DOCSLIB.ORG

Fisheries Management 3 Marion Markowski I

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fisheries Management 3 Marion Markowski I Towards Sustainable Fisheries Law A Comparative Analysis i ii Towards Sustainable Fisheries Law A Comparative Analysis Edited by Gerd Winter IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 74 iii The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or the University of Bremen concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or University of Bremen. This publication has been made possible by funding from University of Bremen. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland in collaboration with the IUCN Environmental Law Centre, Bonn, Germany Copyright: © 2009 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Winter, Gerd (Ed). 2009. Towards Sustainable Fisheries Law. A Comparative Analysis. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. xiv + 340 pp. ISBN: 978-2-8317-1142-3 Cover design by: IUCN Environmental Law Centre Cover image: magoodesign • Markus Kahlenberg, Bonn, Germany The map on the cover is a redesigned example of the fishing maps available at the website of the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES). Layout by: ceterum printdesign - Dieter Müller, Meckenheim, Germany Produced by: IUCN Environmental Law Centre Printed by: Druckerei Gerhards GmbH, Bonn, Germany Available from: IUCN Publications Services Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel . +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0010 [email protected] www.iucn.org/publications A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available. The text of this book is printed on Claro 90 g/m² paper made from raw materials originating from responsibly managed forests. iv Table of Contents Foreword xi Preface xiii PART A: The International Law Framework 1 The International Legal Standard for Sustainable EEZ Fisheries Management 3 Marion Markowski I. Introduction 3 II. International legal requirements on EEZ fisheries management 4 1. Conservation and sustainable use of fisheries resources 4 1.1. The 1982 UNCLOS 5 1.2. The UN Fish Stocks Agreement 8 1.3. Obligations under customary international law 10 1.4. General principles of law 13 2. The precautionary principle 15 2.1. The 1982 UNCLOS 15 2.2. The UN Fish Stocks Agreement 15 2.3. General international law 17 3. Transboundary cooperation 20 3.1. Fisheries treaties 20 3.2. Customary international law 22 III. Conclusions 23 Bibliography 24 PART B: Exemplary National Approaches 29 1. Promotion and Management of Marine Fisheries in Indonesia 31 Laode M. Syarif Summary 31 I. Environmental and socio-economic background 32 1. Geography 32 2. State of the environment 34 3. The state of relevant fisheries resources 37 4. Multiple demands on the coastal zone 40 5. Perception of basic fisheries issues 42 II. The legal regime governing fisheries 46 1. The evolution of fisheries governance 46 2. Institutional structures 50 3. Instruments for promoting fisheries 53 4. Instruments of fisheries management 57 III. The impact of and coherence with international agreements and organizations 62 1. Fisheries management 62 2. International trade agreements 65 v 3. Fisheries organizations promoting fisheries 65 IV. Special provisions of fisheries governance for the Exclusive Economic Zone 67 1. Management tools 67 2. Institutional/organizational structures 71 V. Empirical case study on coastal and offshore fisheries management 72 1. Legal basis 72 2. Geographical conditions 73 3. Co-management 75 4. Challenges 77 5. Expanding MPAs 78 VI. Conclusions 79 Bibliography 80 2. Promotion and Management of Marine Fisheries in Kenya 83 Evanson Chege Kamau, Andrew Wamukota and Nyawira Muthiga Summary 83 I. Environmental and socio-economic background 84 1. State of the relevant fisheries resources 86 2. Overview of multiple demands on the coastal zone 89 3. Public perceptions of basic fisheries issues 92 II. The legal regimes governing fisheries 93 1. Global and regional international legal instruments affecting Kenya 93 2. Overview of domestic legislation 94 3. Institutional structures 99 4. Instruments promoting fisheries 100 5. Instruments of fisheries management 102 6. Special fisheries management measures in the EEZ 105 7. Special fisheries management measures in the coastal zone 110 8. The national management system as applied in relation to the impact of the ‘North’ 120 III. Examples of coastal fisheries management 125 1. Local management in the Diani-Chale area 125 2. Sea turtle protection in Kenya 128 IV. Proposed policy reforms 130 V. Conclusions 131 References 133 3. Promotion and Management of Marine Fisheries in Namibia 139 Raywood Mavetja Rukoro Summary 139 I. Environmental and socio-economic background 140 1. Environmental conditions 140 2. Overview of multiple demands on the coastal and Exclusive Economic Zone 142 3. Fisheries 144 4. Economic importance of the fisheries sector 148 vi Table of Contents 5. Public perception of basic fisheries issues 151 II. The legal regimes governing fisheries 154 1. Global and regional international legal instruments affecting Namibia 154 2. Overview of domestic legislation 159 3. Institutional and organizational structures 162 4. Instruments promoting fisheries 165 5. Instruments of fisheries management 166 III. The national management system as applied in relation to the impact of the “North” 175 1. Fishing by EC/North American/Japanese fleets 175 2. Trade in Namibian fish with the North 176 IV. Case studies on fisheries management: focus on enforcement 177 1. Preventing foreign vessels from illegal fishing in the Namibian EEZ 177 2. Monitoring and surveillance of catches 179 V. Conclusions 180 References 183 Field itinerary 186 4. Promotion and Management of Marine Fisheries in Brazil 187 Mauro Figuereido Summary 187 I. Environmental and socio-economic background 187 1. State of the relevant fisheries resources 188 2. Overview of multiple demands on the coastal and Exclusive Economic Zones 189 3. Structure of the fisheries sector 191 4. Fishermen’s organizations 193 5. Political perception of basic fisheries issues 194 II. The legal regime governing fisheries 195 1. Legislation and institutions relating to coastal and marine management 195 2. Instruments promoting fisheries 200 3. Instruments of fisheries management 203 4. Special provisions of fisheries governance in the EEZ 205 5. Special provisions of fisheries governance in the coastal zone 209 III. Case study: the Arvoredo Biological Marine Reserve 218 Bibliography 227 List of abbreviations 230 5. Promotion and Management of Marine Fisheries in Mexico 233 G. Ponce-Díaz, F. Arregín-Sánchez, A. Díaz-de León and P. Alvarez Torres Summary 233 I. Environmental and socio-economic background 233 1. Geography 233 2. Fisheries 233 3. Fishermen’s organizations and communities 238 vii 4. Public perception of basic fisheries-related issues 239 II. Legal regimes governing fisheries 239 1. Global and regional international instruments 239 2. Guiding principles of domestic legislation 240 3. Institutional structures 242 4. Instruments promoting fisheries 245 5. Instruments of fisheries management 245 6. Foreign fishing activities and the purchase of fish 248 III. Case study: the Gulf of California 249 6. Promotion and Management of Marine Fisheries in the European Community 253 Till Markus Summary 253 I. Environmental, socio-economic and political background of the European Common Fisheries Policy 253 1. Overview of multiple demands and pressures on the EC coastal zones and marine ecosystem 253 1.1 Overview of human activities affecting Europe’s coasts and marine waters 254 1.2 Overview of the nature and socio-economic significance of the Community fisheries sector 254 2. State of the marine environment and fish stocks throughout the Community 255 3. Formation of the Common Fisheries Policy 256 3.1 The central elements of the Common Fisheries Policy 256 3.2 The structure of the political debate 257 3.3 The interests of the Member States and negotiations in the Council 257 3.4 The Commission’s role in the CFP 258 3.5 The political dialogue with the European Parliament 258 3.6 Public perception and its integration in the CFP 259 II. Institutional and organizational structures 260 1. Community competences under the Treaty 260 1.1 Legal base 260 1.2 Territorial scope 260 1.3 Exclusive and shared competences 261 2. Substantive and territorial scope of CFP secondary legislation 262 3. Distribution of tasks – centralization v. decentralization 262 3.1 Re-delegated powers 262 3.2 Unregulated fisheries issues 263 3.3 Participation rights of stakeholders within the CFP legislative process 264 III. Fisheries management under the CFP 264 1. Fisheries management instruments 264 1.1 Quantitative catch and effort limitations 264 1.1.1. Total allowable catch and quotas 264 1.1.2. Effort limitations 269 1.2 Licensing system 270 viii Table of Contents 1.3 Technical measures 271 1.4 Recovery and management plans 272 2. Community control and enforcement measures 273 2.1 The Community control regime 274 2.2 Community control over Member States 275 2.3 Implementation deficits 277 IV. Community instruments promoting fisheries 277 1. Sources of subsidies to the Community’s fisheries sector 277 2. Promotional measures within the Community’s structural policies 277 2.1 Administrative aspect of the CFP’s structural policy 278 2.1.1. The co-financing system 278 2.1.2. The administration of CFP structural aid 278 2.2 Promotion from 1970–2007 279 2.3 The European Fisheries Fund 281 2.3.1. Priority Axes 281 2.3.2. National Strategic Plans and National Programmes 281 2.3.3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES and RESPONSIBLE AQUACULTURE: a Guide for USAID Staff and Partners
    SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES AND RESPONSIBLE AQUACULTURE: A Guide for USAID Staff and Partners June 2013 ABOUT THIS GUIDE GOAL This guide provides basic information on how to design programs to reform capture fisheries (also referred to as “wild” fisheries) and aquaculture sectors to ensure sound and effective development, environmental sustainability, economic profitability, and social responsibility. To achieve these objectives, this document focuses on ways to reduce the threats to biodiversity and ecosystem productivity through improved governance and more integrated planning and management practices. In the face of food insecurity, global climate change, and increasing population pressures, it is imperative that development programs help to maintain ecosystem resilience and the multiple goods and services that ecosystems provide. Conserving biodiversity and ecosystem functions are central to maintaining ecosystem integrity, health, and productivity. The intent of the guide is not to suggest that fisheries and aquaculture are interchangeable: these sectors are unique although linked. The world cannot afford to neglect global fisheries and expect aquaculture to fill that void. Global food security will not be achievable without reversing the decline of fisheries, restoring fisheries productivity, and moving towards more environmentally friendly and responsible aquaculture. There is a need for reform in both fisheries and aquaculture to reduce their environmental and social impacts. USAID’s experience has shown that well-designed programs can reform capture fisheries management, reducing threats to biodiversity while leading to increased productivity, incomes, and livelihoods. Agency programs have focused on an ecosystem-based approach to management in conjunction with improved governance, secure tenure and access to resources, and the application of modern management practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Law on Fisheries
    LAW ON FISHERIES (Unofficial Translation supported by ADB/FAO TA Project on Improving the Regulatory and Management Framework for Inland Fisheries ) Distributed by: Fisheries Administration Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries First Printing: 3.000 copies (Khmer-English) Supported by: © Copyrights Unofficial Translation, as of 20 March 2007 CONTENTS Page PREAH REACH KRAM NS/RKM/ 506/011 Chapter 1: General Provisions (article 1-5) .............................. 1 Chapter 2: The Fishery Administration (article 6-7)................. 3 Chapter 3: The Fishery Domains (article 8-13) ........................ 4 Chapter 4: The Sustainability of Fishery Management (article 14-17) ..................................................... 8 Chapter 5: Fishery Protection and Conservation (article 18-25).................................................... 12 Chapter 6: The Management of Mangroves and Inundated Forests (article 26-29) ..................... 18 Chapter 7: The Management of Fishery Exploitation (article 30-38)................................................... 20 Chapter 8 : Inland Fishery Exploitation (article 39-44)...... 24 Chapter 9 : Marine Fishery Exploitation (article 45-52) ..... 27 Chapter 10 : Aquaculture Management (article 53-58) ......... 31 Chapter 11: Fishery Communities (article 59-63) .................. 34 Chapter 12: Transport and Trade of Fishery Products (article 64-69)................................................... 36 Chapter 13: Licensing (article 70-71) ..................................... 39 Chapter 14:
    [Show full text]
  • Matters of Management, Sustainability, and Efficiency: Essays in Fisheries
    Matters of Management, Sustainability, and Efficiency: Essays in Fisheries By Kofi Otumawu-Apreku THESIS Submitted to the University of Adelaide in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics November, 2013 Declaration I certify that this work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution in my name and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. In addition, I certify that no part of this work will, in the future, be used in a submission in my name, for any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution without the prior approval of the University of Adelaide and where applicable, any partner institution responsible for the joint-award of this degree. I give consent to this copy of my thesis when deposited in the University Library, being made available for loan and photocopying, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. The author acknowledges that copyright of published works contained within this thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of those works. I also give permission for the digital version of my thesis to be made available on the web, via the Univer- sity’s digital research repository, the Library catalogue and also through web search engines, unless permission has been granted by the University to restrict access for a period of time. ______________________________ Signature of Author ii Abstract This thesis addresses three main issues in fisheries management: monitoring and enforcement; profit efficiency; and factors determining profit efficiency.
    [Show full text]
  • Are Deep-Sea Fisheries Sustainable? a Summary of New Scientific Analysis: Norse, E.A., S
    RESEARCH SERIES AUGUST 2011 High biological vulnerability and economic incentives challenge the viability of deep-sea fisheries. ARE DEEP-SEA FISHERIES SUSTAINABLE? A SUMMARY OF NEW SCIENTIFIC AnaLYSIS: Norse, E.A., S. Brooke, W.W.L. Cheung, M.R. Clark, I. Ekeland, R. Froese, K.M. Gjerde, R.L. Haedrich, S.S. Heppell, T. Morato, L.E. Morgan, D. Pauly, U. R. Sumaila and R. Watson. 2012. Sustainability of Deep-sea Fisheries. Marine Policy 36(2): 307–320. AS COASTAL FISHERIES have declined around the world, fishermen have expanded their operations beyond exclusive economic zones (EEZs) to the high seas beyond EEZs, including the deep sea. Although the deep sea is the largest yet least ecologically productive part of the ocean, seamounts and other habitats can host significant amounts of some deep- sea fish species, especially when they aggregate to breed and feed. Many deep-sea fishes are slow to reproduce, or produce young only sporadically, however, making commercial fisheries unsustainable. Dr. Elliott Norse of the Marine Conservation Institute and a multidisciplinary team of co-authors analyzed data on fishes, fisheries and deep-sea biology and assessed key economic drivers and international laws to determine whether deep-sea commercial fishing could be sustainable. Ultimately, the authors conclude that most deep-sea fisheries are unsustainable, especially on the high seas. This Lenfest Research Series report is a summary of the scientists’ findings. DEEP-SEA FISHERIES As coastal fisheries have declined, fishing in the deep sea has increased. Technological advances have enabled fishing vessels to travel further from shore and locate aggregations of fish in depths that were unreachable years ago (see graphic).
    [Show full text]
  • Establishment and Implementation of a Conservation and Management Regime for High Seas Fisheries, with Focus on the Southeast Pacific and Chile
    ESTABLISHMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT REGIME FOR HIGH SEAS FISHERIES, WITH FOCUS ON THE SOUTHEAST PACIFIC AND CHILE From Global Developments to Regional Challenges M. Cecilia Engler UN - Nippon Foundation Fellow 2006-2007 ii DISCLAIMER The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of Chile, the United Nations, the Nippon Foundation of Japan or Dalhousie University. iii iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my profound gratitude to the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (DOALOS), Office of Legal Affairs, United Nations, and the Nippon Foundation of Japan for making this extraordinary and rewarding experience possible. I want to extend my deepest gratitude to the Marine and Environmental Law Institute of Dalhousie University, Canada, and the Sir James Dunn Law Library at the same University Law School, for the assistance, support and warm hospitality provided in the first six months of my fellowship. My special gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Aldo Chircop, for all his guidance and especially for encouraging me to broaden my perspective in order to understand the complexity of the area of research. I would also like to extend my appreciation to those persons who, with no interest but that of helping me through this process, provided me with new insights and perspectives: Jay Batongbacal (JSD Candidate, Dalhousie Law School, Dalhousie University), Johanne Fischer (Executive Secretary of NAFO), Robert Fournier (Marine Affairs Programme, Dalhousie University), Michael Shewchuck (DOALOS), André Tahindro (DOALOS), and David VanderZwaag (Dalhousie Law School, Dalhousie University).
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Biodiversity and International Law: Instruments and Institutions That Can Be Used to Conserve Marine Biological Diversity Internationally
    MARINE BIODIVERSITY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: INSTRUMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS THAT CAN BE USED TO CONSERVE MARINE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY INTERNATIONALLY SUZANNE IUDICELLO* MARGARET LYTLE† I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 124 A. What is Marine Biodiversity? ........................................ 124 B. The Threats to Marine Biodiversity ............................... 126 II. OVEREXPLOITATION ..................................................................... 127 A. International Framework for Fisheries Management .................................................................... 129 1. Early Efforts at Fishery Management ............... 130 2. The 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea ................................................... 131 B. Regional Fishery Organizations and Agreements ........ 134 C. Additional International Agreements Protecting Marine Mammals, Birds and Other Wildlife................. 136 1. Marine Mammal Conventions .......................... 136 2. Protection of Migratory Birds ........................... 138 3. Conservation of Overexploited Wildlife .......... 140 D. Domestic Strategies for Conserving Marine Biodiversity Globally ...................................................... 141 1. Trade and Economic Measures ......................... 141 2. Direct Regulation ............................................... 143 III. ALTERATION OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .......................... 144 A. Coastal Development .....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Review and Analysis of International Legal and Policy Instruments Related
    REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL AND POLICY INSTRUMENTS RELATED TO DEEP-SEA FISHERIES AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN AREAS BEYOND NATIONAL JURISDICTION Cover photograph: Unknown fish (possibly Antimora spp.) photographed in waters 1 800–3 000 m, 300 km northeast of St John’s, Canada. Courtesy of Bedford Institute of Oceanography. REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL AND POLICY INSTRUMENTS RELATED TO DEEP-SEA FISHERIES AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN AREAS BEYOND NATIONAL JURISDICTION Dr James Harrison Director of the Scottish Centre for International Law University of Edinburgh Law School Mr Terje Lobach International Legal specialist Prof Elisa Morgera Director of the Strathclyde Centre for Environmental Law and Governance University of Strathclyde Law School with technical inputs by Mr Pio Manoa Development Law Service FAO Legal Office The ABNJ Deep Seas Project Sustainable Fisheries Management and Biodiversity Conservation of Deep-sea Living Marine Resources and Ecosystems in the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) )RRGDQG$JULFXOWXUH2UJDQL]DWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV 5RPH The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19 Provides an Opportunity to Advance a Sustainable UK Fisheries Policy in a Post-Brexit Brave New World
    Marine Policy 120 (2020) 104114 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Policy journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/marpol Short communication COVID-19 provides an opportunity to advance a sustainable UK fisheries policy in a post-Brexit brave new world Paul S. Kemp a,*, Rainer Froese b, Daniel Pauly c a International Centre for Ecohydraulics Research, Faculty of Engineering and the Physical Sciences, Southampton Boldrewood Innovation Campus, University of Southampton, SO16 7QF, UK b GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24105, Kiel, Germany c Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Brexit creates a systemic shock that provides a unique opportunity for the UK to implement a new sustainable Ocean harvest Fisheries Policy to better manage the multiple stocks on which future fisherswill depend on leaving the European European union fisheries policy Union. At the same time, the global slowdown of commercial fishing as a result of COVID-19 has reduced Marine fisheries management pressure on some threatened stocks to levels not seen since the Second World War. In combination, Brexit and the Water-energy-fisheries Nexus COVID-19 slowdown have created a unique opportunity to facilitate the recovery of a threatened resource. Nevertheless, challenges remain as fisheries represent only 0.12% of UK economic output, presenting a risk that opportunities for more sustainable management will be lost during wider
    [Show full text]
  • SUBSISTENCE, SETTLEMENT, and LAND-USE CHANGES DURING the MISSISSIPPIAN PERIOD on ST. CATHERINES ISLAND, GEORGIA by SARAH GREENHO
    SUBSISTENCE, SETTLEMENT, AND LAND-USE CHANGES DURING THE MISSISSIPPIAN PERIOD ON ST. CATHERINES ISLAND, GEORGIA by SARAH GREENHOE BERGH (Under the Direction of Elizabeth J. Reitz) ABSTRACT This research examines the human-environment interactions on St. Catherines Island, Georgia, during the late Woodland through the Mississippian period (AD 800–1580). Results from multiple analyses indicate that socio-political, demographic, and economic changes during this period were associated with changes in subsistence, settlement, and land-use patterns. Archaeofaunal collections of vertebrates and invertebrates are examined from three sites in a single locality, representing human occupation during the entire Mississippian period—9LI21, 9LI229, and 9LI230. Two additional late Mississippian archaeofaunal collections of vertebrates are examined from different island locations—9LI207 and 9LI1637. Fine-grained recovery techniques, not previously used for Mississippian deposits on St. Catherines Island, produced collections dominated by estuarine resources, especially oysters, clams, stout tagelus, sea catfishes, mullets, killifishes, and drums. Previous methods used to recover faunal remains produced collections dominated by deer. This study suggests that, though deer contributed large amounts of meat to the diet, estuarine resources were more abundant and contributed the most meat. A Mississippian chiefdom developed on the island during the Irene phase (AD 1300– 1580), with social inequality, large and dense populations living in communities of multiple, integrated settlements, and maize farming. Zooarchaeological evidence presented in this study suggests these socio-political changes led to new human-environment interactions, compared to the early Mississippian period. Irene peoples used a larger number and wider variety of shellfishing and fishing locations than early Mississippian folk. The Irene fishing strategy caught more large fishes and may have involved a shift to larger-scale mass-capture techniques, such as weirs.
    [Show full text]
  • Fisheries Management: an Historical Overview
    Fisheries Management: An Historical Overview CLINTON E. ATKINSON Introduction lowed by most other countries: Here we diseases of fish" (Brice 1898:138). have always considered that manage­ Although much of our early informa­ At this 50th Anniversary of the Mont­ ment of fisheries was a state's right and tion on the fisheries of the Pacific coast lake Laboratory we have heard accounts the jurisdiction of the Federal govern­ came from the first surveys of the vari­ of its role in studies of the fisheries re­ ment has been generally limited to 0us salmon streams in a search for source and its environment, fishing and Territories, the high seas, and manage­ suitable locations for hatcheries, the fishing methods, and utilization of the ment under international treaty and/or Smithsonian Institution and the u.S. catch. Now we will explore the manage­ administration and, in the case of sal­ Commission of Fish and Fisheries un­ ment of the fishery and marine mam­ mon and certain other freshwater fishes, dertook a comprehensive survey of the mal resources. access and protection of fish in navig­ fish and fisheries of the United States, If we examine the history of these able waters. Needless to say, this frag­ directed by Congress as a part of the management practices, we can recog­ mentation of management authority over 10th census (1880). The series of reports nize at least three stages of development fish and fisheries that share the waters generated by the survey still provide a or goals: 1) To stop the decline and of the several states or go beyond their wealth of information on the histories simply maintain the existing level of coastal zones has been the source of in­ of the various fisheries, their records of yield, 2) to determine, theoretically or numerable conflicts between the states exploitation, and the early efforts at empirically at least, the maximum sus­ or between the states and the Federal management.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuna Be, Or Not Tuna Be: Using Catch Data to Observe the Ecological Impacts of Commercial Tuna Fisheries in the Pacific Ocean at Varying Spatial Scales
    TUNA BE, OR NOT TUNA BE: USING CATCH DATA TO OBSERVE THE ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF COMMERCIAL TUNA FISHERIES IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN AT VARYING SPATIAL SCALES by Laurenne Louise Schiller B.Sc. (Hons.), University of Guelph, 2010 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (Zoology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) August 2014 © Laurenne Louise Schiller, 2014 ABSTRACT Tuna are arguably the world’s most valuable, versatile, yet vulnerable fishes. With current landings over 4 million tonnes annually, all species of tuna from all three major ocean basins are caught, traded, and consumed at various intensities around the globe. Understanding the implications of such an extensive industry is paramount to protecting the long-term health and sustainability of both the tuna fisheries as well as the ecosystems in which they operate. Given that the Pacific Ocean accounts for roughly two-thirds of the global commercial tuna catch, this thesis assesses the trends and ecological impacts of commercial tuna fishing at both the artisanal and industrial scale in this ocean. To observe the importance of tuna fisheries at a local scale, a case study of the Galápagos Islands is presented. In this context, it was observed that over-fishing and the subsequent depletion of large, low fecund serranids has resulted in a high level of ‘fishing down’ within the near- shore ecosystem. Consequently, as fishers are forced to expand to regions off-shore, tuna and coastal scombrids are becoming increasingly targeted. With regard to industrial fishing, tuna vessels (especially distant-water longliners) are known to generate a substantial amount of associated bycatch and discards.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture Management
    African Great Lakes Conference 2–5 May 2017 Entebbe, Uganda Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Convenors: Richard Ogutu-Ohwayo Ian G. Cowx Theme objectives Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture Management underlying fishery biology and exploitation patterns fishery management and fishing rights/tenure livelihoods analysis and adaptation strategies to future changes in the fisheries from environmental and climate change; linkages between fisheries and aquaculture development; the food security and nutritional contribution; future management and adaptation strategies Handout Can fisheries management in the Great Lakes of Africa contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals? Ian G. Cowx & Martin van der Knaap Hull International Fisheries Institute & FAO, Ghana Outline • Inland fisheries and the UN Sustainable Development Goals • Contribution of African Great Lakes fisheries to society • Pressures on African Great Lakes fish and fisheries • Management for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture in AGL UN Sustainable Development goals Aim: to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all SDG 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Appears that inland fisheries are largely ignored Inland fisheries as an ecosystem service • 11.2 – 41.1 million tonnes of fish caught globally from inland waters : Provide 20% of all global captured food fish • 90 percent of global inland fisheries catch from developing countries • Fundamental to nutrition, food security, livelihoods and societal well-being • 60 million people directly involved in small-scale inland fisheries (30 million of which are women) • 20 grams of a small river fish contains the daily iron and zinc needs for a child. Wild & cultured fish, Inle Lake, Shan State, Myanmar Dependence on inland fish 90% of inland fish is caught in developing countries and 65% is caught in Low Income Food Deficient countries.
    [Show full text]