El Concepto “Disociación” En El Fin-De- Siècle: P. Janet Y S. Freud

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El Concepto “Disociación” En El Fin-De- Siècle: P. Janet Y S. Freud UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE MEDICINA Departamento de Psiquiatría y Psicología Médica EL CONCEPTO “DISOCIACIÓN” EN EL FIN-DE- SIÈCLE: P. JANET Y S. FREUD MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Águeda Rojo Pantoja Bajo la dirección del doctor: Filiberto Fuentenebro Madrid, 2006 • ISBN: 978-84-669-2993-6 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE MEDICINA TESIS DOCTORAL EL CONCEPTO «DISOCIACIÓN» EN EL FIN-de-SIÈCLE: P. JANET Y S. FREUD ÁGUEDA ROJO PANTOJA 2005 DIR: PROF. DR. D. F. FUENTENEBRO DE DIEGO A mis padres «“Yo”: una ficción de la que a lo sumo somos coautores» Imre Kertész AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Dr. Filiberto Fuentenebro, por haberme animado a embarcarme en esta aventura y por haber confiado siempre en mí. Al Dr. Garrabé, por haberme recibido en mi primera visita a París y haberme ayudado en mis búsquedas bibliográficas. A Nardine, por enseñarme la biblioteca Henri Ey y facilitarme el acceso a muchas fuentes bibliográficas. Al Dr. Tiburcio Angosto, por haberme transmitido su entusiasmo por la Historia de la Psiquiatría, y por haber estado siempre dispuesto a ayudarme. A Cristina, por su alegría, por animarme en los momentos más bajos, por las risas que nos hemos pasado juntas a costa de los chinos, por estar siempre ahí, por tantas cosas... A David, por enseñarme otro punto de vista de las cosas. A Leo, porque es mi amigo informático. A Jesús y al Dr. Carlos Soneira, por ayudarme con el alemán. A Celia, por enseñarme a leer francés “lo más rápidamente posible”. A Mª Jesús Alvariñas, porque en su sufrimiento, y sin saberlo, despertó en mí el interés por la locura disociativa. A Irene, por sus correcciones exhaustivas, y por ser tan estupenda. A mis hermanas. A José Luis, por todo. Indice INDICE I. Introducción 7 II. Contexto 13 1. Contexto filosófico: Asociacionismo 2. Contexto histórico-político 3. Contexto cultural: El espíritu fin-de-siècle. III. Historia del término 54 1. Etimología del término 2. Aura semántica IV. Sonambulismo e hipnosis 63 1. Del mesmerismo a la hipnosis. Las escuelas de la Salpêtrière y de Nancy 2. Sonambulismo en Pierre Janet 3. Hipnosis en Sigmund Freud V. Desdoblamiento 107 1. La cuestión de la unidad del yo 2. La naturaleza de la personalidad 3. El concepto «desdoblamiento» 4. Azam y la doble consciencia 5. Otros casos clásicos de desdoblamiento VI. La disociación en Pierre Janet 137 1. Apuntes biográficos 2. Sugestión 3. eL subconsciente 4. Las ideas fijas 5. Disminución del campo de la conciencia 6. La misère psychologique 7. Désagrégation psichologique 8. Influencia de Maine de Biran en la obra de P. Janet 9. Influencia de Moreau de Tours en la obra de P. Janet 5 Indice VII. La disociación en Sigmund Freud 253 1. Apuntes biográficos 2. La estancia de Freud en París: De lo fisiológico a lo psicológico 3. La disociación precede y permite el clivage 4. Los estados hipnoides 5. De la disociación a la represión: De Anna O. a Lucy R. 6. La represión y el psicoanálisis VIII. Otros contemporáneos y la disociación 307 1. Binet y la disociación 2. Myers y la disociación 3. Blondel y las alteraciones de conciencia 4. McDougall y la disociación 5. Jackson y la disolución IX. Conclusiones 344 X. Bibliografía 355 6 Introducción I. INTRODUCCIÓN 7 Introducción INTRODUCCIÓN Al abordar el trabajo de investigación para esta tesis doctoral, que lleva por título El concepto de disociación en la psiquiatría del fin-de-siècle: Pierre Janet y Sigmund Freud, pretendemos realizar un estudio histórico de un concepto psicopatológico, con dos acotaciones, una temporal, el fin-de-siècle y la otra referida a dos autores, Janet y Freud. He querido buscar las raíces de este término, disociación, pero aportando una ubicación histórica y cultural, de tal forma que seamos capaces de entender a qué se referían entonces los alienistas cuando hablaban de disociación y a qué nos referimos hoy día. Desde el comienzo de mi carrera profesional, me he encontrado con que existía cierta confusión alrededor de este término. Los llamados «trastornos disociativos» parecían ser identificados más frecuentemente por unos profesionales que por otros. En ocasiones se solapaban con los trastornos psicóticos o había, en definitiva, gran disparidad de criterios. Aún era mayor esta disparidad entre profesionales de diferentes países. ¿Por qué se diagnosticaban tantos trastornos de identidad disociativa en Estados Unidos y en España eran tan infrecuentes o incluso no se creía en su existencia? Con respecto a este debate han sido de gran interés los estudios de Ian Hacking. He querido limitar a un periodo histórico concreto, el del fin de siglo, el estudio de este concepto. Espero poder continuar, más adelante, con la ambiciosa y difícil empresa del estudio histórico de este concepto hasta nuestros días. El porqué de esta acotación a este periodo, digamos que fue perfilándose a lo largo de mi investigación. Me encontré con una obra muy prolífica, la de Pierre Janet, que requeriría tiempo para analizarla en profundidad y con pocos autores, que se hubieran interesado en dicha labor, a excepción del magistral trabajo de López Piñero y Morales Meseguer, Neurosis y psicoterapia y del conocidísimo volumen sobre El descubrimiento del inconsciente de Ellenberger. Otro autor, Schwartz (1955), realizó un extenso análisis de la obra de Janet, pero prescindiendo de una adecuada contextualización histórica. Es cierto que hay muchos autores que han tratado el tema tan manido y también tan atractivo, del estudio 8 Introducción comparado de la obra de estos dos autores, estableciendo prioridades, semejanzas, o diferencias. Es el caso de Guevara-Oropesa (1923), Barraud (1971), Bailey (1956) o Jones (1953), sin embargo éste no fue el propósito de este trabajo. La segunda razón para esta acotación histórica ha sido el hecho de que precisamente es en este momento histórico cuando surge el concepto «disociación», por tanto el buscar sus raíces y analizar este concepto, justo en este fin-de-siècle, era un perfecto inicio y arranque para estudios posteriores. Ha sido después de este fin de siglo, justo iniciado el siglo XX, cuando el concepto se ha aplicado a un terreno nosológico muy diferente, el de las psicosis, dando un giro radical a la concepción en sí del término. Por último, un motivo que puede ser atractivo y en cierto modo anecdótico, es que paradójicamente, esta concepción inicial del fin de siglo es la que han retomado las clasificaciones actuales, hoy día, la psiquiatría americana al elaborar su manual diagnóstico (DSM-IV), y la europea (CIE-10), definiendo la disociación de un modo muy semejante a como lo hizo Janet. A este respecto remito al lector a los trabajos de Jean Garrabé (1996, 1999b). El porqué de acotar el estudio de la disociación a dos autores, Janet y Freud, es porque son ellos dos quienes más relevancia tuvieron en la creación del término. Podemos afirmar que la disociación tiene sus orígenes en Pierre Janet, con su concepto de désagrégation, a pesar de que haya otros autores defensores de la prioridad de Freud. En todo caso, lejos de esta controversia, que como ya he dicho no es el objeto de esta tesis, son ellos dos las figuras de obligada mención si tratamos de disociación. De todos modos, he querido añadir un capítulo dedicado a otros autores contemporáneos, que también trataron sobre la disociación, porque como veremos, tuvieron influencia sobre estos autores o de modo recíproco se vieron influidos por ellos. La obra de Janet con respecto a la disociación, comparada a la de Freud, veremos que es más extensa. Esto es así a pesar de que la obra de Pierre Janet fue muy diversa y ya entrado el siglo XX abandonó la histeria y se interesó más por la psicastenia y su doctrina de la energía psicológica (Janet, 1903), y posteriormente por el análisis psicológico de las tendencias (Janet, 1926). Es precisamente en el período fin- de-siècle cuando se encuentran referencias de Freud al concepto disociación. Muy pronto, abandonará este concepto por el de represión, y su teoría tomará otro rumbo, el del abandono de la hipnosis y el nacimiento del psicoanálisis. Es este el motivo de su breve aportación. 9 Introducción Vamos a ver cómo estos autores tienen ideas contrapuestas en cuanto al origen de la disociación, pero al mismo tiempo cómo sus estudios se solapan varias veces, abocando a las mismas conclusiones. Es preciso que haga una serie de aclaraciones en cuanto los términos alrededor de la disociación, que aparecen en este trabajo. Para empezar, puntualizar que el término désagrégation, he preferido traducirlo por desagregación y no por disgregación, como he podido ver en la literatura con más frecuencia, y aunque quizá no nos sea tan familiar a nuestros oídos, con el fin de intentar preservar sus raíces etimológicas. Por otro lado, ha sido más complicado encontrar una traducción correcta en el caso de los escritos de Freud, ya que este autor utilizó, indistintamente, dos términos para nombrar la misma cosa, spaltung y dissoziation. En los textos en alemán, Freud asocia la palabra dissoziation con el término spaltung. ¿Cómo se entiende esto? Para Freud la disociación consta de dos operaciones: 1. Dissoziation: que rompe las asociaciones entre una función del cuerpo y el resto del psiquismo. 2. Spaltung o clivage (en francés): separa esta función del resto del psiquismo y la mantiene aparte, infranqueable, manteniéndola así inaccesible a toda asociación. Generalmente las traducciones francesas utilizan la palabra «dissociation» tanto para dissoziation como para spaltung. Utilizaré disociación como equivalente de desagregación, dissociation y dissoziation. Cuando utilice la palabra clivage o spaltung será en el sentido que le da Freud, como expliqué más arriba. Como dice A. Bottero (2000) Freud prefiere utilizar spaltung para hablar de disociación salvo en su obra Estudio comparativo de las parálisis motoras orgánicas e histéricas en que vuelve al francés, retomado de sus estudios con Charcot y utiliza la palabra dissoziation.
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