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466 Dr. Morton Prince. the DEVELOPMENT and GENEALOGY of the MISSES BEAUCHAMP

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466 Dr. Morton Prince. the DEVELOPMENT and GENEALOGY of the MISSES BEAUCHAMP 466 Dr. Morton Prince. [PART THE DEVELOPMENT AND GENEALOGY OF THE MISSES BEAUCHAMP : A PRELIMINARY REPORT OF A CASE OF MULTIPLE PERSONALITY. BY MORTON PRINCE, M.D. Physician for Nervous Diseases, Boston City Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. What I propose to tell in this paper is the way in which the different personalities of Miss Beauchamp became developed, and the relation which they bear to each other and the true self. From a great mass of phenomena manifested by this case 2 (aboulia, negative hallucination, crystal visions, co-existent conscious states, automatic writing, etc., etc.) I have selected these two points as being, it seems to me, the most important involved in its psychology.3 Miss Beauchamp is a person with several personalities. She has at least three, besides three hypnotic states, and during the past two or three years these three persons have been coming and going apparently without any law or order. First one and then the other has been bobbing in and bobbing out, while each one of them claims to be the real Miss Beauchamp, and to have the sole right to existence to the exclusion of the others. Each has objected to the habits and doings of the others and to their being allowed to stay and to any consideration being shown them. It has not been easy to determine which of two personalities at least, if either, is the real self. Cases of multiple personality are not very uncommon, but, so far as I know, no attempt has been made to determine the relation which the different personalities bear to each other. They have been regarded as more or less isolated phenomena, each personality described with its own 1 Read at the International Congress of Psychoogy, Paris, August, 1900, under the title of The Problem of Multiple Personalities. 2 For a briefer account of some of the features of this case, see Dr. Morton Princes "Experimental Study of Visions," by F. W. H. Myers, Proceedings S.P.R., Vol. XIV. , pp. 366 et seq.—En. 3 I hope soon to publish a complete and extended account of the case in all its aspects. I regret that the necessary limitations of time will allow only a superficial treatment here. XL.] A Case of Multiple Personality. 467 peculiarities, and the whole as representing a succession of psychical events. This case has been the subject of a continuous study for at least three years, and has occupied hundreds of hours of time. Now, as the end of this study comes, to me at least it seems simple, and it is difficult now to realise the complications that presented themselves during this long period of time, when there seemed to be no relation between the one thing and the other ; but the difficulties have been very great. I have had from time to time a number of theories regarding the case. These have been mere working hypotheses, which I have had to give up one after another ; starting with one, it has fulfilled its part for a while, and then I have had to give it up, finding it completely inadequate, until continued study has given what I believe to be the real solution. When Miss Beauchamp first came under observation she was a neurasthenic of a very severe type. She was a student in one of our colleges, and there received a very good education. But in consequence of her neurasthenic condition it was simply impossible for her to go on with her work. She was a wreck, I might say, in body. In tempera- ment she is a person of extreme idealism, with a very morbid New England conscientiousness, and a great deal of pride and reserve, so that she is very unwilling to expose herself or her life to anybodys scrutiny. This has been one great difficulty in the study of her case. To this I would add that she is a person of absolute honesty of thought and speech. I feel sure we can rely upon and trust her absolutely and completely. I have never known her, nor has any one, I believe, known her,—as herself, or the person whom we call herself, —in any way to indulge in any deception. Nevertheless, every safeguard has been employed to guarantee the bond fide character of the phenomena. Now she came to see me in this neurasthenic state, but I found treatment was of almost no use. The usual methods were employed with no result, and it seemed as if her case was hopeless. Finally I concluded to try hypnotic suggestions. She proved a very good subject, and the suggestions produced at the time rather brilliant results. In hypnosis she went easily into the somnambulistic state. This somnambulistic state came later to be known as B. II., while the first personality with whom I became acquainted, Miss Beauchamp herself, was known as B. I. Now I used to notice that as B. II. she was continually rubbing her eyes ; her hands were in constant motion, always trying to get at her eyes. Still I paid very little attention to it, or placed very little significance in this fact, merely attributing it to nervousness. One day when I hypnotised her and referred to something that she had done in a previous hypnotic state,—that is to 2 K 2 468 Dr. Morton Prince. [PART say, something that she had said or done in a previous state when I supposed she was B. II., she denied all knowledge of it and said it was not so. This surprised me, and I attributed the denial at first to an attempt at deception. I waked her up and put her to sleep again, and this time she admitted what she had previously denied. This rather puzzled me, and I made various tests to determine her honesty in the matter. The next time I hypnotised her she denied what she had previously admitted, and so it went on, denying and then admitting, until it dawned upon me that I was dealing with an 441 entirely different personality, and this proved to be the case. It turned out that when she went into the state of which she later denied the facts, she was an entirely distinct and separate person. This third personality, which then developed, came to be known as B. III. We had then three mental states, B. I., B. II., and B. III. B. I. knew nothing of the others. B. II. knew B. I., but no more. B. III. knew both B. I. and B. II. Thus far there was nothing very unusual. Now B. III. has proved to be one of the most interesting of all the personalities that have developed in the case. In one respect it is one of the most remarkable personalities, I think, that has ever been exhibited in any of these cases of multiple personality, as will, I think, presently appear. B. III., like B. II., was constantly rubbing her eyes, so that I was frequently compelled to hold her hands by force to prevent her from doing so. When asked why she did this, she said she wished to get her eyes opened, and it turned out afterwards that it was she who was rubbing the eyes of B. II. in the earlier times. At this time I prevented B. III. from opening her eyes for the reason that I feared that, if she got her eyes opened and was thereby able to add the visual images of her surroundings to her mental life as B. III., these same images of her surroundings which she would also have, of course, when she was B. I., would by force of the association awaken all her mental associations as B. III., and that, in consequence, B. III. spontaneously would be constantly coming into existence of her own accord. This afterwards proved to be the case. B. III. always insisted upon having her eyes opened, complaining that she wished to see, and had a " right to see." One day, some time after this, when she was at home, owing to some nervous excitement, she was thrown into the condition of B. III., and then, I not being there to pre- vent it, she rubbed her eyes until she got them opened, and from that time to this she (B. III.) has had a spontaneous and independent existence. This personality dates her whole independent existence from this day, and she always refers to events as being " before " or " after she got her eyes opened." That is the central event in her life, just as XL.] A Case of Multiple Personality. 469 mothers date periods before or after the birth of a child. Now this personality came afterwards to be known as Sally Beauchamp. (The name Beauchamp has been adopted in this account for all the person- alities.) She took the name for fun one day, a name that she got out of some book, and by that name she has been known ever since. In character she differs very remarkably from B. I. I would say here that B. I. is a very serious-minded person, fond of books and study, of a religious turn of mind, and possesses a very morbid conscientious- ness. She has a great sense of responsibility in life, and with those who know her trouble is rather sad and depressed in her general aspect, the latter the result of the general troubles and trials of her life. Sally, on the other hand, is full of fun, does not worry about anything ; all life is one great joke to her ; she hates books, loves fun and amusement, does not like serious things, hates church,—in fact is thoroughly childlike in every way.
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