DOCSLIB.ORG

Morphological Comparison of Second-Stage Juveniles of Six Populations of Meloidogyne Hapla by SEM~

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Morphological Comparison of Second-Stage Juveniles of Six Populations of Meloidogyne Hapla by SEM~ Peroxidases h'om MeIoidogyne spp.: Starr 5 In: The Worthington Manual, Worthington 6. HUSSEY. R. S., and J. N. SASSER. 1973. Biochemical Corp., Freehold, New Jersey. Peroxidase from Meloidogyne incognita. 2. ttI3AN(;, C. W,, L. H. I,IN, and S. P. HUAN(;. Pltysiol, Plant I'athol. 3:223-229. 1971. Alteratimls in peroxidase activity in- 7. LOWRY, O. H., N. J. ROSENBROUGH, A. L. tliiced bv root-klu)t llelnatodes on tomato. FARR, and R. J. RANDALL. 1951. Protein Bot. Buli. Academia Sinica XII:74-83. measuremellt with the Folin phenol reagent. 3. HUAN(;, C. W., L. H. LIN, and S. P. HUANG. J. Biol, Chem. 193:265-275. 1971. Changes in peroxidase isoenzymes in 8. STARR, J. L. 1977. A micro-polyacrylamide gel tomato galls induced by Meloidogyne incog- electrophoresis system for analysis of nema- nita. Nematologica 17:460-466. tode enzymes. J. Nematol. 9:284-285 (Abstr.). 4. I-[tlSSEY, R. S. 1971. A technique for obtaining 9. STARR, J. L. 1977. Peroxidase activity in dif- quantities of living Meloidogyne females. J. ferent developmental stages of Meloidogyne Nematol. 3:99-100. spp. J. Nematol. 9:285 (Abslr.). 5. HUSSEY, R. S., J. N. SASSER, and 10, VRAIN, T. C, 1977. A technique for the collec- D. HU1SINGH. 1972. Disc-electrophoretic tion of larvae of Meloidogyne spp. and a studies of soluble proteins and enzymes of comparison of eggs and larvae as inocula. J. Meloidogyne incognita and M. arenaria. J. Nematol. 9:249-251. Nematol. 4:183-189. Morphological Comparison of Second-Stage Juveniles of Six Populations of Meloidogyne hapla by SEM~ J. D. EISENBACK and HEDWIG HIRSCHMANN ~ Abstract: External morphology of second-stage juveniles of six populations of Meloidogyne hapIa, hclonging to two cytological races (A and B), and one population each of M. arenaria, M, incog~ita, and M. ]ava~ica was compared by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Race A of M. hapla included three facuhatively parthenogenetic populations with haploid chromosome numbers of 15. 16, and 17; race B consisted of three mitotically parthenogenetic populations with somalic chromosome numhers of 45, 45, and 48. The mitotically parthenogenetic popula- tions of M. arenaHa, hi. i~wogtzita, and M. ]avanica had 54, 41-43, and 44 chromosomes, respectively. Observations were made on head stntcturcs, lateral field, excretory pore, anal opening, and tail. Head morphology, including shape and proportion of labial disc and lips, expression of labial and cephalic sensilla, and markings on head region, was distinctly different h)r each species. AI, ha]da populations of race A were distinct from each other but showed much intrapopulatiou variation in head morphology. Populations of race B were difl'erent from those eft race A and were very stable and quite similar in head morphology. Considerable inter- and imrapopulatiou wn'iation lnade the structure of the lateral field, excretory pore, anal opening, and tail of little value in distinguishing species or popttlations. The results are discussed in relation to earlier SEM observations on the genus Helerodera. Key Words: M. arenaria, M. incognita, M. ]avanica. Species of the genus Meloidogyne are of value taxonomically, but many others Goeldi exltibit considerable variation in are variable and exltibit too much overlap their morpltology (10, l l, 23), physiology among species to be nseful in species differ- (12, 14, 15, 16, 17), and cytology (20, 21). entiation. MeIoidogyne species need to be In his review o[ the genus, Whitehead (23) examined more closely for distinctive mor- showed tltat many morphological characters phological characters. Cytological studies of in females, males, and second-stage juveniles several populations of M. hapla Chitwood emphasized the need for a detailed mor- Received for publication 13 March 1978. phological study, because this species 1 Paper No. 5570 of the Journal Series of tile North Carolina appears to be made up of two distinct Agricultural Experiment Station. Raleigh, North Carolina. A portion of the senior aulhor's Ph.D. dissertation. cytological races (21): One race includes "-Graduale Research Assistant and Professor, respectively populations that have a haploid chromo- l)eparonenl of Plant PathologT, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27650. This study some number of 15, 16, or 17 and reproduce was supported, in part, by Nalional Science Foundation by [acultative meiotic parthenogenesis. The (;rant No. DEB 76-20968 A01 and A1D Contract No. ta-C- 1234. other race consists of populations with a 6 Journal of Nematology, Volume 11, No. 1, January 1979 somatic chromosome number of 45 or 48 (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Rutgers') (personal communication, A. C. Trianta- in a gTeenhouse; the M. hapla populations phyllou) and reproduces exclusively by were kept at 21 C, and the other species at mitotic parthenogenesis. Little effort has 28 C. Newly hatched second-stage juveniles been made so far to make a detailed mor- were obtained by incubating egg masses in phological comparision of populations of a moist c/lamber at room temperature. The Meloidogyne of different chromosome num- specimens were transferred to 0.5 ml of ber and mode of reproduction. Previous filtered tap water in a BPI watch glass, and morphological studies of this genus have were chilled and killed by adding 3-4 drops been limited almost exclusively to the light of cold (8 C) 4% gultaraldehyde solution microscope; only recently has the electron (buffered with 0.1M sodium-cacodylate at microscope become a useful tool in clarify- pH 7.4) every half an hour until the final ing the morphology of Meloidogyne species. concentration of the fixative reached 2%. A few studies on the fine structm'e by Fixation of the material continued for an transmission electron microscopy have con- additional 72 h in tile cold. The specimens tributed greatly to our understanding of were then transferred to a processing the internal morphology of these nematodes chamber modified from DeGrisse (7), and (1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 22). Scanning electron micro- the remaining steps, except critical point scope (SEM) observations of the external drying, were taken without the top of the morphology of Meloidogyne spp. are lim- chamber in place. Fixation was followed by ited (13). rinsing with 0.1M sodium-cacodylate plus The present study was done to com- 7.5% sucrose solution at pH 7.4 for 12 h in pare external morphological characters in the cold. Postfixation with 2% osmium second-stage juveniles of the chromosomal tetroxide, buffered with 0.1M sodium- populations that now form the species M. cacodylate at pH 7.4, for 12 h was followed hapla by SEM and to relate morphological hy rinsing with tile buffer-sucrose solution findings with cytological data. In addition, for 12 h in the cold. Specimens were de- one population each of 3I. arenaria (Neal) hydrated with an 8-step graded series of Chitwood, M. incognita (Kofoid and ethanol during a 3-h period at room tem- V~qfite) Chitwood, and M. javanica (Treub) perature, and Freon 13 was used as an Chitwood was observed with the SEM as a intermediate fluid in a 5-step graded series guide to the differences that may occur of fifteen minutes for each step. The nema- between species. todes were then critical-point dried with Freon II3 by standard procedures (5), and dried specimens were transferred indi- MATERIALS AND METHODS vidually with a dental root-canal file onto Six populations of M. hapla, differing a stub covered with double-coated tape. in mode of reproduction and chromosonm Tile specimens were propped up against a number, and one population each of 3I. hair to ensure an unobstructed view of the arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica entire head region; they were coated with were selected from the Meloidogyne collcc- approximately 400 A of gold and viewed tion at N.C. State University. Populations and photographed with an ETEC scanning of M. hapla were designated by a number, electron microscope operated at 20 Kv. At an abbreviated word indicating their ori- least 100 second-stage juveniles from each gin, and their chromosome number in population were examined. parentheses, as follows: 42-Can (15) from Canada; 6-NC (16), 86-NC (17), and 48-NC OBSERVATIONS (45) from North Carolina; 66-Md (45) from Maryland; and 230-Chile (48) from Chile. Head morphology: Fig. 1 shows the Populations of the other three species were basic plan of the cephalic characters for the designated similarly, as follows: M. arenaria genus Meloidogyne, based on SEM obser- 351-Fla (54) from Florida; M. incognita vations of second-stage juveniles of M. 68-NC (41-4~) from North Carolina; and arenaria, M. hapla, M. incognita, and M. M. javanica 78-Ga (44) from Georgia. All iavanica. Centrally located on the labial populations were propagated on tomato disc is the ovoid opening of the prestoma, SEM of Meloidogyne hapla Juveniles: Eisenback, Hirschmann 7 A PS B FIG. l-A, B. Diagrams illustrating the head morphology of a second-stage juvenile of the genus Meloidogyne. A) Face view, B) View from the lateral side. AA, amphidial aperture; BA, body almule; CS, cephalic sensillnm; HR, head region; ILS, inner labial sensillum; LD, labial disc; LL, lateral lip; ML, medial lip; PS, prestoma. which leads to the slitlike stomatal opening edge of tile labial disc. Cephalic sensilla are medially below it. The prestoma is en- expressed externally, and tile head region is circled by tire small pitlike openings of the not ammlated. six inner labial sensilla. Posterior to the M. incognita, population 68-NC (41-43) lahial disc, tile subdorsal and subventral (Fig. 4, 5), possesses a small round labial lips are fused medially, forming one dorsal disc that is slightly raised above the medial and one ventral lip, respectively.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diversity, Phylogeny, Characterization and Diagnostics of Root-Knot and Lesion Nematodes
    Diversity, phylogeny, characterization and diagnostics of root-knot and lesion nematodes Toon Janssen Promotors: Prof. Dr. Wim Bert Prof. Dr. Gerrit Karssen Thesis submitted to obtain the degree of doctor in Sciences, Biology Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het bekomen van de graad van doctor in de Wetenschappen, Biologie 1 Table of contents Acknowledgements Chapter 1: general introduction 1 Organisms under study: plant-parasitic nematodes .................................................... 11 1.1 Pratylenchus: root-lesion nematodes ..................................................................................... 13 1.2 Meloidogyne: root-knot nematodes ....................................................................................... 15 2 Economic importance ..................................................................................................... 17 3 Identification of plant-parasitic nematodes .................................................................. 19 4 Variability in reproduction strategies and genome evolution ..................................... 22 5 Aims .................................................................................................................................. 24 6 Outline of this study ........................................................................................................ 25 Chapter 2: Mitochondrial coding genome analysis of tropical root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne) supports haplotype based diagnostics and reveals evidence of recent reticulate evolution. 1 Abstract
    [Show full text]
  • Transcriptome Profiling of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne Enterolobii During Parasitism and Identification of Novel Effector Proteins
    Ecole Doctorale de Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé Unité de recherche : UMR ISA INRA 1355-UNS-CNRS 7254 Thèse de doctorat Présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de docteur en Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de L’UNIVERSITE COTE D’AZUR par NGUYEN Chinh Nghia Etude de la régulation du transcriptome de nématodes parasites de plante, les nématodes à galles du genre Meloidogyne Dirigée par Dr. Bruno FAVERY Soutenance le 8 Décembre, 2016 Devant le jury composé de : Pr. Pierre FRENDO Professeur, INRA UNS CNRS Sophia-Antipolis Président Dr. Marc-Henri LEBRUN Directeur de Recherche, INRA AgroParis Tech Grignon Rapporteur Dr. Nemo PEETERS Directeur de Recherche, CNRS-INRA Castanet Tolosan Rapporteur Dr. Stéphane JOUANNIC Chargé de Recherche, IRD Montpellier Examinateur Dr. Bruno FAVERY Directeur de Recherche, UNS CNRS Sophia-Antipolis Directeur de thèse Doctoral School of Life and Health Sciences Research Unity: UMR ISA INRA 1355-UNS-CNRS 7254 PhD thesis Presented and defensed to obtain Doctor degree in Molecular and Cellular Biology from COTE D’AZUR UNIVERITY by NGUYEN Chinh Nghia Comprehensive Transcriptome Profiling of Root-knot Nematodes during Plant Infection and Characterisation of Species Specific Trait PhD directed by Dr Bruno FAVERY Defense on December 8th 2016 Jury composition : Pr. Pierre FRENDO Professeur, INRA UNS CNRS Sophia-Antipolis President Dr. Marc-Henri LEBRUN Directeur de Recherche, INRA AgroParis Tech Grignon Reporter Dr. Nemo PEETERS Directeur de Recherche, CNRS-INRA Castanet Tolosan Reporter Dr. Stéphane JOUANNIC Chargé de Recherche, IRD Montpellier Examinator Dr. Bruno FAVERY Directeur de Recherche, UNS CNRS Sophia-Antipolis PhD Director Résumé Les nématodes à galles du genre Meloidogyne spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological and Molecular Characterization of <I>Meloidogyne
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Papers in Plant Pathology Plant Pathology Department 2004 Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Meloidogyne mayaguensis Isolates from Florida J. Brito Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Thomas O. Powers University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] P. G. Mullin University of Nebraska-Lincoln Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services N. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services D. W. Dickson University of Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers Part of the Plant Pathology Commons Brito, J.; Powers, Thomas O.; Mullin, P. G.; Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services N.; and Dickson, D. W., "Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Meloidogyne mayaguensis Isolates from Florida" (2004). Papers in Plant Pathology. 242. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers/242 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Plant Pathology Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in Plant Pathology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Journal of Nematology 36(3):232–240. 2004. © The Society of Nematologists 2004. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Meloidogyne mayaguensis Isolates from Florida1 J. Brito,2 T. O. Powers,3 P. G. Mullin,4 R. N. Inserra,2 and D. W. Dickson5 Abstract: The discovery of Meloidogyne mayaguensis is confirmed in Florida; this is the first report for the continental United States. Meloidogyne mayaguensis is a virulent species that can reproduce on host cultivars bred for nematode resistance. The perineal patterns of M. mayaguensis isolates from Florida show morphological variability and often are similar to M.
    [Show full text]
  • 1.2 Root Knot Nematodes
    Biological control of root knot nematodes in organic vegetable and flower greenhouse cultivation bioKennis Biological control of root knot nematodes in organic vegetable and flower greenhouse cultivation State of Science Report of a study over the period 2005 - 2010 A.W.G. van der Wurff1, J. Janse1, C.J. Kok2, F.C. Zoon2 1 Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, Bleiswijk 2 Plant Research International, Wageningen Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, Bleiswijk September 2010 Report 321 (English version) © 2010 Wageningen, DLO Foundation All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the DLO Foundation. For further information please contact: DLO, more specifically the Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture research institute. DLO is not liable for any harmful effects that may arise from use of the data in this publication. This research has been carried out in the context of the LNV (Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality) framework programmes System Innovation Protected Organic Farming BO-04-005 and BO-04-012 and BO- 06-003 Innovation and Improvement Management of Closed Cultivations. Financed by the Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality Most research on organic agriculture and food in the Netherlands takes place in the scope of the cluster Organic Farming, mainly financed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality. Bioconnect, the knowledge network for organic agriculture and food, is directing the research programmes (www.bioconnect.nl). Wageningen University and Research Centre and Louis Bolk Institute carry out most of the research activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Nematode Control Alternatives
    Nematodes: ATTRA Alternative Controls A Publication of ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service • 1-800-346-9140 • www.attra.ncat.org By Martin Guerena This publication provides general information on the tiny worm-like organisms called nematodes. It NCAT Agriculture contains detailed descriptions of the genera of nematodes that attack plants, as well as various methods Specialist to diagnose, discourage, and manage plant parasitic nematodes in a least toxic, sustainable manner. © 2006 NCAT Contents Introduction Introduction ..................... 1 ematodes are Symptoms and tiny, worm-like, Sampling .......................... 4 Nmulticellular Preventing Further animals adapted to liv- Spread of Nematodes ....................... 4 ing in water. The num- ber of nematode species Managing Soil Biology ............................... 5 is estimated at half a Crop Rotations and mil lion, many of which Cover Crops ...................... 6 are “free-living” types Botanical found in the oceans, Nematicides ..................... 9 in freshwater habitats, Biocontrols ...................... 10 and in soils. Plant-par- Plant Resistance ............11 asitic species form a Red Plastic Mulch ......... 12 smaller group. Nema- www.insectimages.org Solarization .................... 13 todes are common Flooding .......................... 13 in soils all over the Root-knot nematode—Meloidogyne brevicauda Loos Summary ......................... 13 world (Dropkin, 1980; ©Jonathan D. Eisenback, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University References ..................... 14 Yepsen, 1984). As a commentator in the early Further Resources ........17 twentieth cen tury wrote: genera and species have particu lar soil and Web Resources ..............17 climatic requirements. For example, cer- Suppliers .......................... 18 If all the matter in the universe except the tain species do best in sandy soils, while nematodes were swept away, our world would oth ers favor clay soils.
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnostic Methods for Identification of Root-Knot Nematodes Species from Brazil
    Ciência Rural, Santa Maria,Diagnostic v.48: methods 02, e20170449, for identification 2018 of root-knot nematodes specieshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20170449 from Brazil. 1 ISSNe 1678-4596 CROP PROTECTION Diagnostic methods for identification of root-knot nematodes species from Brazil Tiago Garcia da Cunha1 Liliane Evangelista Visôtto2* Everaldo Antônio Lopes1 Claúdio Marcelo Gonçalves Oliveira3 Pedro Ivo Vieira Good God1 1Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Rio Paranaíba, Rio Paranaíba, MG, Brasil. 2Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Rio Paranaíba, 38810-000, Rio Paranaíba, MG, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. *Corresponding author. 3Instituto Biológico, Campinas, SP, Brasil. ABSTRACT: The accurate identification of root-knot nematode (RKN) species (Meloidogyne spp.) is essential for implementing management strategies. Methods based on the morphology of adults, isozymes phenotypes and DNA analysis can be used for the diagnosis of RKN. Traditionally, RKN species are identified by the analysis of the perineal patterns and esterase phenotypes. For both procedures, mature females are required. Over the last few decades, accurate and rapid molecular techniques have been validated for RKN diagnosis, including eggs, juveniles and adults as DNA sources. Here, we emphasized the methods used for diagnosis of RKN, including emerging molecular techniques, focusing on the major species reported in Brazil. Key words: DNA, esterase, Meloidogyne, molecular biology, morphological pattern. Métodos diagnósticos usados na identificação de espécies do nematoide das galhas do Brasil RESUMO: A identificação acurada de espécies do nematoide das galhas (NG) (Meloidogyne spp.) é essencial para a implementação de estratégias de manejo.
    [Show full text]
  • Response of Eggplant Genotypes to Avirulent and Virulent
    Türk. entomol. derg., 2019, 43 (3): 287-300 ISSN 1010-6960 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16970/entoted.562208 E-ISSN 2536-491X Original article (Orijinal araştırma) Response of eggplant genotypes to avirulent and virulent populations of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae)1 Melodidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae)’nın virülent ve avirülent popülasyonlarına patlıcan genotiplerinin tepkisi Serap ÖÇAL2 Zübeyir DEVRAN2* Abstract Eggplant is widely grown throughout the world. HoweVer, some eggplant genotypes are susceptible to Meloidogyne spp., so Solanum torvum (Sw.) is commonly used as a resistant rootstock for root-knot nematodes. Further investigations of resistant sources to root-knot nematodes are still necessary for breeding programs. In this study, a total of 60 eggplant genotypes, including wild sources, wild rootstocks, wild × wild eggplant rootstocks, wild × cultivated eggplant rootstocks, cultivated eggplant rootstocks, pure lines, standard commercial cultivars and commercial hybrids, were tested with avirulent S6 and Mi-1 virulent V14 populations of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) under controlled conditions. The study was conducted in 2016-2017. The seedlings were inoculated with 1000 second-stage juVeniles of M. incognita. Plants were uprooted 8 weeks after nematode inoculation, and the numbers of egg masses and galls on the roots and juveniles in the soil of pots were counted. Solanum torvum (Y28) was found to be resistant to S6 and V14 populations of M. incognita. The remaining genotypes were susceptible to both populations. These results could be used for breeding and management purposes for the control of root-knot nematode.
    [Show full text]
  • For Controlling the Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Incognita (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) Si-Hua Yang1,2, Dan Wang1,2, Chun Chen1, Chun-Ling Xu1 & Hui Xie1*
    www.nature.com/scientificreports There are amendments to this paper OPEN Evaluation of Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Laelapidae) for controlling the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) Si-Hua Yang1,2, Dan Wang1,2, Chun Chen1, Chun-Ling Xu1 & Hui Xie1* Root-knot nematodes are one of the most harmful plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). In this paper, the predation of Stratiolaelaps scimitus against Meloidogyne incognita was tested in an individual arena, and the control efciency of the mite on the nematode in the water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) rhizosphere was studied with a pot experiment. The results showed that S. scimitus could develop normally and complete its life cycle by feeding on second-stage juveniles of M. incognita (Mi-J2). The consumption rate of a 24 h starving female mite on Mi-J2 increased with the increase of prey density at 25 °C. Among the starvation treatments, the nematode consumption rate of a female mite starved for 96 h at 25 °C was highest; and among temperature treatments, the maximum consumption rate of a 24 h starving female mite on Mi-J2 was at 28 °C. The number of M. incognita in the spinach rhizosphere could be reduced efectively by releasing S. scimitus into rhizosphere soil, and 400 mites per pot was the optimum releasing density in which the numbers of root knots and egg masses decreased by 50.9% and 62.8%, respectively. Though we have gained a greater understanding of S. scimitus as a predator of M. incognita, the biocontrol of M. incognita using S. scimitus under feld conditions remains unknown and requires further study.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT SCHWARZ, TANNER. Distribution
    ABSTRACT SCHWARZ, TANNER. Distribution, Virulence, and Sweetpotato Resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii in North Carolina. (Under the direction of Dr. Eric Davis). Meloidogyne enterolobii is an aggressive root-knot nematode (RKN) species that has been detected in North Carolina (NC) within the last decade. Its ability to infect a wide range of host plants and overcome root-knot nematode resistance genes has threatened economic crop production. In collaboration with the North Carolina Department of Agriculture (NCDA) Nematode Assay Lab, DNA from RKN samples from economic crops grown in the eastern-half of North Carolina were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to assay for the presence of M. enterolobii. This species was detected in Columbus, Sampson, Harnett, Johnston, Wayne, Greene, Wilson, and Nash counties in this survey. Three populations of M. enterolobii from NC sweetpotato farms, and one population from a NC soybean farm have been cultured on roots of greenhouse tomato plants (Lycopersicon lycopersicum L.). A study to assess potential differences in virulence among the four cultured North Carolina populations of M. enterolobii on six selected sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] genotypes found no difference in virulence among the four populations of M. enterolobii that were tested. Potential resistance to M. enterolobii in 91 selected sweetpotato genotypes was evaluated in greenhouse experiments. Genotype susceptibility to M. enterolobii was assessed as the number of nematode eggs per gram of root. Sweetpotato genotype was significantly different (P ˂ 0.001) for gall rating, total eggs, and eggs per gram of root based on mean separations, and based upon Fisher’s LSD t test (alpha=.05), sweetpotato genotypes that supported 500 eggs/gram root or less were classified as resistant to M.
    [Show full text]
  • Newer Species of Root-Knot Nematodes Pathogens That Rank
    Newer Species of Root-knot Nematodes Pathogens that rank among the top 5 disease causing agents in world. Donald W. Dickson, Nematologist University of Florida Gainesville, FL 1855 – Berkeley was first person to report root-knot nematodes. Discovered on cucumber roots, glasshouse in England History of root‐knot nematodes 1) 1887 – Brazilian scientist (Goeldi) observed root-knot nematodes in coffee, coined the name Meloidogyne (Gr. = honey + female), 2) Goeldi named nematode as Meloidogyne exigua, the coffee root-knot nematode. 1887 – 1949 – Several names applied to these nematodes that induced galls on plant roots: Ditylenchus Anguillula Heterodera radicicola Heterodera marioni 1889 – Neal and Atkinson were the first scientists to report root-knot nematodes in North America. As scientists began to dig deeper into rkn, many variants discovered, referred to as “races” Why identify root-knot nematodes Nonchemical tactics for management, e.g., host resistance or crop rotation are becoming more important in agriculture. Species differ in damage potential, environmental requirements, and host range. Precise identification is often required for effective managment. There are challenges RKN have conserved morphology Life stages occur in different habitats Indistinct species boundaries, maybe mixed Species have potential for hybridization Polyploidy History of root‐knot nematodes 1949 – B. G. Chitwood (USA) 1) Re-established the genus Meloidogyne. 2) Based on morphological features described 5 species, and 1 subspecies. 3) Redescribed M. exigua. Root-knot Nematodes Meloidogyne spp. Currently over 100 species described. Four are most common, occur worldwide. Infect numerous agricultural crops. 1. M. incognita –– southern root-knot nematode 2. M. javanica – Javanese root-knot nematode 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Possible Biotechnological Use of Edible Mushroom Bioproducts for Controlling Plant and Animal Parasitic Nematodes
    Hindawi BioMed Research International Volume 2020, Article ID 6078917, 12 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6078917 Review Article The Possible Biotechnological Use of Edible Mushroom Bioproducts for Controlling Plant and Animal Parasitic Nematodes Gloria Sarahi Castañeda-Ramírez,1,2 Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta,2 José Ernesto Sánchez,3 Pedro Mendoza-de-Gives ,1 Manases González-Cortázar,4 Alejandro Zamilpa ,4 Laith Khalil Tawfeeq Al-Ani ,5,6 Carlos Sandoval-Castro,2 Filippe Elias de Freitas Soares ,7 and Liliana Aguilar-Marcelino 1 1Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Km 11 Carretera Federal Cuernavaca- Cuautla, No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Morelos, Jiutepec, CP 62550, Mexico 2Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, CP 97100 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico 3El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Apdo. Postal 36, C.P. 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico 4Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1. Col. Centro, C.P. 62790 Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico 5School of Biology Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia 6Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture Engineering Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq 7Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP, 37200900 Minas Gerais, Brazil Correspondence should be addressed to Liliana Aguilar-Marcelino; [email protected] Received 17 February 2020; Revised 8 May 2020; Accepted 11 June 2020; Published 24 June 2020 Academic Editor: Vincenzo Veneziano Copyright © 2020 Gloria Sarahi Castañeda-Ramírez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    [Show full text]
  • Review on Control Methods Against Plant Parasitic Nematodes Applied in Southern Member States (C Zone) of the European Union
    agriculture Review Review on Control Methods against Plant Parasitic Nematodes Applied in Southern Member States (C Zone) of the European Union Nicola Sasanelli 1, Alena Konrat 2, Varvara Migunova 3,*, Ion Toderas 4, Elena Iurcu-Straistaru 4, Stefan Rusu 4, Alexei Bivol 4, Cristina Andoni 4 and Pasqua Veronico 1 1 Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, St. G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy; [email protected] (N.S.); [email protected] (P.V.) 2 Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV” (FSC VIEV) of RAS, Bolshaya Cheryomushkinskaya 28, 117218 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] 3 A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia 4 Institute of Zoology, MECC, Str. Academiei 1, 2028 Chisinau, Moldova; [email protected] (I.T.); [email protected] (E.I.-S.); [email protected] (S.R.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (C.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The European legislative on the use of different control strategies against plant-parasitic nematodes, with particular reference to pesticides, is constantly evolving, sometimes causing confu- Citation: Sasanelli, N.; Konrat, A.; sion in the sector operators. This article highlights the nematode control management allowed in the Migunova, V.; Toderas, I.; C Zone of the European Union, which includes the use of chemical nematicides (both fumigant and Iurcu-Straistaru, E.; Rusu, S.; Bivol, non-fumigant), agronomic control strategies (crop rotations, biofumigation, cover crops, soil amend- A.; Andoni, C.; Veronico, P. Review ments), the physical method of soil solarization, the application of biopesticides (fungi, bacteria and on Control Methods against Plant their derivatives) and plant-derived formulations.
    [Show full text]