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Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams

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Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams In cooperation with the VERMONT AGENCY OF TRANSPORTATION Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4238 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams By Scott A. Olson U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4238 Prepared in cooperation with the VERMONT AGENCY OF TRANSPORTATION Pembroke, New Hampshire 2002 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Information Services New Hampshire/Vermont District Building 810 361 Commerce Way Box 25286, Federal Center Pembroke, NH 03275-3718 Denver, CO 80225-0286 http://nh.water.usgs.gov CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Streamflow Data Used in This Study .................................................................................................................. 2 Record Extension ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Record Extension Using Two-Station Comparison ................................................................................... 4 Record Extension Using Rainfall-Runoff Modeling .................................................................................. 4 Observed Data Used for Model Calibrations .................................................................................... 6 Rainfall-Runoff Model and Input Parameters ................................................................................... 6 Simulation of Streamflow Record ..................................................................................................... 7 Flow-Frequency Characteristics at Stream-Gaging Stations .............................................................................. 8 Drainage-Basin Characteristics ........................................................................................................................... 11 Flow-Frequency Characteristics at Ungaged Streams ........................................................................................ 11 Regression Analyses .................................................................................................................................. 11 Accuracy and Limitations .......................................................................................................................... 13 Summary and Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 14 Selected References ............................................................................................................................................. 14 Appendix 1. Use of Regression Equations With Metric Units ........................................................................... 44 References Cited ................................................................................................................................................. 45 Appendix 2.Areas of Vermont Above 1,200 Feet in Altitude ............................................................................ 46 Appendix 3.Northing of the Vermont State Plane Coordinate System ...............................................................47 Appendix 4.Mean-Annual Precipitation in Vermont .......................................................................................... 48 Contents iii FIGURES Figure 1. Map showing distribution of stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics for Vermont streams ......................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2. Map showing location of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream-gaging stations, where streamflow and precipitation data were simultaneously collected, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) climate data-collection stations that were used for modeling the extended streamflow record ........................................................................................5 Figure 3. Graph showing annual maximum and non-snowmelt maximum frequency curves for Dog River at Northfield Falls, Vermont ............................................................................................................. 9 Figure 4. Map showing generalized skew coefficients of logarithms of annual maximum streamflow in Vermont ........................................................................................................................................ 10 iv Figures TABLES Table 1. Location descriptions of stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams ............................................................................................................................... 16 Table 2. Magnitude and frequency discharges at stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams ................................................................................................... 26 Table 3. Daily discharges exceeded 25, 50, and 75 percent of the time at stream-gaging stations used to determine flow characteristics of Vermont streams ..................................................................... 32 Table 4. Precipitation-runoff modeling system modules used in rainfall-runoff modeling ............................ 6 Table 5. Values of parameters used in the calibrated rainfall-runoff models for selected stream-gaging stations in Vermont ........................................................................................................................... 35 Table 6. Accuracy of rainfall-runoff models for the 10 stream-gaging stations where the models were used 7 Table 7. Rain gages used for record extension of each modeled U.S. Geological Survey stream-gaging station ................................................................................................................................................ 8 Table 8. Basin characteristics used in the regression-equation development ................................................. 37 Table 9. Standard error or residuals of the regression equations for estimating flow frequencies on ungaged, unregulated streams in rural drainage basins in Vermont ................................................. 13 Table 10. Range of explanatory variables used in the development of the regression equations for estimating flow-frequency characteristicis of ungaged, unregulated streams in Vermont ............... 14 Tables v CONVERSION FACTORS AND VERTICAL DATUM CONVERSION FACTORS Multiply By To obtain Length inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm) foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km) foot per mile (ft/mi) 0.1894 meter per kilometer (m/km) Area square mile (mi2) 2.589 square kilometer (km2) Volume cubic feet (ft3) 0.02832 cubic meter (m3) Volume per unit time (includes flow) cubic feet per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second (m3/s) cubic feet per square mile (ft3/mi2) 0.01094 cubic meter per square kilometer (m3/km2) Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (oF) may be converted to degrees Celsius (oC) as follows: oC=(oF-32)/1.8. VERTICAL DATUM Sea level: In this report, “sea level” refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929)— a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. vi Conversion Factors and Vertical Datum Flow-Frequency Characteristics of Vermont Streams By Scott A. Olson ABSTRACT Vermont. The second method used rainfall-runoff modeling. Precipitation and evapotranspiration The safe and economical design of data from 1948 to 1999 for numerous climate data- infrastructure in and near waterways and the collection sites were used as input to a model to effective management of flood-hazard areas simulate flows at 10 stream-gaging stations in require information on streamflow that may not be Vermont. readily available. This report provides estimates of Also, methods are described to estimate flow-frequency characteristics for gaged streams flow-frequency characteristics for ungaged and in Vermont and describes methods for estimating unregulated rural streams in Vermont. The peak- flow-frequency characteristics for ungaged flow estimating methods were developed by streams. The flow-frequency characteristics generalized-least-squares regression procedures investigated are the magnitude of peak discharges with data from 138 U.S. Geological Survey at recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and stream-gaging stations in Vermont and in adjacent 500 years, and the magnitude of daily-mean areas of New York, New Hampshire, discharges exceeded 25, 50, and 75 percent of the Massachusetts, and Quebec. The flow-duration time. (daily flow exceeded
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