AS-554-W

Animal Sciences Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service, West HorsesHorsesLafayette, IN 47907 Introduction to Horse Management C.M. Brady, Department of 4-H Youth Development; K.S. Kanne, Department of 4-H Youth Development; and M.A. Russell, Department of Animal Sciences

Owning a horse can be an incredibly rewarding When choosing fence material, find one that is sturdy, experience. However, certain decisions must be made if yet will not injure an animal caught in it. The most you are going to be prepared for this undertaking. This common types of fencing are wooden post and hardwood publication will review the basic needs of the horse and board, post and rail, poly vinyl chloride (PVC), woven discuss the management considerations important to the wire, electrified wire, or a combination of them. All horse’s comfort and health. References providing more line fences should be at least 4 feet high, and solidly detailed information are listed at the end of the article. constructed. As a general rule, the smaller the paddock (fenced area), the stronger the fences need to be. Wooden Housing fences are very eye appealing, but cost and maintenance Before choosing housing for your horse, ask yourself the can be high. Poly vinyl chloride fencing is becoming following questions: increasingly popular because you can get the look of Where will I keep the horse? wooden fence, without the maintenance. However, PVC is < A horse owner can choose to either board the horse a more expensive option than many of the others. at their home, or to board the horse at a professional boarding facility. Feeding What are the horse’s needs? Horses, like people, have specific nutritional requirements. < The animal only needs shelter from the wind and The nutrients of greatest concern to horsemen are water, weather, and a dry place to eat. Don’t confuse what salt, protein, calcium, phosphorus, vitamins A, D and will make you as the horse owner more comfortable E, and energy. Horses are divided into five nutritional with the horse’s basic needs. classifications based on the demands of their workload. The What do I intend to do with my horse? classifications are: < If you want to show early in the year, you will need a Maintenance place to ride all year, and possibly an arena to fit and < condition the horse. Not growing, pregnant, lactating, or doing significant work. Most pleasure horses fit here. What can I afford? < You can spend as much as you want to on a horse Gestation (Pregnancy) 1 facility. Estimate $7 per square foot of floor space as < Increased nutritional requirements the last /3 of the absolute minimum cost to build an enclosed barn pregnancy. for horses. Cost will increase as amenities are added. Lactation < Mares that are actively nursing foals. Very high Fencing Safe and adequate fencing is a vital part of a horse nutrient requirements, especially at the beginning of facility, either your own, or the place you choose to lactation. board. All horses should be allowed as much outside, free Growth exercise as possible. This will reduce the incidence of < Increased protein and energy requirements until full stable vices, as well as contribute to the general overall skeletal growth is reached at approximately 5 years. health of the horse. This is especially true in the case of Work and Exercise foals and young horses, who have fewer problems with < The harder the horse is working and being exercised, respiratory diseases and more normal bone development the more energy it will need in its diet. when they are housed outside with unlimited exercise.

 Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service • West Lafayette IN, 47907 The horse, unlike ruminants (cattle, goats, sheep, etc.), circulation, and it gives you a chance to thoroughly inspect has a relatively small capacity for feed in his digestive your animal for injuries, swellings, and abnormalities. 1 tract. Horses can consume about 2 /2 percent of their body Furthermore, it is an opportunity to spend time with your weight per day. As an animal that evolved as a nibbler horse and strengthen the bond with your equine partner. and grazer, it is best to feed horses smaller quantities of Begin grooming by loosening dirt with a rubber feed, especially concentrate, at least twice per day at about currycomb used in a circular motion. Feel free to apply 12-hour intervals. That means a 1,000-pound horse will as much pressure as your horse is comfortable with, as eat about 25 pounds of feed per day of which at least half this is a massage for the horse, as well as a method of dirt should be forage (pasture, hay, or hay cubes). removal. Because the rubber currycomb is hard, it should Water be used only above the knees and hocks, and not on the Clean, fresh water, and trace-mineralized salt should be face. The next step is to use a stiff brush (Dandy brush) available regularly or on a free-choice basis on pasture or to remove the loosened dirt. Brush briskly in the direction in the barn. The average 1000-pound adult horse can easily of the hair, with a “flicking” motion to remove the dirt drink 10 to 12 gallons of water a day. Horses will suffer and debris from the hair coat. Continue by going over the more quickly from a lack of water or salt than if they are animal once again with a soft brush, stroking with the forced to go without feed. grain of the hair, and then towel off the excess dust. Use a hoof pick to remove any dirt or stones from the animal’s Feed Storage feet and finish by combing out the mane and tail. It is All feed should be stored in a clean, dry, secure area important to remember that although the horse may enjoy that is inaccessible to the horse, even if it gets loose. A a vigorous grooming, the lower legs and face are very separate grain room with a secure door is ideal. Protect the sensitive, and should be treated accordingly. feedstuffs from the weather, as well as from vermin such as mice, rats, raccoons, and opossums. Fifty-five gallon Waste Removal drums or plastic garbage tubs with lids work well for Cleaning stalls can be an important part of your daily concentrates. Hay should always be off the ground or floor aerobic exercise. Horses kept, or fed, inside should have on pallets to allow for air movement to prevent mold. Hay their stalls cleaned once a day. Do not remove all of the is combustible, and can spontaneously ignite; therefore, it bedding, just the soiled or wet bedding and manure. Most is preferable to store the majority of your hay in a separate horses are habitual in their eliminative behavior, so after site from the barn where the horses are housed, with just you have cleaned the stall a few times, you will learn enough hay in the barn for a week’s feeding. where the horse urinates, and defecates, which will hasten the cleaning process. Once a week or so, the stall will Health need to be stripped (all bedding material removed) and Horses are susceptible to a variety of diseases, as well allowed to dry. Ideally, the horse could be left outside for a as both internal and external parasites. To keep your horse while, and the “wet spot” can be left open to the air. If that healthy, it is important to vaccinate against diseases, is not possible, put dry bedding in any wet spots to soak up deworm regularly, and properly care for teeth and feet. the moisture, and then remove it. Sprinkling agricultural Establish a regular program with a local veterinarian and lime on the floor of the stall will act as a mild sanitizer and farrier (horseshoer), then let them help you make health keep the moisture and odor down, but lime should always care decisions. be covered with bedding before the horse is returned to the Daily Maintenance stall. Grooming, waste removal, and exercise need to be done Manure should be removed from pastures periodically. regularly for your horse to maintain good health. This The frequency will depend on the concentration of horses. takes time and, of course, the proper equipment. To do All manure should be properly composted before use an adequate job, you will need: brushes, towels, combs, on livestock ground to kill any parasites and parasite currycombs, hoof picks, manure forks, shovels, rakes, a larvae. Do not spread uncomposted horse manure on wheelbarrow, manure spreader, a bridle, saddle, saddle horse pastures, as this will recontaminate the pasture with pad, halters, lead rope, and lunge line. It is not necessary parasites. Horse manure is an excellent source of nutrients to have fancy equipment, but if you are going to do the for cropland, gardens, landscape companies, and nurseries; needed chores, then some tools will need to be available. or you may be able to have it removed by a local waste management company. Grooming Grooming your horse serves two functions. It removes excess dirt and hair to produce a better coat and

 Exercise Summary Exercise for the horse takes various forms. Riding, As you can see, there are many things to be considered driving, lungeing, and turning out the animal are all before you decide to undertake keeping a horse on your satisfactory methods. If your horse is kept outdoors, it will own. Initially, you might be better off boarding the horse exercise to some degree by walking around. However, with someone else, but if you own more than one horse, stalled horses should be out for at least 60 minutes each day. the right decision may be to bring them home. Managing horses takes a lot of planning, time, and dollars, so the You cannot allow a horse to stand in a stall, or not be more research and fact finding you can do before you ridden, for months and expect to go riding for 3 to 4 hours bring the horses home, the greater the chance of having without problems. Remember, the horse is an athlete, not a positive experience for both you and the horse. It may a machine, and requires conditioning to be fit. Horses also also be advisable to spend some time with a knowledgable must be warmed up before any type of stressful activity. horse person in your area to learn how to take proper The walking around the horse does in a pasture will not care of your horse. This has been a brief review of the condition it for heavy riding. Conditioning horses is based areas of management needs for horses. Refer to the listed on the same principles as conditioning any athlete, so keep publications for further details. Contact your county that in mind when determining if your horse is fit enough Extension office, or the Extension web site, for copies of for a particular activity. these and other publications on horse management. Never allow your horse to eat a meal or drink unlimited water immediately after exercising because this can cause For more information: colic or founder. The most effective way to cool the AS- 418 Fencing for Horses in Indiana horse out is to remove the tack, hose the horse down to AS-553-W Introduction to Housing for Horses remove sweat and dirt, and walk the horse at its own pace, allowing it to take a few sips of water periodically. Once AS-552-W Introduction to Body Condition Scoring the horse is completely cooled out, it can have as much Horses water as it desires. Grooming or hosing-down the horse DVD-4-H-995 Our First Horse: Considerations before you after exercise will remove sweat and dirt, and provide an Buy DVD; http://www.ourfirsthorse.info opportunity for you to examine the horse and make sure it didn’t receive any injuries during the exercise period. Putting the horse away clean will also reduce itching and irritation to its skin, and improve hair coat quality.

New 10/02 It is the policy of the Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service, David C. Petritz, Director, that all persons shall have equal opportunity and access to the programs and facilities without regard to race, color, sex, religion, national origin, age, marital status, parental status, sexual orientation, or disability. Purdue University is an Affirmative Action employer. This material may be available in alternative formats. 1-888-EXT-INFO http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia