497 Hay, Fodder, and Silage Crops

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

497 Hay, Fodder, and Silage Crops HAY, FODDER, AND SILAGE CROPS 497 that is thought to be pure. Poisoning summer and fall. Second-year sweet- can usually be avoided by feeding hay clover will furnish an abundance of to livestock before turning them on the pasturage in midsummer. There is a pasture. Another precaution is to turn danger of bloat, but it is not serious only a few head of stock on the pasture and can be avoided in most cases by until it is determined that there is no feeding enough dry feed before turn- danger from poisoning. ing the stock on sweetclover so that Sweetclover also makes an excellent they will not immediately gorge them- temporary pasture. Sufficient growth selves. Another way to avoid bloat is is usually made during the first season to have dry roughage available to to provide some pasture during late stock while they are being pastured. HAY, FODDER, AND SILAGE CROPS L. G. NEWELL ON THE BASIS of acreage, wild hay Studies of the composition and nutri- is the outstanding hay crop of the re- tive value of native vegetation at Man- gion. More than 9 million acres of it dan, N. Dak., showed that western were harvested in 1946. Nebraska, needlegrass comprises 50 to 75 percent South Dakota, and North Dakota lead of the total weight of the grasses. Fifty the United States in the production of or more different kinds of plants were wild hay. It is the principal return found. Since the droughts of 1934 and from virgin, unbroken lands other than 1936, the needlegrass has largely been the grazing. replaced by western wheatgrass. Wild hays, made up chiefly of the Wheatgrass hay is produced on the tall and mid-tall grasses of the prairie fine-textured soils largely to the north regions, are the prairie hays of com- and west of the Nebraska sand hills. merce, although their most important It is especially important along river use is within the region. On the market bottoms in northeastern Montana, they are graded as Upland Prairie or This hay is frequently harvested from Midland Prairie hays according to the nearly pure stands of western wheat- kinds and qualities of the grasses they grass. Feeding tests have shown it to be contain. equal or superior to alfalfa hay for Prairie hays are composed of a large wintering cattle. number of grasses and grasslike plants, In the Nebraska sand hills, which with smaller admixtures of native and are unique in ranching and haying op- introduced species belonging to many erations, a good balance is achieved different families. In any particular between range and hay land. Ranges of case, the large percentage of the grass the sand hills or adjacent hard lands in the hay will be of a few species. provide grazing. Meadows of the sub- The principal grasses found in Up- irrigated valleys produce abundant land Prairie hays are the bluestems, hay crops in which the bluestems pre- needlegrasses, and whcatgrasses, with dominate. These hay lands are a post- such grasses as junegrass, the grama climax development resulting from the grasses, the dropseeds, Indiangrass, westw^ard extension of the tall grasses and switchgrass contributing smaller along the valleys. Studies of these hay amounts in different hays. The princi- meadows have shown that the rela- pal species of Midland Prairie hays are tive amounts of the many kinds of those adapted to growing in wet areas; grasses are closely associated with dis- among them are sloughgrass or cord- tances to the water table. The quality grass, blue joint, and switchgrass. and yield of hay have been greatly im- 757:150°—48 HB 498 YEARBOOK OF AGRICULTURE 1948 proved by the introduction of clovers grasses provide some of the best adapt- into some of these subirrigated mead- ed plant materials for this purpose, ows. Haymaking, the principal har- but until 1934 seed of these grasses vesting operation in the sand-hill was not available. Since then much ranching area, continues from June progress has been made in domesticat- until September. Some of the early-cut ing them, seed has been machine har- hay of best quality is baled and shipped vested in large quantities from native out of the region to terminal markets. stands and nurseries, and methods A large tonnage of stacked hay is re- of establishment have been developed. quired for overwintering operations It is now possible to obtain seed and within the area. establish stands of such important Haymaking and hay-feeding meth- grasses as western wheatgrass, feather ods have become largely mechanized bunchgrass, wild-rye, big bluestem, with either improvised or modern switchgrass, sand lovegrass, side-oats machinery within the past 15 years. grama, blue grama, and buíTalograss. An experiment to measure the ef- A continuing problem, however, is to fects of time of cutting on the yields increase seed supplies of the adapted and quality of typical bluestem hay superior strains in order that they may was started recently in southern Ne- become generally available for con- braska on a section of unbroken prairie servation plantings and for hay and given to the University of Nebraska for pasture production. experimental purposes. The effects of In general, cool-season grasses— different clipping treatments on the which grow early in the spring and ma- meadow are to be measured over a ture seed in early summer—have been period of years and the results inter- shown to have a much higher content preted each year in terms of the feeding of crude protein than those of the value of the hay. The first experiments warm-season group, which reach their showed that early-cutting and after- greatest growth in the hot months. As math harvests gave the best hay. such, they are important species for High quality is important in hay- consideration as hay. The cool-season making. Studies of the diíTcrent kinds group, including native western wheat- of prairie hays indicate that the pro- grass, wild-ryes, feather bunchgrass, tein content drops as the grasses ma- and the introduced crested wheatgrass, ture. There also seems to be a close intermediate wheatgrass, and brome- association between protein and caro- grass, offers the best possibilities for tene content of hays. Although the hay crops in the region. These tall early-cut hays usually contain enough grasses are suited to hay-harvesting protein to exceed minimum feed re- methods, but require considerable quirements, the later cut hays fre- amounts of moisture for maximum quently are deficient. Feeding of pro- yields. However, they combine vary- tein supplemients has become common ing degrees of ability to withstand in wintering cattle on native hay or on drought with the ability to produce the range, with the result that a maxi- good yields when moisture conditions mum return is had from the hays fed. are favorable. They are important for use in supplementing the warm-season Cultivated Perennials group, which predominate in native hays and on the range. Seed of adapted strains are needed On the other hand, adapted strains when croplands are put back into per- of the warm-season grasses such as big ennial grasses. Most of the commonly bluestem, switchgrass, sand lovegrass, cultivated forage grasses have never and the grama grasses are important been successfully established under the for reseeding on sandy soils and in the variable and severe climate of the southw^estern part where the cool-sea- Northern Great Plains. The native son species are less well adapted. HAY, FODDER, AND SILAGE CROPS 499 Crested wheatgrass is the most im- but the use of adapted strains and the portant introduced species in the re- recent favorable seasons have extended gion. Stands of this grass are useful its use farther westward. It is espe- supplements to the range for early cially recommended on fertile soils spring pasture; they make it possible and under irrigation in mixtures with to defer grazing of the warm-season alfalfa. range grasses until a proper growth has been made. If it is not used early Legume Hays in the season as pasturage^ crested wheatgrass will provide a hay or a Alfalfa, the most important legume seed crop. For the best hay it should be hay in the Northern Great Plains, is es- cut before a maximum of heading has pecially valuable in the finishing ration taken place in order to insure a high with grains for cattle and sheep. It is protein content. When properly han- also grown for shipment to dairy cen- dled, the feeding value of crested ters and for use as a component of wheatgrass is high, ranking with other commercial feeds. cool-season grasses and alfalfa. An- The alfalfa plant has a deep root other introduced wheatgrass that sho^vs system, and, onc(.^ established, can draw promise through the southern half of heavily on subsoil moisture. It can the region is intermediate wheatgrass. therefore survive moderately dry The demand for grasses to be used weather for rather long periods under for soil conservation purposes has proper management. Alfalfa is grown greatly increased the acreage of brome- to best advantage on fertile soils with grass along the eastern edge of the naturally favorable moisture condi- region. The Dakotas have long been tions or under irrigation, where it recognized as one of the principal pro- reaches its greatest production and is ducing areas of bromegrass seed in the valued as an important crop in the United States, Nebraska grew more rotation. With sufficient moisture, than 50 percent of the bromegrass seed three good cuttings are usually ob- in the United States in 1944 and 1945. tained a year in the southern part and It is estimated that plantings in Ne- two cuttings in the northern part.
Recommended publications
  • Hay for Horses: Alfalfa Or Grass?
    HAY FOR HORSES: ALFALFA OR GRASS? Anne Rodiek1 ABSTRACT Alfalfa hay is an excellent source of energy, protein, calcium and some other nutrients for horses. Its concentrations of protein and calcium meet the nutrient needs of horses in high levels of production, such as growth and lactation, but exceed the nutrient requirements of horses in other life stages. Controversy exists over the best use of alfalfa in horse rations. Grass hays are also popular for horses because of their lower energy, protein and calcium concentrations. Grass hay meets more closely the nutrient requirements of the largest percentage of horses, the idle horse. Tradition plays a large role in the selection of feeds for horses. Hay producers can help educate horse people about what hays are most beneficial to horses in different life stages. Key Words: alfalfa hay, grass hay, horses, nutrient requirements INTRODUCTION Alfalfa hay has been both heralded and maligned as a feed for horses. Tradition holds that timothy hay and oats are the best feeds for horses, and that alfalfa and corn spell disaster. Alfalfa hay may not be the best feed for all horses in all situations, but it contains nutrients needed for many classes of horses. Grass hay falls short of meeting the nutrient requirements of high production life stages, but is an excellent filler for horses that require bulk in the diet. An understanding of the nutrient requirements of horses compared to the nutrient content of alfalfa hay or grass hay will help nutritionists, hay producers, and horse owners make informed decisions about what type of hay to feed to horses.
    [Show full text]
  • Pricing Forage in the Field
    Pricing Forage in Ag Decision Maker the Field File A1-65 uestions often arise about how to arrive Example 2 at a fair price for standing crops such Qas corn silage, oats, hay, and cornstalks. Silage moisture level 70% Although there are no widely quoted market Silage dry matter level 100% - 70% = 30% prices for these crops, they can be valued Silage value at 65% $28.35 per ton according to their relative feed value and $28.35 x (30 / 35) = compared to other crops that have a known Silage value at 70% market price, such as corn grain or hay. $24.30 per ton Corn Silage The quantity of silage harvested can be estimated Corn silage can be quickly valued according to the by: price of corn grain. Taking into account the value 1. weighing several loads and counting the total of the grain, the extra fertilizer cost incurred and number of loads, the harvesting costs saved, a ton of corn silage in 2. calculating the storage capacity of the silo in the field is usually worth 8-10 times as much as a which it is stored (see AgDM Information File bushel of corn, depending on the potential grain and Decision Tool C6-82, Estimated Storage yield. Silage from a field that would yield above Capacity for Grains, Forages, and Liquids, 200 bushels per acre can be valued at 10 times the www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/wholefarm/ corn price. But if the potential yield is less than pdf/c6-82.pdf), or 100 bushels per acre, the silage should be valued 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Grass Silage
    Making Grass Silage Dr. Dan Undersander University of Wisconsin Fermentation analysis profile Legume Grass Corn Silage Silage Silage Moisture: 65%+ <65% 60-65% pH 4.0-4.3 4.3-4.7 3.8-4.2 Lactic Acid 6.0-8.0 6.0-10.0 5.0-10.0 Acetic Acid 1.0-3.0 1.0-3.0 1.0-3.0 Ethanol (% of DM) <1.0 <1.0 <3.0 Ammonia-N (% of CP) <15.0 <12.0 <8.0 Lactic: Acetic ratio 2+ 2+ 3+ Lactic (% of total acids) 60+ 60+ 70+ Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2013 High quality grass silage results from: 1. Harvesting high quality forage 2. Inoculation 3. Proper packing 4. Covering Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2013 Making Good Grass Silage Want 10–15% WSC (sugars) in the dry matter Young, leafy grass that has been well fertilized, grass/clover mixtures and autumn cuts tend to have low sugar levels Buffering capacity is directly related to how much sugar it takes to lower silage pH. Grass typically has a low buffering capacity and an adequate supply of sugars High rates of N increase buffering capacity. Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2013 Grass Dry Matter Digestibility 80 70 60 Indigestible DM 50 40 Recommended harvest 30 Digestible DM 20 10 0 leaf stage boot stage heading full flower Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2013 Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2013 Cool Season Grasses Head only on first Cutting 2nd and later cuttings Harvest 1st cutting at boot stage are primarily leaves Boot stage Heading Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2013 Mowing, Conditioning Mowing height - 3.5 to 4 inches Promotes rapid grass regrowth Reduces dirt contamination Condition with flail conditioner Make wide
    [Show full text]
  • Agr79: Producing Corn for Silage
    AGR-79 Producing Corn for Silage Chad D. Lee, James H. Herbek, Garry Lacefi eld, and Ray Smith, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences orn for silage has been a valuable source of feed for cattle. lage is often in the 113 to 120 days maturity range in Kentucky. CHigh-quality corn silage is obtained with a combination Depending on acreage and harvesting requirements, selecting of good crop management practices, good silage management hybrids across this range in maturity can help with harvest sched- practices, and optimum weather conditions. This publication will ules. Not only does selecting a range in maturity help spread out focus on the management practices of growing corn for silage. harvesting, but it can help spread out the workload for postemer- gence weed control and the risks associated with pollination. Crop Management Practices The growth and maturity of a corn hybrid are closely Hybrid Selection related to daily and sea- Selecting hybrids is an important decision in silage produc- sonal temperature levels. A tion. Capitalizing on high-yielding hybrids will allow you to more accurate scheme for raise more silage per acre. labeling corn hybrid matu- Each year, hybrids for grain are evaluated at seven locations rity is the growing degree across the state in the University of Kentucky Hybrid Corn Perfor- day (GDD) method. The mance Test. The hybrid performance test provides an annual report GGD method predicts corn and ranks yields from each location, averaged over all locations maturities based on mean and averaged across one, two, and three years. Land grant universi- daily temperatures during the ties in neighboring states conduct similar tests.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Slope of Growing Trays on Productivity of Wheat Green Fodder by a Nutrient Film Technique System
    water Article Impact of Slope of Growing Trays on Productivity of Wheat Green Fodder by a Nutrient Film Technique System Andrius Grigas 1, Aurelija Kemzurait¯ e˙ 1,* , Dainius Steponaviˇcius 1, Aušra Steponaviˇciene˙ 2 and Rolandas Domeika 1 1 Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Safety, Vytautas Magnus University, Agriculture Academy, Studentu˛St. 15A, LT-53362 Kaunas, Lithuania; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (R.D.) 2 Catering Department, Kaunas University of Applied Sciences, Pramones˙ Ave. 22, LT-50387 Kaunas, Lithuania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 September 2020; Accepted: 24 October 2020; Published: 27 October 2020 Abstract: Application of hydroponic systems in feed production has not been extensively studied. Therefore, there is insufficient data on the effect of the slope of hydroponic growing trays used in the nutrient film technique on wheat fodder yield and its qualitative parameters. The slope of the trays has only been studied for food crops. This study conducted experimental research using a nutrient film technique hydroponic fodder growing device to evaluate the impact of growing tray slope angle on hydroponic wheat fodder production. The slope angle of the growing trays was changed from 2.0% (1.15◦) to 8.0% (4.57◦) with increments of 1.5% (0.86◦). This research used two different light sources for wheat sprout illumination: indoor lighting (fluorescent lamps) and light-emitting diode illumination. In addition, two nutrient solutions were used for sprout irrigation: tap water and a solution enriched with macro- and microelements. Experimental studies confirmed the hypothesis that the slope angle of growing trays significantly affects the yield of wheat fodder grown for seven days.
    [Show full text]
  • From Harvest to Feed: Understanding Silage Management Contents
    From Harvest to Feed: Understanding Silage Management Contents Introduction .................................................................. 1 Advantages of silage .................................................... 1 Disadvantages of silage ................................................ 1 Silage Fermentation .................................................... 2 Phases of normal fermentation ................................... 2 Undesirable fermentation ............................................ 4 Harvest Guidelines to Maximize Forage Quality and Minimize Losses ....................... 6 Pre-harvest preparations .............................................. 6 Moisture content and maturity ................................... 6 Chop length and particle size .................................... 10 Oxygen exclusion ........................................................ 11 Management practices specific to silo type ............. 12 Harvest concerns specific to crop type..................... 15 Harvest concerns related to weather ........................ 15 Silage Additives ......................................................... 19 Fermentation stimulants ............................................ 19 Fermentation inhibitors .............................................. 22 Nutrient additives ....................................................... 22 Recommendations for additive use .......................... 23 Conclusions .................................................................. 25 Feeding Management ..............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Using Fodder from Trees and Shrubs to Feed Livestock in the Tropics. Better Farmin Series No. 42
    ISSN 0259-2479 better farming series 42 using fodder from trees and shrubs to feed livestock in the tropics FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS TT The titles published in this series are designed as hand-books for intermediate-level agricultural education and training courses. They may be purchased as a set or individually. 1. The plant: the living plant; the root 2. The plant: the stem; the buds; the leaves 3. The plant: the flower 4. The soil: how the soil is made up 5. The soil: how to conserve the soil 6. The soil: how to improve the soil 7. Crop farming 8. Animal husbandry: feeding and care of animals 9. Animal husbandry: animal diseases; how animals reproduce 10. The farm business survey 11. Cattle breeding 12. Sheep and goat breeding 13. Keeping chickens 14. Farming with animal power 15. Cereals 16. Roots and tubers 17. Groundnuts 18. Bananas 19. Market gardening 20. Upland rice 21. Wet paddy or swamp rice 22. Cocoa 23. Coffee 24. The oil palm 25. The rubber tree 26. The modern farm business 27. Freshwater fish farming: how to begin 28. Water: where water comes from 29. Better freshwater fish farming: the pond 30. Better freshwater fish farming: the fish 31. Biogas: what it is; how it is made; how to use it 32. Biagas 2: building a better biogas unit 33. Farming snails 1: learning about snails; building a pen; food and shelter plants 34. Farming snails 2: choosing snails; care and harvesting; further improvement 35. Better freshwater fish farming: further improvement 36.
    [Show full text]
  • What About Hay?
    Small Ruminant Series What About Hay? by Dr. Rick Machen Associate Professor & Extension Livestock Specialist Texas Agric ultural Exte nsio n Service, Uvalde Rumina nts ( goats, cattle, sheep, deer, ante lope, elk, bison, etc.) are, by desi gn, grazi ng animals. Their rumen, the largest gastrointestinal compartment, is an environment wherein bacteria anaerobically ferment (digest) forages. This unique digestive process converts solar energy captured by plants into higher quality, more nutrient dense foods like milk and meat. Compared to harvest by a grazing animal, hay production is an expensive process, involving fossi l fuel, mac hinery and man- hours. Haying als o involves si gnificant s oil nutri ent relocation when compared to grazing. Protein ( nitrogen) and minerals harveste d and hauled off the soil of a hay meadow or field must be replaced if optimal hay production is to be maintained. Grazing, on the other hand, is part of a natural cycle. A portion of the nitrogen and minerals from the consumed forage is returned to the soil with urine and feces. So, whether it s feeding beef cows on the open range or goats in a small paddock, hay is not a supplement - it is a substitute. A s ubstitute for the s tanding forage or browse that makes up the diet of a ruminant animal in their natural habitat. As shown in the Table 1, the typical diet of a foraging goat ranges from !S to ½ browse and ½ to !S grass, depending upon season and availability of the respective forages. Goats are opportunistic grazers and will select a diversity of plants to result in the highest attai nable diet quality.
    [Show full text]
  • What Hay Is Right for Your Livestock
    What Hay Is Right For Your Livestock Tom Gallagher Capital Area Agriculture Horticulture Program Livestock Specialist What Have We Learned So Far? • Renovate fields • Establish new stands • Maintain existing stands Harvesting • Haying equipment needed • Dry hay making large round & square bales • Making balage Storage • Round bales wrapped or stacked dry • Round bales wrapped or ensiled balage • Square bales in a barn • Knowing what you have Determining Forage Quality • Forage testing • Reading forage test results • Feed value terms Forage Quality • Determines feeding value and price • Determines Dry matter Intake (DMI) • Determines what livestock you will feed it to and when • Determines who you will sell it to or who will buy it Feeding Hay To Livestock • Horses • Cattle • Goats • Sheep • Alpacas Factors To Consider When Choosing A Hay To Feed • Clean hay • Nutrient value • Type of animal being fed • Maturity Clean Hay Free Of Mold And Dust Causes of Moldy or Dusty Hay • Rained on after it was cut • Baled too green (over 15% moisture) • Baled to dry • Improper storage • Weeds • Feeding on the ground • Floods How To Determine If Hay Is Moldy Or Dusty • See the mold on the outside of the bale • Smell the mold • See the mold or dust when feeding • The bale feels wet or hot • Heavy bales Nutrient Value Of Hay Legumes- – High in protein 15-20% – High in energy (ton) 48-55% – High in calcium 0.9-1.5% Grasses- – Protein 7-11% – Energy 42-50% – Calcium .3-.5% Why the wide ranges legume to legume or grass to grass. Matching Hay Type To The Horse Not all horses have the same nutrient needs • High nutrient requirements – Growing horses – Lactating mares – Working draft breeds – Racing horses Early-maturity alfalfa, alfalfa grass or grass hay are more palatable and higher in nutrients.
    [Show full text]
  • New Twists to Butyric Acid in Haylages and Prevention
    NEW TWISTS TO BUTYRIC ACID IN HAYLAGES AND PREVENTION Preventing clostridial growth and the production of deleterious fermentation byproducts such as butyric acid, iso-butyric acid, amines, ammonia etc. is critical to insure high quality haylage crops. Until only recently it seemed that we knew how to prevent the prevention of butyric acid production in haylages. The first key to preventing clostridial fementation and or the production of butyric acid and amines was proper dry matter. Wilting small grain silages and haylages to moisture levels of 65% or less, i.e minimum dry matter of 35% or greater supposedly assured clostridial fermentations would be prevented and hence so would butyric acid and other undesirable by-products. Preventing contamination of haylage crops with excessive soil (and manure) has also been considered critical to preventing clostridia. “Ash” poses several challenges. First it is a source of undesirable micro-organisms. Second, the ash itself is a buffer, requiring more acid produced in order to reach the same terminal pH. Other key practices to preventing clostridia and butyric acid production would include filling and packing haylage crops as fast as possible to prevent prolonged plant respiration from depleting the necesaary sugars to fuel an adquate fermentation. Even when producers use best management practices, there is a preponderance of research documenting the benefit of using both bacterial inoculants and or combinations of bacteria and enzymes to help improve the fermentation of haylages and lessen the risk of clostridial fermentation. Recently however we see more and more instances of low to moderate levels of butyric acid and other evidence of clostridial fermentations even in relatively dry haylages (over 35% dry matter) that are low in ash (10-12%) that were harvested correctly, packed well and sealed well and even inoculated.
    [Show full text]
  • Fodder Management Guidelines Help Reduce the Spread of Weeds and Prevent the Establishment of New Weed Species in the Region and State
    Fodder management guidelines Help reduce the spread of weeds and prevent the establishment of new weed species in the region and state. These guidelines will help land managers and the community to protect and maintain productive agricultural resources. Definition Please contact Natural Resources Kangaroo Island (NRKI) if you suspect that purchased fodder may Fodder is defined as any dried livestock feed, be contaminated with declared weeds or weeds such as natural pasture or sown crops cut for hay that are not present on Kangaroo Island. or silage, cereal stubble and chaff. Contaminated fodder and grain Producer responsibilities The producer of fodder should: Section 177 of the Natural Resources Management Act 2004 prohibits the sale of • prepare fodder free of stones, wire, toxic declared plants and animals and the sale of plant material, mould or parts of any plants anything carrying a declared plant including declared under the Natural Resources parts of plants such as seeds, etc. Management Act 2004 • minimise the risk of fodder becoming Any fodder contaminated with a declared contaminated by declared plant seeds after plant cannot be sold or transported without preparation the written permission of an authorised officer • provide written advice of known from the source region and agreement of the contaminants authorised officer from the region where the fodder is to be delivered. • clean out fodder storage areas before introducing a new supply. The NRKI control officers can help with plant Storage identification to reduce potential hazards for Closely monitor the area where fodder is stored production areas. to detect any germinating weeds. The storage area should not be near livestock or vehicle Buyer responsibilities traffic to reduce the risk of accidental weed seed spread.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Forage Quality
    Suggested retail price $3.50 Understanding forage quality Don Ball Mike Collins Garry Lacefield Neal Martin David Mertens Ken Olson Dan Putnam Dan Undersander Mike Wolf Contents Understanding forage quality 1 What is forage quality? 2 Factors affecting forage quality 3 Species differences 3 Temperature 3 Maturity stage 4 Leaf-to-stem ratio 4 Grass-legume mixtures 5 Fertilization 5 Daily fluctuations in forage quality 5 Variety effects 5 Harvesting and storage effects 6 Sensory evaluation of hay 7 Laboratory analysis of forage 8 Laboratory analytical techniques 8 Laboratory proficiency 10 Understanding laboratory reports 11 Matching forage quality to animal needs 12 Reproduction 12 Growth 13 Fattening 13 Lactation 13 Economic impacts of forage quality 14 Pasture forage quality 14 Hay quality 15 Other considerations 15 Key concepts to remember 15 Additional information 15 Glossary 16 Adequate animal nutrition is essential In recent years, advances in plant and Understanding for high rates of gain, ample milk pro- animal breeding, introduction of new duction, efficient reproduction, and products, and development of new forage quality adequate profits (see sidebar). management approaches have made orage quality is defined in various However, forage quality varies greatly it possible to increase animal perform- ways but is often poorly under- among and within forage crops, and ance. However, for this to be realized, Fstood. It represents a simple nutritional needs vary among and there must be additional focus on concept, yet encompasses much com- within animal species and classes. forage quality.The purpose of this plexity.Though important, forage Producing suitable quality forage for a publication is to provide information quality often receives far less consid- given situation requires knowing the about forage quality and forage eration than it deserves.
    [Show full text]