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Equine Economics: Optimizing Horse Health and Management on a Budget Julie Wilson, DVM and Krishona Martinson, Phd University of Minnesota

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Equine Economics: Optimizing Horse Health and Management on a Budget Julie Wilson, DVM and Krishona Martinson, Phd University of Minnesota Equine Economics: Optimizing Horse Health and Management on a Budget Julie Wilson, DVM and Krishona Martinson, PhD University of Minnesota Owning a horse is a major responsibility, and a boarding costs including, cleaning stalls, significant investment of both time and money. feeding, and assisting with weekend chores. Most owners do not generate income from their horse, but are intent on spending time with their Cleanliness. Flies, mosquitoes, and ticks are equine companion. During tough economic times, responsible for a number of bacterial and viral horse owners need to explore and implement diseases of horses (5). Reduce the risk (and options to reduce costs. Most cost reducing expense) of these diseases by discouraging these opportunities fall in the area of preventative insects and ticks in your horse’s environment. medicine and education. Specifically, horse owners Remove and spread or compost manure can reduce costs associated with management, promptly to reduce fly breeding areas. Minimize veterinary care, hoof care, and nutrition. pools of standing water, including water standing in old tires, unused buckets, and drainage areas. MANAGEMENT Outdoor water tanks should be cleaned weekly. There are several things horse owner can do to Brushy areas in the pasture and along the fence minimize costs associated with horse management. lines should be removed, and tall grass should be mowed to reduce tick populations. If a horse is Housing. Healthy horses thrive outdoors and only housed in a wooded area, a long‐acting fly, require shelter from adverse weather, including mosquito, and/or tick repellant can be used. excessive heat or cold (below 18 F), and freezing rain. Keeping a horse outdoors with access to a Safety. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound loafing or run‐in shed saves the cost of building and of cure (12). Improving barn safety can prevent maintaining a barn as well as labor expenses accidents and unnecessary injuries. Remove all associated with stall cleaning. Although it is not barbed‐wire fencing and cap T‐posts. Avoid practical to keep all horses outdoors, healthy adult corners where horses can become trapped by horses who are not in a year round training program other herd mates. Make sure feeders, waterers, are good candidates. and other necessary items in your horse's pen are in good working condition and free of sharp Horses that get along with herd mates are less likely edges, nails, or rust. Check that paddocks and to fight, become injured, and develop stress related pastures are free of poisonous plants (9) as well diseases like ulcers. If multiple horses are housed as large rocks, stumps, brush, holes, and debris together, study their social interactions (3). that could cause injury. Determine which horse is dominant and if all horses get along with each other. If you add or remove a Grading high traffic areas to promote good horse(s) from the herd, expect the herd dynamics to drainage will result in less mud as well as lower change. the likelihood of losing shoes or developing skin disease of the pasterns. Consider passive solar It is usually more cost efficient to keep a horse on options for heating outdoor water tanks. Manage the owner’s property/farm compared to boarding. dust to reduce airway irritation and the risk of Boarding is necessary for some horse owners, but Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. can be expensive. Consider ways to decrease Bio‐security. Think about bio‐security and how it Insurance and Liability. Make sure your home can help maintain your horse’s health. To reduce owner’s insurance covers liability associated with the risk of some diseases, consider having visitors your horse operation. Consider having an equine wash hands before handling horses. If coming from attorney assist with pertinent legal agreements another farm, visitors should change boots and (1). Major medical and/or other insurance types clothing, particularly if there has been an illness or may make economic sense for some horses, disease on the other farm. Restricting and/or particularly those that represent a sizeable reducing visitor interactions with horses are other emotional or financial investment. Being properly bio‐security methods to consider implementing. prepared and covered prior to an emergency or accident is usually more cost effective. Viral respiratory diseases and strangles are most often transmitted between horses through Tow‐Vehicles and Trailers. Making sure tow‐ respiratory secretions. When traveling with horses, vehicles and trailers are in good working avoid nose to nose contact, sharing water and grain condition can reduce the chance of accidents. buckets, or bits with other horses. Inspect off‐site Make sure all lights and brakes are working, tires stalls and paddocks and ensure they are clean, are properly inflated, and ensure the trailer floor sanitized, and free of injury opportunities before is solid and covered in rubber mats. Purchase a housing your horse. Avoid farms or show grounds road‐side assistance plan if you travel frequently where respiratory diseases, particularly strangles, with your horse. Have flares, a tire changing have been recently confirmed. ramp, road‐side emergency kit, and a human and horse first aid kit (4) located in the trailer. Do not Tack. A poor fitting saddle can lead to performance travel with opened, un‐screened windows as problems and back soreness. Saddle choice should debris can strike an eye, or a horse may try to reflect the preferred discipline as well as horse and escape. The Department of Transportation has rider comfort. A saddle should have adequate additional information on hauling requirements withers and spine clearance, even distribution of and safety. weight and contact along the panels, and front to back balance. Saddle fit may change as the horse’s VETERINARY CARE body condition changes, particularly if the horse Have a good working relationship with a develops more muscling along the top line. Periodic veterinarian. It is important to determine the reflocking and keeping the leather in good condition extent and financial commitment a horse owner will promote saddle longevity. Saddle fitting is not can absorb. These decisions should be made simple. Consult an expert before purchasing a prior to an emergency involving a horse. During saddle. an emergency, it is common for a horse owner to approve procedures one cannot really afford. Manure Management. Manure management and Communicating the emergency and financial removal can be a significant cost for some horse plans to a veterinarian and other who care for owners. Manure is a valuable resource that is useful your horse will help keep care and after‐care for gardeners and farmers (13). Contact local affordable. farmers and gardening organizations and promote your manure as a valuable resource. There are many benefits of a yearly veterinary examination. This visit should be Breeding. Unless a mare or stallion has exceptional planned with forethought on health issues conformation and an outstanding performance and vaccine choices (15). A thorough record, planning a foal that realistically may be physical examination will often find early difficult to market is unwise and expensive. signs of cancer, lameness, or any other Consider purchasing or adopting a weaned foal to disease that is readily treatable if identified experience raising and training a foal. early. In older horses, routine blood screening may be For seasonal riders, removing shoes in the off‐ warranted to detect subtle signs of diminishing season will result in financial savings as well. organ function (14). Core vaccines (Tetanus, Working with a veterinarian and farrier to correct Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE), Western hoof problems early will lead to less stress on Equine Encephalomyelitis (WEE), West Nile (WNV) joints, ligaments, and tendons. and Rabies), Coggins test, dental work, and sheath cleaning (if necessary) should also occur at this time. NUTRITION With feed costs rising, it is important to utilize Taking a manure sample for a fecal egg count is a feed efficiently. Nutrient requirements for method to monitor the effectiveness of a horses depend on their physiological status (age, deworming program (15). Egg counts can identify metabolism, weight) and their level of production horses with higher populations of parasite. These (maintenance, growth, exercise, reproduction, horses should be dewormed more often. Horses and lactation) (6). Most horse owners over feed with lower parasite populations can be dewormed their horses, leading to wasted money and less frequently, resulting in financial savings. unhealthy, overweight horses. The greatest Horses with no detectable parasite eggs may not financial savings can be achieved when horses need to be dewormed, but testing these horses are fed as individuals and are fed the appropriate should continue on a regular basis. Good manure amount and type of feed. management will reduce ingestion of parasites, result in better health, and longer intervals Adult, idle (non‐working and non‐reproducing) between deworming. horses can have their energy and nutritional requirement met with good quality hay alone If you own or have access to a trailer, consider with the addition of a ration balancer; these trailering a horse to the veterinarian to save on farm horses do not usually require grain. Removing calls. unnecessary grain from diets can lead to substantial savings. To determine whether grain Education. Research has shown that taking an or other supplements are needed, hay should be active interest, and being involved with the daily analyzed for quality (energy, protein, calcium and care of a horse results in a healthier horse and phosphorus). Having hay analyzed by a reduced veterinary care costs. Become familiar with laboratory costs very little compared to horse vitals (temperature, heart rate, etc…) and purchasing grains that are not needed (10). normal behavior (4). Changes in baseline vitals and Working, growing, and reproducing horses do behavior are usually early indicators of illness.
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