Minimizing Losses in Hay Storage and Feeding
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Hay for Horses: Alfalfa Or Grass?
HAY FOR HORSES: ALFALFA OR GRASS? Anne Rodiek1 ABSTRACT Alfalfa hay is an excellent source of energy, protein, calcium and some other nutrients for horses. Its concentrations of protein and calcium meet the nutrient needs of horses in high levels of production, such as growth and lactation, but exceed the nutrient requirements of horses in other life stages. Controversy exists over the best use of alfalfa in horse rations. Grass hays are also popular for horses because of their lower energy, protein and calcium concentrations. Grass hay meets more closely the nutrient requirements of the largest percentage of horses, the idle horse. Tradition plays a large role in the selection of feeds for horses. Hay producers can help educate horse people about what hays are most beneficial to horses in different life stages. Key Words: alfalfa hay, grass hay, horses, nutrient requirements INTRODUCTION Alfalfa hay has been both heralded and maligned as a feed for horses. Tradition holds that timothy hay and oats are the best feeds for horses, and that alfalfa and corn spell disaster. Alfalfa hay may not be the best feed for all horses in all situations, but it contains nutrients needed for many classes of horses. Grass hay falls short of meeting the nutrient requirements of high production life stages, but is an excellent filler for horses that require bulk in the diet. An understanding of the nutrient requirements of horses compared to the nutrient content of alfalfa hay or grass hay will help nutritionists, hay producers, and horse owners make informed decisions about what type of hay to feed to horses. -
Everal Barn & Homestead Walking Tour at Heritage Park Welcome
MAP OF EVERAL BARN & Thank you for joining us on this HOMESTEAD SELF-GUIDED WALKING Welcome... historical journey of Heritage Park and TOUR at Heritage PARK the Everal Barn & Homestead. Did you know... The Everal Barn and Homestead is available for rentals for anything from business meetings to school functions to weddings. Everal Barn Rentals are available in the following locations - Everal Homestead & Homestead Everal Barn Lower Room Only Everal Barn Upper and Lower Levels Entire Facility Walking Tour at Please call (614) 901-6500 for more information or check our website at www. Heritage Park westerville.org. Signs are located at The Everal Barn Milkhouse Carriage House The Homestead Smokehouse Outhouse Hen House Everal Barn & Homestead Information used in this brochure is from The Local History Center at the Westerville Public Library. 60 N. Cleveland Ave Office Hours Welcome to the Heritage Park, Self-Guided Walking Tour Tuesday - 11 a.m. - 1 p.m. Wednesdays 9 a.m. - 7 p.m. Heritage Park today is approximately 52 acres and offers two of the focal points of Westerville, the Everal Barn and the Homestead. The unique barn with its integral windmill and adjacent Saturdays 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. brick farmhouse are an excellent example of nineteenth century farm architecture. The Everal Barn, Homestead and outbuildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1996 the Westerville Parks and Recreation Westerville Parks & Recreation Department began the Parks and Recreation Open Department Space (P.R.O.S. 2000) strategic plan. The citizen- driven plan (which included surveys, public meetings 350 N. -
A Review of Strategies to Prevent and Respond to Barn Fires Affecting the Horse Industry
IN-DEPTH: EMERGENCY CARE AT EQUINE EVENTS A Review of Strategies to Prevent and Respond to Barn Fires Affecting the Horse Industry Rebecca M. Gimenez, PhD; Jennifer A. Woods, BSc; Roberta M. Dwyer, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVPM; and Tomas Gimenez, MVZ, Dr.Med.Vet Barn fires detrimentally affect equine recreational enthusiasts, horse owners, and practitioners regardless of geographic location or economic conditions. As the number one local emergency expected to affect agricultural facilities, fires kill more horses than any other type of disaster. Strat- egies and equipment to mitigate their effects are available but underutilized; the effectiveness of detection, alert, suppression, and immediate response systems is further emphasized by appropriate design, management, planning, and emergency drills. Authors’ addresses: Technical Large Animal Emergency Rescue, Inc., 2472 Six and Twenty Road, Pendleton, SC 29670 (Gimenez R); Reflected J Livestock Consulting, RR #1, Blackie, Alberta T0L 0J0, Canada (Woods); Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 (Dwyer); and Department of Animal Veterinary Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 (Gimenez T); e-mail: [email protected]. © 2008 AAEP. 1. Introduction reduce the long-term risk to life, property, and pur- Fire can affect horse owners and their animals in pose from a particular hazard (e.g., fires). Together several ways. Barn fires are unfortunately too with preventative actions to decrease the severity of common, and each year, hundreds of valuable horses an event and immediate suppression techniques, a die or are severely injured in these incidents (Fig. 1). well-planned facility and/or property strategy can sig- nificantly reduce potential losses in both equine life Wildfires consume thousands of acres annually in and property. -
What About Hay?
Small Ruminant Series What About Hay? by Dr. Rick Machen Associate Professor & Extension Livestock Specialist Texas Agric ultural Exte nsio n Service, Uvalde Rumina nts ( goats, cattle, sheep, deer, ante lope, elk, bison, etc.) are, by desi gn, grazi ng animals. Their rumen, the largest gastrointestinal compartment, is an environment wherein bacteria anaerobically ferment (digest) forages. This unique digestive process converts solar energy captured by plants into higher quality, more nutrient dense foods like milk and meat. Compared to harvest by a grazing animal, hay production is an expensive process, involving fossi l fuel, mac hinery and man- hours. Haying als o involves si gnificant s oil nutri ent relocation when compared to grazing. Protein ( nitrogen) and minerals harveste d and hauled off the soil of a hay meadow or field must be replaced if optimal hay production is to be maintained. Grazing, on the other hand, is part of a natural cycle. A portion of the nitrogen and minerals from the consumed forage is returned to the soil with urine and feces. So, whether it s feeding beef cows on the open range or goats in a small paddock, hay is not a supplement - it is a substitute. A s ubstitute for the s tanding forage or browse that makes up the diet of a ruminant animal in their natural habitat. As shown in the Table 1, the typical diet of a foraging goat ranges from !S to ½ browse and ½ to !S grass, depending upon season and availability of the respective forages. Goats are opportunistic grazers and will select a diversity of plants to result in the highest attai nable diet quality. -
MF1066 Large Round Hay Bale Storage
1 MF-1066 Farm Machinery and Equipment Large Round L arge round balers are Bale Hay Storage also may be lower. Feed one of the most economical value loss in weathered hay hay production systems is usually a greater source of because of low labor require- loss than that from total dry Randy Taylor ments. One person can Extension Specialist matter loss. When both are potentially handle the entire Farm Power and Machinery calculated, total feed loss haying operation with the during storage can easily large round bale hay produc- Dale Blasi surpass 50 percent. tion system. A Kansas Extension Specialist Weathering losses are Cooperative Extension sur- Livestock Production, South Central generally limited to the outer vey of south central Kansas 4 to 8 inches for hay stored farmers found that 72 percent Kevin Dhuyvetter outside. However, in a 5- NE Area Extension Agricultural Economist used large round bales as foot-diameter bale, approxi- their primary hay package mately one-third of the while another 18 percent Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering bale’s volume is in the outer used round bales and small 4 inches, and more than half square bales. Reduced palatability and digestibility of the volume is in the outer 8 inches. Large round bales do have draw- are usually caused by weather exposure, For a 6-foot-diameter bale, one-third backs. Because of their shape, they are but can be caused by high moisture of the hay is in the outer 6 inches and not well suited for barn storage. A hay content at baling. -
What Hay Is Right for Your Livestock
What Hay Is Right For Your Livestock Tom Gallagher Capital Area Agriculture Horticulture Program Livestock Specialist What Have We Learned So Far? • Renovate fields • Establish new stands • Maintain existing stands Harvesting • Haying equipment needed • Dry hay making large round & square bales • Making balage Storage • Round bales wrapped or stacked dry • Round bales wrapped or ensiled balage • Square bales in a barn • Knowing what you have Determining Forage Quality • Forage testing • Reading forage test results • Feed value terms Forage Quality • Determines feeding value and price • Determines Dry matter Intake (DMI) • Determines what livestock you will feed it to and when • Determines who you will sell it to or who will buy it Feeding Hay To Livestock • Horses • Cattle • Goats • Sheep • Alpacas Factors To Consider When Choosing A Hay To Feed • Clean hay • Nutrient value • Type of animal being fed • Maturity Clean Hay Free Of Mold And Dust Causes of Moldy or Dusty Hay • Rained on after it was cut • Baled too green (over 15% moisture) • Baled to dry • Improper storage • Weeds • Feeding on the ground • Floods How To Determine If Hay Is Moldy Or Dusty • See the mold on the outside of the bale • Smell the mold • See the mold or dust when feeding • The bale feels wet or hot • Heavy bales Nutrient Value Of Hay Legumes- – High in protein 15-20% – High in energy (ton) 48-55% – High in calcium 0.9-1.5% Grasses- – Protein 7-11% – Energy 42-50% – Calcium .3-.5% Why the wide ranges legume to legume or grass to grass. Matching Hay Type To The Horse Not all horses have the same nutrient needs • High nutrient requirements – Growing horses – Lactating mares – Working draft breeds – Racing horses Early-maturity alfalfa, alfalfa grass or grass hay are more palatable and higher in nutrients. -
The Wells Barn
THE WELLS BARN MILES-McCLELLAN CONSTRUCTION Project Information Scope of Work: • Relocation of an existing heavy timber barn frame recladed with a new envelope. Type of Construction: • Class A-2, two-story including basement,12,326 SF banquet hall • Post and beam construction with reclaimed barn timbers with reclaimed barn siding interiors • Exterior Hemlock barn siding • Adjacent parking lot Building Features: • 5,649 SF event/gathering space • Capacity: Theater = 300; Dinner = 250; Cocktail = 500; Meeting space = 84 • Catering and demonstration kitchen • A fireplace • High quality A/V system • Three multi-purpose rooms (used as classrooms, conference/meeting space) Size of Project: • Basement = 5,003 SF • Ground Floor • • Deck = 721 SF • • Ground Floor = 5,649 SF • • Porch = 953 SF Contract Value: • Original contract value = $3,874,268 • Final contract value = $3,851,427 Length of Construction: • 7 ½ months (February – October 2015) MILES-McCLELLAN CONSTRUCTION History of the Barn The timber frame that serves as the skeleton and inspiration for the Wells Barn originates from a historic barn built and owned by the Garber family on their property near Butler in Richland County, Ohio. With the footprint of 96”x 40”, the original “bank barn” was built into the topography to allow for an entrance from a lane, while creating an area underneath the structure that sheltered cattle and other animals. The barn was likely converted to hay storage after the hay track was invented in the late 1800s. Its original brick end walls were damaged in the 1960s during a sonic boom from a passing jet. Harvested in the first decade of the 1800s from the hardwood forest of the Ohio frontier, the barn’s timers were hand-hewn from oak, chestnut, beech, walnut, cherry and red elm trees that surrounded the property. -
Understanding Forage Quality
Suggested retail price $3.50 Understanding forage quality Don Ball Mike Collins Garry Lacefield Neal Martin David Mertens Ken Olson Dan Putnam Dan Undersander Mike Wolf Contents Understanding forage quality 1 What is forage quality? 2 Factors affecting forage quality 3 Species differences 3 Temperature 3 Maturity stage 4 Leaf-to-stem ratio 4 Grass-legume mixtures 5 Fertilization 5 Daily fluctuations in forage quality 5 Variety effects 5 Harvesting and storage effects 6 Sensory evaluation of hay 7 Laboratory analysis of forage 8 Laboratory analytical techniques 8 Laboratory proficiency 10 Understanding laboratory reports 11 Matching forage quality to animal needs 12 Reproduction 12 Growth 13 Fattening 13 Lactation 13 Economic impacts of forage quality 14 Pasture forage quality 14 Hay quality 15 Other considerations 15 Key concepts to remember 15 Additional information 15 Glossary 16 Adequate animal nutrition is essential In recent years, advances in plant and Understanding for high rates of gain, ample milk pro- animal breeding, introduction of new duction, efficient reproduction, and products, and development of new forage quality adequate profits (see sidebar). management approaches have made orage quality is defined in various However, forage quality varies greatly it possible to increase animal perform- ways but is often poorly under- among and within forage crops, and ance. However, for this to be realized, Fstood. It represents a simple nutritional needs vary among and there must be additional focus on concept, yet encompasses much com- within animal species and classes. forage quality.The purpose of this plexity.Though important, forage Producing suitable quality forage for a publication is to provide information quality often receives far less consid- given situation requires knowing the about forage quality and forage eration than it deserves. -
Switchgrass: a Bioenergy Crop Profile for West Virginia
Switchgrass A Bioenergy Crop Profile for West Virginia What is Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a hardy, tall-growing, deep-rooted perennial switchgrass? grass native to North America east of the Rocky Mountains. It is a warm sea- son grass, which means it grows in the warm months of the year until frost, and is dormant in winter and early spring. Warm season grasses typically take longer to establish than their cool-season counterparts, but once established, they tend to live much longer with less maintenance. As a perennial species, switchgrass can be harvested annually for approximately twenty years. What are the Switchgrass is a promising bioenergy crop for several reasons. Switchgrass uses of can be harvested as biomass annually and used as feedstock for biofuel produc- tion. It can be converted to ethanol for use as a transportation fuel, or it can switchgrass? be pelletized and burned for heat production. In addition, it can be used as livestock forage and wildlife cover. As switchgrass grows, it pulls carbon from the atmosphere for developing its deep and dense root structures. If properly measured and reported, this carbon sequestration can be traded as carbon credits to offset industrial carbon emissions. Is switchgrass West Virginia has up to 150,000 acres of reclaimed and soon-to-be reclaimed well suited to surface mine sites that are potentially available for conversion to production of bioenergy crops. High yields of switchgrass can be achieved with minimal fer- WV’s marginal tilizers or other agricultural inputs even on WV’s marginal soils like these re- soils and re- claimed mine lands. -
Granary Barn Main Road | Elm | Cambridgeshire | PE14 0AB GRANARY BARN
Granary Barn Main Road | Elm | Cambridgeshire | PE14 0AB GRANARY BARN An immaculate home once a grain-store barn Dates back centuries, full of rustic charm. The recent conversion was a work of great care, No expense spared – it’s quality is rare. Spacious rooms are topped with original old beams With walls of glass through which the light streams. Fun extras like cinema, sauna and swimming pool Make it family living, with just a walk to school. Granary Barn • Superbly presented Family Residence in pretty Village Setting • Public Transportation with Bus Stops and access to Downham Market, March and Kings Lynn Train Stations • Local Amenities with 2 Public Houses and a Primary School. • North Norfolk Coast within 35 Miles (Old Hunstanton within 32 Miles) • 4 Bedrooms, 4 Reception Rooms, Family Bathroom & 3 En Suites • Indoor Pool, Cinema Room, Snooker Room, Gardens & Courtyard • The Accommodation Extends to 6,691 sq. ft. In a conservation area in the attractive and an enchanting, sheltered courtyard complete sought-after village of Elm, North Cambridgeshire, with three-tiered fountain, in an ornamental pond stands a very handsome historic barn, a home to many fish, who will be staying. Here, two hundred year old grainstore which was apart from the end section housing the swimming converted into a dwelling in 2007. Set well pool, all the accommodation is converted from back from the road, and not far from the the old, featuring terracotta pantiled roofs, beautiful early Georgian ‘Elm House’, to which heavily-timbered vaulted ceilings, and, on the it originally belonged, it is still in a working farm inside, entirely glass walls with dark-stained timber estate environment which has been trading for frames, opening into the courtyard. -
(Heck-Stamm-Unger Farm) East Side Gruber Road .5 Mile South of State
Stamm Farm (Heck-Stamm-Unger Farm) HABS No. PA-266 East side Gruber Road .5 mile south of State Route 183 Mount Pleasant vicinity # Penn Township Berks County Pennsylvania PHOTOGRAPHS HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA Historic American Buildings Survey Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. 20243 m HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY HABS No. PA-266 STAMM FARM (Heck-Stamm-Unger Farm) Location: On east side of Gruber Road (LR06038) .5 miles south of its intersection with State Route 183, about 400' east of Fox Lake bridge over Tulpehocken Creek, about .6 mile southeast of Mount Pleasant, Perm Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. USGS Bernville Quadrangle, Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinates: House 18.410510.4472190 Barn 18.410550.4472150 Present Owner: United States Government Present Use: Demolished in 1977 for the Blue Marsh Lake project, sponsored by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Signigicance: This is a good example of a once-prosperous Pennsylvania German family farm that failed to adjust completely to the modernization process that occurred in American agriculture in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Consequently, this • farmstead offers a glimpse of what a late eighteenth or early nineteenth-century Pennsylvania German farm might have looked like. The house is constructed of load-bearing logs, and the outbuildings are arranged functionally yet sensitively on the landscape. The farm is located in Pleasant Valley, a linear hamlet running between the Gruber Wagon "Works and the Pleasant Valley Roller Mill, beside the Union Canal. PART I. HISTORICAL DEFORMATION A. Physical History 1. Date of erection: Unknown. -
Substituting Grain for Hay in Beef Cow Diets
DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE R E S E A R C H & E X T E N S I O N University of Arkansas System Agriculture and Natural Resources FSA3036 Substituting HighEnergy Grains and Byproduct Feeds for Hay in Beef Cow Diets Diets composed largely of • The animal’s daily nutritive Shane Gadberry roughages are commonly considered requirements. Associate Professor to be most economical for beef cows. • The nutritive value of common Animal Science Substituting highenergy feeds (HEF, feeds. such as grains and certain byproduct • The substitution value of available feeds) for roughage may be economical feeds in relation to nutritive prop Paul Beck when hay and roughages are scarce erties and cost. Professor and prices are high. Drought tends to Animal Science shift the economics toward feeding HEF as more energy can be trans Nutritive Requirements ported per ton of feed in this form Meeting the nutrient require Ken Coffey compared to hay. ments of the pregnant cow is the Professor basic underlying objective. This can be done in a number of ways, and Animal Science Substituting HEF for lowenergy feed such as hay becomes economical economics will normally dictate the when cattle can be maintained at feed combinations that should be con the same level of production but at sidered. However, another concern is a lower cost. Since HEFs usually cost that the nutrient availability matches more per pound than hay, a smaller the nutrient needs for the cow during amount must be fed to be economi the various phases of pregnancy cally substituted for hay in such and lactation.