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Estimation of Unavoidable Yield Losses in Certain Rabi Pulse Crops Due to the Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Javanica S.S

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Estimation of Unavoidable Yield Losses in Certain Rabi Pulse Crops Due to the Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Javanica S.S 4Trends 8 in Biosciences 2 (2): 48-49, 2009 Trends in Biosciences 2 (2), 2009 Estimation of Unavoidable Yield Losses in Certain Rabi Pulse Crops Due to the Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne javanica S.S. ALI Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur 208 024 email: [email protected] ABSTRACT vigour. However studies on the extent of yield losses incurred due to M. javanica are meager in chickpea while there is scanty Field trials were laid down to estimate unavoidable yield losses in chickpea, fieldpea and lentil crops due to infestation of root- or no information available on the yield losses in fieldpea and knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica at Indian Institute of lentil crops respectively. Therefore an attempt was made to Pulses Research Kanpur. Paired plot treatment method was assess the yield losses in chickpea, fieldpea and lentil crops employed to know the extent of yield losses of these crops due to M. javanica under field conditions. infested with root-knot nematode in sandy loam soils. Carbofuran and phorate @ 2 kg a.i./ha were used to check the MATERIALS AND METHODS root-knot nematode population in the infested fields of For the assessment of unavoidable yield losses in chickpea, fieldpea and lentil respectively. Results indicated that root-knot nematode had incurred unavoidable yield losses chickpea, fieldpea and lentil crops, field trials were conducted to the tune of 25.6% in chickpea and 15% each in pea and at Indian Institute of Pulses Research Kanpur in sandy loam lentil. soils, naturally infested with M. javanica. During the month of October, seeds of chickpea cv. BG 256, fieldpea cv. Pant P- Key words Chickpea, lentil, fieldpea, yield loss, root- knot 5 and lentil cv. K-75 (All susceptible to M. javanica) were nematode sown in 5x2 m plot size. Paired plot treatment method was designed for the experiments and each replicated seven times. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), fieldpea (Pisum sativum Carbofuran 3G @ 2kg a.i./ha was applied in furrows and L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) are premier rabi pulse thoroughly mixed in the soil before sowing chickpea seeds, crops (post rainy season winter crops) of India and cultivated while adjacent plot left untreated to serve as control. Phorate in 7.50, 0.78 and 1.50 million hectares and accounts for 5.91, 10G @ 2kg a.i./ha was used as soil application under crop row 0.71 and 0.95 million tones respectively (Masood Ali and Shiv in case of fieldpea and lentil trials along with an untreated Kumar, 2009). These crops being an important source of protein control. Fertilizer application, weed management and other in human food animal feed with an advantage to help in cultural practices were carried out as per recommendation for management of soil fertility in subsistence farming system. each crop in both untreated and treated plots. The initial They are mainly grown as rainfed on residual moisture, nematode population of each plot was 215±10 juveniles of M. conserved from the preceding monsoon. However with the javanica per 250 ml soil. At maturity of these crops root-knot extension of irrigation in the country a sizeable area of these indices were recorded (Table 1). Grain yield of treated and crops have been brought under irrigation. untreated plot were recorded after harvest of the respective On the basis of limited surveys, root knot nematodes crops. are considered as one of the biotic constraint in the cultivation RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of these crops in major pulse growing areas of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh (Ali, 1995) Analysis of data indicated that there was significant and causing damage to roots, reducing grain quality and reduction in the root knot indices in the plants protected either quantity, suppress rhizobium nodulation and thereby cutting with carbofuran in chickpea or with phorate granules @ 2 kg a part of nitrogen availability to plant and soil and increases a.i./ha in the case of fieldpea and lentil over unprotected plants the severity of many soil borne diseases. Being cultivated on (Table 1) . Root knot nematode disease was reduced to 41, 49 marginal lands mostly as sole crops, year after year without and 45% in chickpea, fieldpea and lentil crops respectively in any kind of plant protection measures, provide an ideal and treated plots while untreated plants exhibited heavy galling congenital habitate for multiplication of the root-knot on roots, stunting early senescence and reduced plant vigour. nematodes. The per cent avoidable losses in the yield of chickpea Pathogenic effect of Meloidogyne javanica on chickpea cv 256 and fieldpea cv. Pant P-5 were recorded 25.6 and 15.2 (Ahmad and Husain, 1988: Dhangar and Gupta, 1983: respectively due to infesting of M.javanica (Table 1). Yield Srivastava, et al., 1974) on pea (Paruthi, et al., 1987) were loss due to M.javanica in chickpea cv. Gaurav was reported described as significant reduction in growth parameter and 9.2 per cent in light textured soil. (Gupta and Verma, 1989). S.S. ALI, Estimation of Unavoidable Yield Losses in Certain Rabi Pulse Crops Due to the Root-Knot Nematode 4 9 Table 1. Unavoidable yield loss assessment in chickpea, chemical soil treatment are economically feasible in the fieldpea and lentil due to infestation of country. Meloidogyne javanica. Mean root-knot Mean yield % yield LITERATURE CITED S.No. Crop index (kg/ha) loss Ahmad, S. and Husain, S.I. 1988. Effect of root knot nematode on Treated Untreated Treated Untreated qualitative and quantitative characters of chickpea. Int, Nematol. 1 Chickpea 2.3* 3.9 2719.8** 2023.5 25.6 Network Newsl., 5(1): 12-13 2 Fieldpea 1.9* 3.7 2594.8** 2261.5 15.2 Ali, S. S. 1995. Nematodes Problem in chickpea. Indian Institute of 3 Lentil 1.7** 3.1 2237.7** 1892.5 15.4 Pulses Research Kanpur 208 024, pp. 1-184 * Significant (P= 0.05) differences from untreated plants according to Dhangar, D.S. and Gupta, D.C. 1983. Pathogenecity of Meloidogyne ‘t’ test for paired comparison. javanica to chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in relation to soil types, ** Significant (P= 0.01) differences from untreated plants according to Rhizobium treatment, size of plots and time interval. Indian J. ‘t’ test for paired comparison. Nematology, 13(2): 161-170 While yield loss due to M. incognita in chickpea cv. T-3 was Fazal, M., Siddiqui M.R and Husain S.I. 1991. Pathogenic effect of reported 40% in sandy loam soil (Upadhyay and Diwivedi, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and white, 1919) Chitwood, 1949, 1987). In case of fieldpea cv. Bonneville, the avoidable loss in on lentil. Current Nematology, 2(1): 51-52. yield incurred due the mixture of M. incognita and M.javanica Gupta, D.C. and Verma, K.K. 1989. Reaction of germplasm and studies in light sandy loam was 50.6 per cent (Sharma, 1989), while in on avoidable yield losses in chickpea due to root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Haryana agric. Univ. J.Res., 19(4): 318- another variety of fieldpea cv. T-163 it was 33.3% due to M. 320. incognita in sandy loam soil (Upadhyaya and Dwivedi, 1987). Paruthi, I.J., Jain, R.K. and Gupta, D.C. 1987. Paththogenic effect of However present study indicated that yield losses varies with Meloidogyne incognita on pea (Pisum sativum). Haryana agric. genotype, species of root-knot nematode involved as well as Univ. J. Res., 17(2): 187-188. soil type in case of chickpea and fieldpea. Masood Ali and Shiv Kumar 2009. Major technological advances in The per cent grain yield of lentil due to M. javanica was pulses; Indian Scenario. In: Mile stones in Food Legume Research recorded 15.4 (Table 1). The unprotected plants exhibited small (eds. Masood Ali and Shiv Kumar). Indian Institute of Pulses Resaerch, Kanpur. pp. 1-20 galls and roots along with considerable reduction in bacterial galls as compared to plants protected with phorate. The Sharma, G.L. 1989. Estimated losses due to root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica in pea crops. Int. Nematol. pathogenic effects of M.incognita on lentil cv. Pant L-209 Network Newsl., 6(1): 28-29 and Lens 830 was adverse on growth parameters and bacterial Srivastava, A.S., Upadyaya, K.D. and Singh, G. 1974. Effect of root nodulation (Fazal, et al.,1991). However for the first time it is knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica on gram crops. Indian J. reported that M. javanica is a serious nematode disease of Nematology, 4: 248-251 lentil and incurred economic yield losses. To minimize the Upadhyaya, K.D. and Dwivedi, K. 1987. Analysis of crop losses in pea yield losses in rabi pulses there is a need to develop cropping and gram due to Meloidogyne incognita. Int. Nematol. Network system based on tolerant and resistant cultivars when no Newsl., 4(4): 6-7 Received on 15-07-2009 Accepted on 30-11-2009.
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