Ansari Et Ric Tonnes of Grain

Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 11: 9-18, 2018 DOI 10.2478/hppj-2018-0002

Resistance screening of lentil cultivars against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

T. Ansari, M. Asif* and M.A. Siddiqui

Summary The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is a major soil parasite of lentil crops. In- creasing restrictions of chemical nematicides have triggered a growing attention and interest in alter- nate root-knot nematode management. The present study was conducted to examine the level of resistance and/or susceptibility of fi ve lentil cultivars (PL-456, KLS-218, Desi, DPL-62, Malika), grown in pots, against the root-knot nematode M. incognita. Root-knot nematode reproduction and host damage were assessed by recording the nematode infestation levels and reduction percentage of plant growth parameters. Nematode response and plant growth diff erentiated amongst the lentil cultivars. None of the cultivars was found immune or highly resistant. The cultivar Malika was found moderately resistant as it showed the lowest number of galls and egg masses/root as well as the lowest reduction of plant fresh weight (10.4%) and dry weight (6.9%). On the other hand, the cultivar Desi manifest- ed the highest susceptibility exhibiting the highest number of galls and egg masses. There was a signifi cantly negative correlation between the number of galls and plant growth parameters (plant fresh and dry weight and plant height).

Additional keywords: cultivars, lentil, Meloidogyne incognita, resistance, root-knot nematode

Introduction control because of their short life cycle, high population densities and reproductive po- Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is one of the tential (Sikora and Fernandez, 2005). The im- most important pulse crops and a major mense loss caused by root knot nematodes source of protein (30% weight, second pro- can be minimized by using various strategies tein content legume after soybeans) for the such as soil treatment with chemicals, bio- predominant vegetarian population of In- control agents (Vagelas and Gowen, 2012), dia. India ranks second (after Canada) in cultural practices such as crop rotation, an- lentil production, with lentil cultivation oc- tagonistic plants (Hussain et al., 2011), re- cupying an area of 1,800,000 hectares and sistant cultivars (Tariq et al., 2016) and soil annual production reaching 1,100,000 met- amendments (Asif et al., 2017a, b; Ansari et ric tonnes of grain. The average yield is al., 2016), which are common methods of 6000kg/ha (FAO, 2014). Lentils are an im- nematode control. portant source for the Indian household in- Synthetic nematicides can rapidly re- come. duce nematode population. However, their Meloidogyne spp. cause yield losses in indiscriminate and consistent use can be pulses, which are estimated annually up to toxic to benefi cial soil fl ora and fauna, and 20-35% (Gaur et al., 2001). In India, the aver- may induce emergence of resistant plant age loss caused by root-knot nematodes on parasitic nematodes (Akhtar, 1991). Never- pulses may be 14.6%, and could go as high theless, nematode infestation levels in soil as 50-80% in some crops (Bhatti, 1992). could be reduced by using resistant cul- Root-knot nematodes are diffi cult to tivars with crop rotation strategy of non- hosts. According to Oostenbrink (1966), the cultivation of a resistant cultivar may sup- Section of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Depart- press the nematode population by 10-50% ment of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. of its harmful density. Susceptibility of dif- * Corresponding author: [email protected] ferent pulse crops has been reported by sev-

© Benaki Phytopathological Institute 10 Ansari et al. eral researchers such as Pandey et al. (2016) completely randomized design (CRD). The and Montasser et al. (2017). Sasser (1954) experiment had four replications per culti- found that the roots of resistant plants were var and it was repeated twice in time. Three not invaded as rapidly as susceptible ones. weeks after seed germination, thinning was Such variability in tolerance might be relat- performed, leaving one plant per pot. Two ed to their genetic makeup, coding for a re- days after thinning, approximately 1500 sec- sistance mechanism possessed by the par- ond stage juveniles of M. incognita were pi- ticular cultivar (Anwar and McKenry, 2007). petted around each plant by making holes All cultivars referred as resistant to root-knot in soil. A total of eight plants (four inoculat- nematodes have comparatively better crop ed and four uninoculated) of each cultivar yield as compared to susceptible cultivars were used for this experiment. The uninocu- (Mukhtar et al., 2014). lated plants served as controls. Ninety days The present investigation was carried out after inoculation, the plants were uproot- as a resistance screening of fi ve of the most ed gently from the pots and diff erent plant commonly grown cultivars of lentil in India growth parameters were noted. against Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and Varietal response against M. incognita in- White) Chitwood under greenhouse condi- festation of diff erent crops is accessed on tions with a view to better exploit the use of the basis of growth parameters and nema- most resistant cultivars for the suppression tode reproduction parameters (Hayat, 2011). of root-knot nematodes in integrated man- Hence, in the present study data were re- agement programmes. corded for plant growth viz., shoot height and root length, dry and fresh shoot and root weight, number of pods, number of Materials and Methods nodules per root system, weight of 100 seeds and nematode reproduction parame- Meloidogyne incognita was collected from ters like number of egg masses, number of naturally infested eggplant (Solanum me- eggs/root system, root-knot index and fi nal longena L.) fi elds near Punjipur village, Ali- nematode population. Physiological param- garh (U.P). Meloidogyne incognita was mass eters like chlorophyll content (MacKinney, cultured from a single egg mass on a sus- 1941) and carotenoid content were also esti- ceptible variety of tomato, S-22, in a green- mated. The percent increase and reduction house of the Section of Plant Pathology and in the growth parameters over the control Plant Nematology, Department of Botany, were calculated by using the formula A.M.U., Aligarh. Second-stage juveniles (J2) were obtained from hatched eggs by incu- % reduction or increase = bating handpicked egg masses in sterile dis- tilled water at 28 ± 1°C. Uninoculated - Inoculated x 100 Seeds of fi ve lentil cultivars namely, PL- ( Uninoculated ) 456, KLS-218, Desi, DPL-62 and Malika were obtained from the Indian Institute of Puls- (Irshad et al., 2012; Mukhtar et al., 2014). es Research, Kanpur, India as these are most Analysis of Variance was conducted and commonly grown and chief cultivars con- the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was em- cerning with the productivity of lentil in In- ployed for the comparison of means be- dia. Lentil seeds of all fi ve cultivars were sur- tween the cultivars according to Critical face sterilized with 0.1% mercuric chloride Diff erence (C.D.) at P=0.05 level. To detect and sown in clay pots of 15cm diameter con- relation between the parameters, Pearson taining 1kg sterilized sandy loam soil. Four correlation and multiple linear regression lentil seeds of each cultivar were sown per was performed. The data were analysed us- pot, which was considered one replication. ing SPSS 12.00 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, The pots were placed in a greenhouse at a IL, USA).

Results er shoot compared to the other cultivars. These heights diff erentiated in the follow- None of the cultivars was found immune ac- ing descending order: KLS-218, PL-456, DPL- cording to the rating scale of Table 1 based 62 and Desi (Table 3). on number of galls on the root system (Ta- Prior to the infestation by the nematode, ble 2). The resistance rating of the cultivars the root length of the cultivars Malika, KLS- was: Malika (moderately resistant), KLS-218 218, PL-456 was signifi cantly higher than the (moderately susceptible), PL-456 (moder- one of the cultivars DPL-62 and Desi. After ately susceptible), DPL-62 (susceptible), Desi infestation, Malika had the least reduction (susceptible). The same trend was observed in root length as compared to the other cul- for the egg masses and the nematode pop- tivars (Table 3). ulation per root system (Table 2). The cultivar Malika had signifi cantly The cultivars Malika, KLS-218, PL-456 had heavier shoot fresh and dry weight than the a comparable shoot height before infesta- other cultivars both before and after nem- tion by M. incognita, which was signifi cant- atode infestation. The cultivars had the fol- ly higher than the one of the DPL-62 and lowing decreasing order in shoot fresh and Desi. After infestation by the nematode, Ma- dry weights: KLS-218, PL-456, DPL-62 and lika continued to have signifi cantly high- Desi. A similar trend was also observed in

Table 1: Rating scale for the assessment of level of resistance of plant cultivars against root- knot nematodes, based on number of galls (Sasser and Taylor, 1978).

Root knot Index No. of galls/root system Resistance rating 00 Immune 1 1-2 Highly Resistant 2 3-10 Moderately Resistant 3 11-30 Moderately Susceptible 431-100Susceptible 5>100Highly Susceptible

Table 2. Reproduction of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on fi ve lentil cultivars and resistance rating of the nematode.

No. of No. of eggs/ Nematode Number of Cultivars egg masses/ Reaction egg mass population galls root Control - - - - Desi Susceptible Inoculated 112±0.43a 196±0.40a 2000±0.42a 43±0.84a Control - - - - DPL-62 Susceptible Inoculated 89±0.48b 154±0.45b 1692±0.32b 35±0.76b Control - - - - Moderately PL- 456 Inoculated 58±0.72c 97±0.46c 1590±0.21bc 24±0.72c Susceptible Control - - - - Moderately KLS- 218 Inoculated 26±0.88d 69±0.68d 1440±0.25cd 16±0.88d Susceptible Control - - - - Moderately Malika Inoculated 8±1.20e 25±1.15e 1161±0.19 e 6±1.00e Resistant Values are mean of eight replicates. Values in each column followed by the same letters are not signifi cantly diff erent according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (P ≤ 0.05).

© Benaki Phytopathological Institute 12 Ansari et al. over 6.9% 31.5% 21.2% 18.9% 25.0% control % Reduc- dry weight tion of plant plant of tion a g ef fg ef cd fg ab bc de Total 1.9±0.49 2.6±0.40 4.3 ±0.22 3.7±0.24 1.3 ±0.44 3.0±0.27 4.0±0.20 1.8 ±0.48 2.4 ±0.30 2.4 3.3 ±0.31 (g) a a a a cd ab ab cd bc bc Dry weight 1.1±0.29 1.1±0.36 1.2±0.27 1.0±0.38 0.7±0.47 0.5±0.42 0.7±0.68 0.6±0.32 0.9±0.52 0.9±0.40 g ef fg a bc cd fe fg ab de ve lentil cultivars. Shoot Root 3.1±0.36 1.7±0.50 1.2±0.53 2.1±0.32 1.0 ±0.48 2.9±0.35 1.7 ±0.50 1.2 ±0.43 2.3 ±0.37 2.6 ±0.43 2.6 over fresh fresh % Re- 15.4% 10.4% 29.0% 24.3% 32.8% weight control of plant plant of duction a bc de cd ab ef h ef fg gh 4.5±1.29 6.7±1.02 6.1±1.21 8.4±1.06 14.4±0.61 8.6 ±0.76 8.6 11.1±0.67 12.9±0.77 12.3±0.66 10.4±0.86 (g) cd a g ef de bc bc on growth parameters of fi ab ab de Fresh weightFresh Root Total 3.6±0.31 1.6±0.42 1.9±0.48 2.1±0.45 3.1±0.36 3.4±0.27 2.9±0.39 2.8±0.39 2.2±0.38 2.6 ±0.40 2.6 a i b b ef fg de bc gh cd Shoot 2.9±0.41 9.2±0.18 9.5±0.21 7.1±0.20 4.8±0.43 8.3±0.19 5.8±0.30 3.9±0.37 11.8±0.63 6.5±0.28 erent according to Duncan’s Multiple Range (P ≤ 0.05). Test Meloidogyne incognita over 8.4% % Re- 17.0% 35.4% 29.7% 22.4% height height control of plant plant of duction cantly diff cantly j i a c ef de fg cd ab gh Total plant height 32.8±0.52 47.6±0.43 26.9±0.56 53.5±0.36 41.7±0.44 43.6±0.54 46.7±0.57 39.7±0.43 51.2±0.52 44.4±0.49 b a ef cd fg bc cd fg de h Root length 9.4±1.08 18.6±0.61 11.7±0.81 16.9±0.98 12.9±0.74 11.8±0.82 14.9±0.75 14.3±0.97 16.0±0.87 15.2±0.86 f a d a e f g bc ab bc Shoot height ect of infestation by the root-knot nematode Control 21.8±0.48 Control 34.3±0.57 Control 32.4±0.75 Control 34.9±0.56 Control 31.8±0.68 Inoculated 21.1±0.74 Inoculated 17.5±0.76 Inoculated 31.8±0.74 Inoculated 28.4±0.60 Inoculated 25.4±0.63 Eff Cultivars Desi Malika DPL-62 PL- 456 PL- KLS- 218 KLS- Table 3. Values are mean of eight replicates. Values in each column followed by the same letters are not signifi © Benaki Phytopathological Institute Resistance of lentil cultivars to root-knot nematodes 13 the root fresh and dry weight (Table 3). Discussion When the higher number of nodules/ root system was compared between culti- M. incognita failed to reproduce and multi- vars, Malika had signifi cantly higher number ply on the cultivar Malika and exhibited the of nodules/root system. Inoculation of M. in- lowest reduction in growth, responding as cognita caused reduction in nodulation in moderately resistant against M. incognita all lentil cultivars. Malika continued to have infestation. The cultivar Desi was the most signifi cantly the highest number of nodules susceptible to the root-knot nematodes. after nematode inoculation while Desi had The cultivars KLS-218 and PL-456 showed a the least number of nodules compared to moderately susceptible response in terms the other cultivars (Table 4). of reproduction and an intermediate reduc- Yield parameters in terms of number of tion in growth parameters, which was less pods/plant and weight of seeds showed sig- severe than that observed for the suscepti- nifi cant reductions after inoculation with ble cultivar. The cultivars PL-456 and DPL-62 nematodes in all lentil cultivars when com- were found moderately susceptible and sus- pared to their respective controls. Among ceptible, respectively, but showed less se- all cultivars, Malika had signifi cantly more vere damage by the nematode as compared pods/plant and higher weight of seeds fol- to the most susceptible cultivar. lowed by KLS-218, PL-456, DPL-62 and Desi Most of the plant growth characters of (Table 4). the lentil cultivars were signifi cantly nega- Before infestation by M. incognita the tive correlated with the number of galls of cultivars Malika and KLS-218 had compa- M. incognita. Moreover it can be suggest- rable chlorophyll and carotenoid content, ed that eggs, eggs/egg masses and nema- which was signifi cantly higher than PL-456, tode population also had a direct eff ect on DPL-62 and Desi. Chlorophyll and carote- the reduction of plant growth. Meloidogyne noid content of leaves was signifi cantly re- spp. induces galling in the roots and giant duced by nematode infestation in all lentil cells formation in the stellar region, which cultivars (Table 4). destroys the xylem tissues and ultimately Regression analysis showed a signifi cant reduces the absorption and movement of positive relation between the number of galls water and nutrients (Abad et al., 2003). This and reduction in plant fresh weight (R2=0.974) limitation of nutrient elements in the plant (Fig. 1a), plant dry weight (R2=0.930) (Fig. 1b), is probably the fi rst eff ect that the nema- plant height (R2=0.997) (Fig. 1c), number of tode infestation has on the physiology and pods/plant (R2=0.988) (Fig. 1d), number of metabolism of its host (Lu et al., 2014). These nodules/root system (R2=0.918) (Fig. 1e). eff ects increase with the duration of infesta- Pearson correlation coeffi cients (r) in- tion (Melakeberhan et al., 1987). dicate a signifi cantly negative relation be- A reduction in total chlorophyll, as in the tween nematode infestation parameters case of our experiment, has also been re- and all the plant growth parameters (Table ported in French bean and rice infested by 5): Total plant length (r= -0.948, P=0.05), To- M. javanica (Melakeberhan et al., 1986; Swain tal plant fresh weight (r= -0.999, P=0.01), To- and Prasad, 1988). Reduction in chlorophyll tal plant dry weight (r= -0.995, P=0.01), No. content has also been reported to lead to of pods (r= -0.961, P=0.01), No. of nodules/ the disturbance of nodule function (Chahal root system (r= -0.974, P=0.01), Chlorophyll et al., 1983). content (r= -0.964, P=0.01), Carotenoid con- In conclusion, the current study demon- tent (r= -0.895, P=0.05). Correlation between strated that fi ve of the most broadly cultivat- weight of seeds and nematode infestation ed lentil cultivars in India are susceptible to in terms of eggs, eggs/egg masses, nema- moderately susceptible to M. incognita with tode population and galls had a negative re- the exception of the cultivar Malika, which lation, but not signifi cant. was found moderately resistant. The culti-

© Benaki Phytopathological Institute 14 Ansari et al. i a g h cd ef bc ab cd de (mg/g) 0.624±0.004 0.691±0.006 0.719±0.009 0.860±0.007 0.791±0.004 0.801±0.006 0.796±0.005 0.842±0.005 0.820±0.006 0.800±0.005 ve lentil cultivars. Carotenoid content Carotenoid e a d g ef ef ab ab bc ab (mg/g) 1.31±0.023 2.78±0.018 2.14±0.025 1.96±0.025 1.86±0.041 1.85±0.026 2.61±0.016 2.42±0.017 2.57±0.022 2.56±0.022 Chlorophyll content c ef a ef de de b cd cd de de de (g) on yield and physiological parameters of fi 3.1±0.11 3.4±0.11 1.8±0.21 0.9±0.19 1.4±0.15 1.6±0.14 1.0±0.28 1.4±0.14 1.3±0.09 Weight of 100 seeds 100 of Weight 1.2±0.20 f i a d h e h g ab bc erent according to Duncan’s Multiple Range (P ≤ 0.05). Test 13±0.96 34±0.80 42±0.72 29±0.87 22±0.75 23±0.98 72±0.54 52±0.50 65±0.57 68±0.56 Meloidogyne incognita root system cantly diff cantly f f a c g d d h b de No. of pods per plant No. of nodules per Control 28±0.88 Control 74±0.54 Control 53±0.64 Control 59±0.73 Control 92±0.48 InoculatedInoculated 16±0.93 Inoculated 40±0.72 Inoculated 40±0.73 Inoculated 60±0.71 83±0.51 Cultivars ect of infestation by the root-knot nematode Eff Desi Malika DPL-62 PL- 456 PL- KLS- 218 KLS- Table 4. Values are mean of eight replicates. Values in each column followed by the same letters are not signifi

50 50 45 45 40 40 y = 0,6256x + 6,8648 35 35 y = 0,5945x + 5,9568 R² = 0,974 30 30 R² = 0,9309 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10

5 % reduction in dry weight 5 % reduction in fresh weight 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

(a) Number of galls (b) Number of galls

50 50 45 45 y = 0.8464x + 4.5693 40 40 R² = 0.988 y = 0,7173x + 4,7903 35 35 R² = 0,9972 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 % reduction in no. of pods % reduction in plant height 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 (c) Number of galls (d) Number of galls

50 45 y = 0,7614x + 8,5779 40 R² = 0,9186 35 30 25 20 Fig.1. Relationship between number of galls by the root-knot 15 nematode Meloidogyne incognita and growth parameters of 10 fi v e l e n t i l c u l t i v a r s. 5

% reduction in no. of nodules 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

(e) Number of galls

© Benaki Phytopathological Institute 16 Ansari et al. 1 ** 1 .980 ** ** Galls 1 .978 .998 ** ** ** em, WTS=Weight of 100 Seeds, CHL=Chlorophyll CHL=Chlorophyll Seeds, 100 WTS=Weight of em, 1 .992 .968 .995 * * * * 1 -.914 -.884 -.922 -.895 ** ** * ** ** 1 * 1 .728 .442ns-.789ns .862 -.822ns -.950 -.856ns -.966 -.839ns -.997 -.964 * ** ** ** ** ** * 1 .793 .856 .703 -.977 -.958 -.961 -.974 ** * * ** * ** ** ** 1 .958 .841 .926 .729 -.952 -.950 -.989 -.961 cients between growth plant parameters and nematode infestation cultivars. variables of lentil ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** 1 .943 .964 .860 .880 .659 -.981 -.991 -.980 -.995 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** 1 .996 .951 .968 .902 .704 -.993 -.993 -.979 -.999 cant.. cant at the level 0.01 (2-tailed). cant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed) * ** ** * ** ** * ** ** * Matrix of Pearson’s correlation coeffi Matrix of Pearson’s TTD .770 GALLS -.948 NMP -.914 CHL .876 NOD .738 NPD .713 EGS -.960 Table 5. VariablesTTL TTLTTF 1 TTF .800 TTD NPD NOD **. Correlation is signifi WTS CHL CAR EGMS EGS NMP GALLS *. *. Correlation is signifi ns: correlation is not signifi TTL=Total Plant Length,TTL=Total TTF=Total Plant Fresh Weight, TTD=Total Plant Dry Weight, NPD=No. of Pods, NOD=No. of Nodules/Root syst Content, CAR=Carotenoid Content, EGMS=No. of Eggmasses/Root, EGS=No. of Eggs/Eggmass, NMP=Nematode population, GALLS=Number of CAR .889 EGMS -.966 WTS .456 .847

© Benaki Phytopathological Institute Resistance of lentil cultivars to root-knot nematodes 17 vars KLS-218 and PL-456 were moderately Distributors, Delhi, p. 344-357. susceptible whereas DPL-62 and Desi were Chahal, P.P.K., Singh, I. and Chahal, V.P.S. 1983. Inter- susceptible. There was an intense reduction action between diff erent population levels of Meloidogyne incognita and Rhizobium on green of the plant growth parameters in suscepti- gram. Journal of Research Punjab Agricultural ble cultivars as compared to less susceptible University, 20: 399-402. ones. Growing of the moderately resistant F.A.O. 2014. FAO Statistical Yearbook 2014. Europe cultivar Malika in severely infested fi elds and Central Asia Food and Agriculture, Buda- with M. incognita may assist to minimize pest, Hungary. root-knot nematode multiplication. Further Gaur, H.S., Singh, R.V., Kumar, S., Kumar, V. and Singh, J.V. 2001. Search for nematode resistance in studies are necessary in search of possibly crops. AICRP on nematodes, Division of Nema- higher resistance levels to root-knot nematology, IARI, New Delhi Publication, p. 84. todes in other commercially available lentil Hayat, A. 2011. Screening of potato cultivars against cultivars and the development of resistant root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) cultivars. and its management through organic amendments. M.Sc. Thesis. Department of Plant Pa- thology University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The authors are grateful for fi nancial support Hussain, M.A., Mukhtar, T. and Kayani, M.Z. 2011. Effi - from the University Grant Commission, New cacy evaluation of Azadirachta indica, Calotropis Delhi (UGC-Non NET) and the chairman, De- procera, Datura stramonium and Tagetes erecta against root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne in- partment of Botany for providing necessary cognita. Pakistan Journal of Botany (Special Is- assistance. sue), 43: 197-204. Irshad, U., Mukhtar, T., Ashfaq, M., Kayani, M.Z., Kay- ani, S.B., Hanif, M. and Aslam, S. 2012. Pathoge- Literature Cited nicity of citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipen- etrans) on Citrus jambhiri. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 22: 1014-1018. Abad, P., Favery, B., Rosso, M. and Castagnone-Sere- no, P. 2003. Root-knot nematode parasitism and Lu, P., Davis, R.F., Kemerait, R.C., Iersel, M.W. and host response: molecular basis of a sophisticat- Scherm, H. 2014. Physiological Eff ects of Meloid- ed interaction. olecular Plant Pathology, 4: ogyne incognita Infection on Cotton Genotypes 217–224. with Diff ering Levels of Resistance in the Green- house. Journal of Nematology, 46(4): 352-359. Akhtar, M. 1991. Studies on the management of plant parasitic nematodes with organic soil MacKinney, G. 1941. Absorption of light by chloro- amendments. Ph.D. Thesis. Aligarh Muslim Uni- phyll solutions. Journal of Biological Chemistry, versity, Aligarh, India, p. 195. 140: 315-322. Ansari, T., Asif, M. and Siddiqui, M.A. 2016. Poten- Melakeberhan, H., Webster, J.M. and Brooke, R.C. tial of botanicals for root knot management on 1987. Relationship between physiological re- tomato. Lambert academic Publishing. ISBN: sponse and yield loss of diff erent age French 9783659910920. bean to Meloidogyne incognita. Plant Pathology, 35: 203-213. Anwar, S.A. and McKenry, M.V. 2007. Variability in reproduction of four populations of Meloidogy- Melakeberhan, H., Webster, J.M., Brooke, R.C., ne incognita on six cultivars of cotton. Journal of D’Auria, M. and Cackette, M. 1986. Eff ect of Mel- Nematology, 39(2): 105-110. oidogyne incognita on plant nutrient concentra- tion and its infl uence on physiology of beans. Asif, M., Khan, A., Tariq, M. and Siddiqui, M.A. 2017a. Journal of Nematology, 19: 324-330. Sustainable management of root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita through organic Montasser, S.A., Mahmoud, N.A., El-Mesalamy, A.F. amendment on Solanum lycopersicum L. Asian and Abdel-Mageed, M.A.A. 2017. Evaluation Journal of Biology, 1(1): 1-8. of six leguminous crops against the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica infection. Pak- Asif, M., Ahmad, F., Tariq, M., Khan, A., Ansari, T., istan Journal of Nematology, 35(1): 79-84. Khan, F. and Siddiqui, M.A. 2017b. Potential of chitosan alone and in combination with agricul- Mukhtar, T., Hussain, M.A., Kayani, M.Z. and Aslam, tural wastes against the root knot nematode, M.N. 2014. Evaluation of resistance to root-knot Meloidogyne incognita infesting eggplant. Jour- nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in okra culti- nal of Plant Protection Research, 57(3): 288-295. vars. Crop Protection, 56: 25-30. Bhatti, D.S. 1992. In: Nematode pests of crops (Eds. Oostenbrink, M. 1966. Major characteristics of the D.S. Bhatti and R.K. Walia), CBS Publisher and relationships between nematodes and plants.

Meded. Land. gesch. Wageningen, 66: 1-46. Swain, B. and Prasad, J.S. 1988. Chlorophyll content Pandey, R.K., Nayak, D.K. and Kar, R. 2016. Eff ects of in rice as infl uenced by the root-knot nematode, chlorophyll contents of green gram varieties/ Meloidogyne graminicola infection. Current Sci- lines as infl uenced by root-knot nematode Mel- ence, 57: 895-896. oidogyne incognita. International Journal of Cur- Tariq, M., Khan, T.A., Akhtar, G. and Khan, N. 2016. rent Research in Biosciences Plant Biology, 3(11): Screening of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- 17-22. Graecum) Varieties against Root-knot Nema- Sasser, J.N. 1954. Identifi cation and host-parasite tode (Meloidogyne incognita). Journal of Plant relationships of certain root-knot nematodes Pathology and Microbiology, 7: 1-4. (Meloidogyne spp.). Bulletin of the Maryland Agri- Vagelas, I. and Gowen, S.R. 2012. Control of Fusari- cutural Experiment Station A-77 (Tech.), p. 31. um oxysporum and root-knot nematodes (Mel- Sasser, J.N. and Taylor, A.L. 1978. Biology, identifi ca- oidogyne spp.) with Pseudomonas oryzihabitans. tion and control of root-knot nematodes (Melo- Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 24: 32-38. idogyne spp.). Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University Graphics, p. 111. Sikora, R.A. and Fernandez, E. 2005. Nematode par- asites of vegetables. In:‘‘Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture’’ (Eds.- Luc, M., Sikora, R.A. and Bridge, J.), 2nd edition, CABI publishing, 319-392. Received: 1 November 2017; Accepted: 2 January 2018

Διερεύνηση ανθεκτικότητας ποικιλιών φακής κατά του κομβονηματώδη Meloidogyne incognita

T. Ansari, M. Asif και M.A. Siddiqui

Περίληψη Ο κομβονηματώδης Meloidogyne incognita είναι ένα σημαντικό παράσιτο εδάφους για την καλλιέργεια της φακής. Οι αυξανόμενοι περιορισμοί των συνθετικών νηματωδοκτόνων έχουν αυξήσει την προσοχή και το ενδιαφέρον για εναλλακτικά μέσα διαχείρισης των κομβονηματωδών. Στην παρού- σα μελέτη εξετάστηκε το επίπεδο αντοχής και / ή ευαισθησίας πέντε ποικιλιών φακής (PL-456, KLS-218, Desi, DPL-62, Malika), σε φυτά σε γλάστρες, έναντι του κομβονηματώδη M. incognita. Η αναπαραγω- γή του κομβονηματώδη και η ζημιά στον ξενιστή αξιολογήθηκαν με βάση τα επίπεδα προσβολής από το νηματώδη και το ποσοστό μείωσης διαφόρων παραμέτρων ανάπτυξης των φυτών. Η απόκριση των νηματωδών και η ανάπτυξη των φυτών διαφοροποιήθηκαν μεταξύ των ποικιλιών φακής που μελετή- θηκαν. Καμία από τις ποικιλίες δεν βρέθηκε απρόσβλητη ή πολύ ανθεκτική. Η ποικιλία Malika βρέθηκε μέτρια ανθεκτική, καθώς παρουσίασε το μικρότερο αριθμό όγκων και ωόσακων/ρίζα και τη χαμηλότε- ρη μείωση του νωπού (10,4%) και του ξηρού (6,9%) βάρους των φυτών. Η ποικιλία Desi παρουσίασε τη μεγαλύτερη ευαισθησία, με το μεγαλύτερο αριθμό όγκων και ωόσακων. Διαπιστώθηκε σημαντικά αρ- νητική συσχέτιση μεταξύ του αριθμού των όγκων και των παραμέτρων ανάπτυξης των φυτών (νωπό και ξηρό βάρος φυτού και ύψος φυτού).

Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 11: 9-18, 2018