of nesting habitat in the Red Rock Lakes area of Montana, west of Yellowstone, and laid the foundation for subsequent swan studies in the region. Determined to halt the illegal shooting, Wright launched a public campaign to save the trumpeters by creat- ing a wildlife refuge at Red Rock Lakes. His ef - forts culminated in the establishment of Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge in 1935 by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. That pro- tected area was the linchpin in the species’ recov- ery in the Lower 48. At the annual meeting, the TSS, US Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service pre- sented a joint letter of tribute to Wright’s family, expressing their recognition of his crucial role in saving the trumpeters. Wright’s granddaughter, Jeannie Lloyd, accepted the letter on behalf of her mother, Pamela Wright Lloyd. TSS also presented the Wright family with an historic trumpeter swan conservation poster—con- ceived by Wright himself—that had been part of the campaign to stop the illegal shooting. The presentation by Emory, husband of Jeannie Lloyd, showed historic photos from Wright’s early studies and provided an overview of his career. TSS plans to create a page on its website to recognize Wright’s crucial role in the conservation of what he himself called “the most magnificently beautiful bird of the North American continent.” [Ed. note: Thanks to Ruth Shea and John Cornely of TSS for their contributions to this story.] 2012 GWS Board of Directors election: Call for nominations This year, two seats on the Board of Directors are up for election. One is held by a retiring Board member, and the second by an incumbent who may seek re-election. We are now accepting nominations from GWS members who would like to be candidates in this year’s election. The term of office runs from January 1, 2013, through December 31, 2015. Nomi - nations are open through July 1, 2012. Volume 29 • Number 1 (2012) 3 To be eligible, both the nominator and the potential candidate must be GWS members in good standing (it is permissible to nominate one’s self). Potential candidates must be willing to travel to in-person Board meetings, which usually occur once a year; take part in Board conference calls, which occur several times per year; help prepare for and carry out the bien- nial conferences; and serve on Board committees and do other work associated with the Society. Travel costs and per diem to the annual Board meeting is paid for by the Society; otherwise there is no remuneration. Federal government employees who wish to serve on the Board must be prepared to comply with all applicable ethics requirements and laws; this may include, for example, obtaining permission from one’s supervisor, receiving ethics-related training, and/or obtaining a conflict of interest waiver. Currently, the National Park Service prohibits its active-duty employees from running for the Board. The nomination procedure is as follows: members nominate candidates for possible inclu- sion on the ballot by sending the candidate’s name to the Board’s nominating committee. The committee then, in its discretion, determines the composition of the ballot from the field of potential candidates. Among the criteria the nominating committee considers when deter- mining which potential candidates to include on the ballot are his/her skills and experience (and how those might complement the skills and experience of current Board members), the goal of adding and/or maintaining diverse viewpoints on the Board, and the goal of maintain- ing a balance between various resource perspectives on the Board. (It also is possible for members to place candidates directly on the ballot through petition; for details, contact the GWS office.) To propose someone for possible candidacy, send his or her name and complete contact details to: Nominating Committee, George Wright Society, P.O. Box 65, Hancock, MI 49930-0065 USA, or via email to [email protected]. All potential candidates will be contacted by the nominating committee to get background information before the final bal- lot is determined. Again, the deadline for nominations is July 1, 2012.
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