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Pnaaq223.Pdf Region roject Center VII - ion Region n R Region III II' THE EIGHT INTERNATIONAL. Meloidogyne Project Regions. Z Contract No. AIC/ta-c-1234 Proceedings of the Third Research Planning Conference on 7oot-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. REGION IV & REGION V Benin Ivory Coast Malawi Uganda Ghana Nigeria Tanzania Zimbabwe November 16-20, 1981 Ibadan, Nigeria International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Oyo Road, PMB 5320 Ibadan, Nigeria For information on the availability of this publication, write to Dr. J. N. Sasser, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, P. 0. Box 5397, Raleigh, NC 27650, U.S.A. Printed by North Carolina State University Graphics. 1982. "It- CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS Front Row (L to R): J. N. Sasser, B.M.S. Hemeng, 0. A. Egunjobi, E. Dodego, J. I. Way, V. W. Saka. Second Row: B. N. Okigbo, E. Nwauzor, N- D. Bafokuzara, I. S. Swai, T.0. Olowe, D. Mamadou, A. C. Triantaphyllou, J. 0. Babatola. Third Row: J. 0. Amosu, J. Onapitan, U. G. Atu, M. 0. Adeniji, 0. B. Hemeng, R. A. Odihirin, T. Zannou, T. Badra. Fourth Row: R. 0. Ogbuji, J. A. Shepherd, B. FawlIe, A. 0. Ogunfowora, A. S. S. Mbwana, A. A. Idowu, S. 0. Adesiyan, F. E. Caveness, K. Lema, M. A. Smith. -iv- PREFACE The Third Regional Conference on Root-knot Nematode Research for West Africa, held November 16-20, 1981, in Ibadan, Nigeria, is a cooperative effort of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Ibadan and the International Meloidogyne Project (IMP) headquartered at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., U.S.A. The participating scientists have affiliation with nematology research units at universities, agricultural experiment stations, and research institutes in IMP Regions IV & V (Fig. 1, inside front cover). As with aarlier conferences, the aim of this gathering is the exchange of new research findings on root­ knot nematodes. The Project's efforts now focus primarily on screening and breeding for resistance, cropping systems research, and technology transfer. Continued research in these areas promises to promote increased crop yields in developing countries through more efficient and economical control of root-knot nematodes. Gratitude and appreciation are extended to all conference partici­ pants for their dedicated efforts through which significant information on root-knot nematodes is being compiled. First-time conference participants from Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe are particularly welcomed. Special thanks are extended to Bernadette Bakare, IITA Conference Coordinator, for her time in arranging the details of this conference and for her invaluable assistance to the participants. The work of Benson K. Fadare, IITA photographer, also deserves recognition. All efforts to make this conference successful and the visit enjoyable are heartily appreciated. Finally, we wish to thank Mrs. Catherine Carter, Research Assistant, for editing and arranging the proceedings and Miss Mildred Oldham, Secretary, for typing the master copy. WLCCI1E ADDRESS THIRD REGION4AL CUERENCE OF THE INTERNATIMAL EIDIDOGYNE PROJECT NOVEMBER 16-20, 1981 Dr. Bede N. Okigbo IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria The Principal Investigator, collaborators in the International Meloidogyne Project (IMP), participants and honored guests! I take this opportunity to welcome you to IITA on behalf of Dr. E. H. Hartmans, our Director General, who regrets his inability to be here to welcome you personally. In welcoming you to IITA, I would like to remind you that our task in this Institute is that of problem-oriented teamwork aimed at the improvement of major crops of the humid and subhumid tropics (viz. maize, rice, cowpea, soybean, yam, cassava, sweet potato and cocoyam) and the development of appropriate technologies for more efficient farming systems that constitute economically and ecologically viable alternatives for sustained yields to replace the somewhat increasingly outmoded intermittent bush fallow "land rotation" systems. High priority in our work is given to both quantitative and qualitative improvement of the important food crops grown on small farms on which over 90% of the food crops are produced and also to large scale production systems in tropical Africa and elsewhere in the humid and subhumid tropics. Our research and training activities and our cooperative programs are aimed at complementing and assisting national programs to develop capabilities to produce enough food to meet the demands of rapid populacion growth, urbanization and rising incomes. In subSaharan Africa, serious balance of payments problems have resulted from escalating food and petroleum import bills. In our present concern for increased food production, root-knot nematodes constitute one of the major constraints directly responsible for substantial quantitative and qualitative losses in crop yields especially in such important crops as cowpeas and yams. In addition to direct losses of sometimes above 20%, nematodes interact with the host plants mechanically, physiologically and chemically to predispose them to further damage by fungi and bacteria. -vi- I understand that this Project was launched in 1975: 1) To determine the species and biotypes of the root-knot nematodes present within each of the eight IMP geographic regions, 2) To determine the susceptibility and/or resistance of the currently grown basic food crops in each of the regions to the root-knot nematodes which are present, and 3) To establish a bank of information on cultivars which display resistance to any or all of the species of root-knot nematodes which have been identified in the regions studied. Bearing in mind that although nematode infestation and damage is several centuries old, nematology itself as a discipline and societies associated with it are only about three to four decades old even in the developed countries, and the IMP is of incalculable value to developing countries in Africa. This is because it engenders collaboration between the relatively fewer younger scientists in Africa and the larger number of relatively more experienced scientists in the developed countries such as the United States. Apart from African scientists benefiting from the experiences of the more experienced nematologists, they are given some financial support for research which in many developing countries is often limited and/or erratic. Moreover, nematology is not often given the same priority that may be given to entomology and other areas of plant protection where damage or losses associated with them are usually more dramatic. The nematologist at IITA gives effective support to the crop improve­ ment programs in the screening for disease resistance and establishing the status of host/parasite relatiotships for the food crops of concern to IITA. Valuable service is also rendered to our Farming Systems Program in monitoring and evaluation of nematode population dynamics under various soil management practices and cropping patterns in terms of crop combina­ tions and sequences. Since our farming systems research activities are directed more toward the development of permanent and intensive production systems than toward prevailing traditional systems, the importance of nematology input in dealing with the expected likely increases in nematode incidence must be given due consideration in the foreseable future. I am also gratified to learn that the Project has been able to dezermine the species of root-knot nematodes that are most widely distributed in West Africa, the relative importance of the various species and the occurrence of races of root-knot nematodes within these species. In -vii­ addition, the identification of crops resistant or highly susceptible to these nematodes is important in the designing of rotations and develop­ ment of integrated nematode management programs which, we hope, hold much promise as a strategy for dealing with the small farmer's production problems. We at IITA are also happy to be associated with the IMP, with Dr. Caveness as the Regional Coordinator, especially since it involves international and national institutions with which we have collaborated or are collaborating in various other activities in research and training. On behalf of these West African institutions and IITA, I wish to express our thanks to USAID, North Carolina State University, and collaborators from outside Africa, for their contributions towards making this Project successful. I hope that while the conference lasts, participants will take full advantage of facilities placed at their disposal even though some of them may not be working as well as expected. Our staff of the Conference Center, International House and scientists in various programs will cooperate in assisting you in different ways in making your stay worth­ while as need be. Again, I take this opportunity to welcome you all once more to I±TA. I hereby declare this conference open, and wish you successful delibera­ tions and free exchange of information and ideas. -viii- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface ....... .. .. ............................. iv Opening Remarks B. N. Okigbo...... ................................ V The Role of AID in International Agricultural Research M. A. Smith ....... ............................... 1 Rationale for the International Meloidogyne Project--Principal Goals, Objectives and Implementation J. N. Sasser ....... .............................. 6 Reports by Cooperating Scientists on the State of Knowledge Concerning Root-knot Nematodes in Their Countries Report on the Research Work Carried Out
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