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Home , Fisheries management

African Great Lakes Conference 2–5 May 2017 Entebbe, Uganda

Sustainable and Management

Convenors: Richard Ogutu-Ohwayo Ian G. Cowx Theme objectives

Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture Management

 underlying biology and exploitation patterns

 fishery management and rights/tenure

 livelihoods analysis and adaptation strategies to future changes in the fisheries from environmental and change;

 linkages between fisheries and aquaculture development;

 the security and nutritional contribution;

 future management and adaptation strategies Handout Can fisheries management in the Great Lakes of Africa contribute to achieving the UN Goals?

Ian G. Cowx & Martin van der Knaap Hull International Fisheries Institute & FAO, Ghana Outline

• Inland fisheries and the UN Sustainable Development Goals

• Contribution of African Great Lakes fisheries to society

• Pressures on African Great Lakes fish and fisheries

• Management for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture in AGL UN Sustainable Development goals Aim: to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all

SDG 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine for sustainable development Appears that inland fisheries are largely ignored Inland fisheries as an service

• 11.2 – 41.1 million tonnes of fish caught globally from inland : Provide 20% of all global captured food fish • 90 percent of global inland fisheries catch from developing countries • Fundamental to nutrition, , livelihoods and societal well-being • 60 million people directly involved in small-scale inland fisheries (30 million of which are women) • 20 grams of a small river fish contains the daily iron and zinc needs for a child. Wild & cultured fish, Inle Lake, Shan State, Myanmar Dependence on inland fish

90% of inland fish is caught in developing countries and 65% is caught in Low Income Food Deficient countries.

Source – Van der Graaf et al. (2012) Importance of Fisheries & Aquaculture in Africa Contribution to GDP

Gross value added Contribution (million to GDP (%) USD) Total GDP African 1,909,514 Countries Total Fisheries and 24,030 1.26 Aquaculture Inland fisheries 6,275 0.33 Artisanal fisheries 8,130 0.43 Marine Industrial 6,849 0.36 Fisheries Total Aquaculture 2,776 0.15

Fisheries & Aquaculture contribute 6.2% to agriculture GDP

Source: NEPAD/FAO - the Value of African Fisheries, 2014 Importance of Fisheries & Aquaculture in Africa

Employment by Subsector

Number of Share % Employees subsector Female (Thousands) (%) Total 12,269 27.3 Employment Total Inland 4,958 40.4 26.7 Fisheries Marine Artisanal 4,041 32.9 23.8 Marine Industrial 2,350 19.2 43.5 Total Aquaculture 920 7.5 4.8

Source: NEPAD/FAO - the value of African Fisheries, 2014 Inland fisheries as an • Places where consumption of fish protein/animal protein ratios greater than 20% are also place with high concentrations of rural poverty. • Inland fisheries are a last resort when primary income sources fail: – economic shifts – conflicts – natural disasters () UN Sustainable Development goals

= fish for livelihoods and food security = sustainable fisheries = women in fisheries = fisheries driving environmental quality Contribution of fisheries in the Great Lakes of Africa to achieving SDGS Fisheries of the African Great Lakes

NYASSA / VICTORIA TANGANYIKA KIVU EDWARD ALBERT MALAWI Fish diversity ~ 700 ~ 1,000 ~ 325 28 ~ 81 40-55

Fish yield 165,000- ~ 1,000,000 ~116,000 21,400 ~ 16, 900 ~ 172,000 per year (t) 200,000 200,000 56,000 100,000 500,000 fishers, fishers; 2100 35,420 Employment fisheries- fisheries 700,000 500,000 fishers fishers related related ancillary ancillary

Protein for Food for 1.6 25-40% of Source of quality animal protein to Contribution 8,000,000 million protein needs riparian communities to nutrition people people for 1,000,000 Fisheries of the African Great Lakes

• Estimated catch 1.5 million tonnes • Employment for 2+ million people • Much of the catch consumed directly by households and locally, which does not appear in national accounts

• Explosion of cage culture – but how 40000 300000 35000 250000 sustainable and equitable are the 30000 200000 ventures 25000 20000 150000

• Support valuable ornamental 15000 100000 10000 fisheries 50000

5000 Valueof exportedornamental fish (USD) 0 0

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Number fish of exported Malawi from Year

Number of fish exported Value of exports (USD) Threats to AGL fisheries Fisheries assessment & exploitation Fisheries assessments suggest declining fisheries or change in species contribution to less valuable species – but how reliable is the 1800 information? 1600 Other Tilapias 1400 Victoria Haplochromines 1200 Dagaa 1000 Nile perch 800 Year 600 400

200 Catch (tonnes (tonnes Catch x 1000)

0

1959 1961 1965 1967 1971 1973 1977 1979 1983 1985 1989 1991 1995 1997 2001 2003 2007 2010 1963 1969 1975 1981 1987 1993 1999 2005 Malawi Fisheries assessment & exploitation Frame Survey results

250000 No of fishers 80000 No of fishing craft 70000 200000 60000

150000 50000 40000

100000 30000 No of fishersof No

No of fishingof craft No 20000 50000 10000 0 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 1800000 No of gillnets 16000000 No of longline hooks 1600000 Gillnets >5” 14000000 1400000 Gillnets <5”* 12000000 1200000 10000000 1000000 800000 8000000 600000 No of fgillnetsNo 6000000 400000 4000000 200000 No of longlineof hooks No 2000000 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 External Pressures on AGL Fisheries

Mining

Hydropower growth Deforestation and use change quality

Conservation Agriculture Aquaculture CLIMATE CHANGE Lake level variability Water level variation in Lake Victoria 1136.00

1135.50 Victoria Standardized annual yield 1135.00

1134.50 (kg/ha) against seasonal

1134.00 relative lake level for lakes 1133.50 and reservoirs (Source Kolding

Lake levelLakein metres(a.m.s.l) 1133.00 1900 1920 Variation1940 in water level, Lake1960 Tanganyika1980 2000 Year et al. 2012) 476

475.5

475 Tanganyika

474.5

474

473.5

473

472.5

Lake levelLakein metres(a.m.s.l.) 472

471.5 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Variation in waterYear level, Lake Malawi

477

476 Malawi

475

474

473 water level in metres (a.m.s.l) inmetres level water 472

471

470 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Year Lake level variability Water level variation in Lake Victoria 1136.00

1135.50 Victoria

1135.00

1134.50

1134.00

1133.50

Lake levelLakein metres(a.m.s.l) 1133.00 1900 1920 Variation1940 in water level, Lake1960 Tanganyika1980 2000 Year 476

475.5

475 Tanganyika

474.5

474

473.5

473

472.5

Lake levelLakein metres(a.m.s.l.) 472

471.5 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Variation in waterYear level, Lake Malawi

477

476 Malawi

475

474

473 water level in metres (a.m.s.l) inmetres level water 472

471

470 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Year Water level management River Nile Outflow Affluence v Poverty Link between poverty and ecosystem degradation

Affluence

Over- Culture and consumption values Access to resources Natural Wrong Technology degradation technology

Pollution, resource loss Short-term decisions Shocks & Poverty vulnerability

Bad governance Sense of insecurity

Low achievements: Lack of Voicelessness & education and health income powerlessness Protein replacement – Lake Victoria

Land replacement Kcalories protein

• Livestock has high water cost (98% for feed production). • Increased livestock production would lead to pasture degradation, erosion and carbon release. • Replacement protein sources not as high in micronutrients • Dietary transition and increased dependence on rich food Potential solutions/strategies?

24562720 Fisheries management interventions Fisheries management tools Regulation of exploitation and protection of fisheries

Regulatory Stock size Undisturbed Free Fish technique protection spawning migration welfare Closed * * * areas Close * * * * season Catch limit * Fishing * * pressure Type of * gear Size of fish * * *

Position of inland fisheries

Urban development, navigation and Agriculture, and management conservation aquaculture industry and urban wastes Quality, quantity and Aquatic Exploitable seasonality of water and animal fishery Geological, resources resources geographical and climatic Construction of dams conditions and barrages for Amenity, Sustainable , , sport and exploitation recreational of fisheries and resource fishing Agriculture, extraction forestry, and civil Nutritional works Water use for and industrial processes economic benefits Urban water supplies

Multiple uses of aquatic resources Position of inland fisheries

Individuals Key players Low Hydropower Mining Aquaculture Distribution of benefits Forestry Perceived value

Conservation

Fisheries farming High Crowd Context setters Low Governance/power relationships High Future scenarios

FIRST recognise development will occur to meet societal demands for energy, food security and improved livelihoods

But how to minimise impact?

CLIMATE CHANGE as a process

Biological Sustainability – Fish Population sustainability – Conservation of biodiversity – Socially just and fair – Economically/institutionally efficient

AInstitutional sustainable systemSustainability persits in the long- term!

Economic Sustainability

Sources: Charles (1994); Costanza & Patten (1995); Arlinghaus,Mehner & Cowx (2002) Need to integrate ecological and economic objectives of fisheries within political frameworks

Ecology and Economic environment and social domain

Political and institutional domain Integrating ecological and economic objectives

Economic and Allows the opportunityand social to environment promote the conceptdomain of

Ecosystem ServicesMaximise to positive Political and interaction achieveinstitutional SDGs domain Minimise negative interactions Need to understand motives Requiresand aquatic drivers ofresource each sector knowledge system Summary • Shift from data-driven outputs to engage with policy and development needs • Fisheries management is just one tool in a suite of measures to support fisheries • Acknowledgement that developments (including cage farming) will go ahead - focus research on optimisation of resource use • Improve mechanisms to communicate importance of fish conservation and fisheries to livelihoods, local economies and food security (and to SDGs) and influence decision making – use ecosystem services approach