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US Army Unmanned Aircraft Systems Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2014-06 þÿU.S. Army Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) a historical perspective to identifying and understanding stakeholder relationships Lowe, Donald R. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/42678 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA JOINT APPLIED PROJECT U.S. ARMY UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (UAS)—A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO IDENTIFYING AND UNDERSTANDING STAKEHOLDER RELATIONSHIPS By: Donald R. Lowe, Holly B. Story, and Matthew B. Parsons June 2014 Advisor: Richard B. Doyle Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2014 Joint Applied Project 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS U.S. ARMY UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (UAS)—A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO IDENTIFYING AND UNDERSTANDING STAKEHOLDER RELATIONSHIPS 6. AUTHOR(S) Donald R. Lowe, Holly B. Story, Matthew B. Parsons 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB protocol number ____N/A____. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited A 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) This research is intended to advance understanding of relationships between unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) stakeholders and programs to allow the Army to increase efficiencies and reduce costs. It was found that the Army had never completed a formal UAS stakeholder identification and analysis. Internal and external stakeholders are identified here and fall within categories of Army executive program leadership (e.g., Program Executive Office for Aviation), Army and service components (active, Guard, reserve forces), senior Army leadership (e.g., Headquarters, Department of Army), other federal and non-federal government entities (e.g., Congress), commercial interests (e.g., industry and academia), and other interested parties, such as the American people. An analysis of relationships affecting these stakeholders was conducted, including organizational beliefs and cultures, management of resources, policies and law and future UAS enhancements planned by the Army and industry partners. The most important problems found were inter-service and inter-branch disputes that shape UAS policies and procedures, forecasting for future UAS growth while managing costs and finding more efficient, less redundant ways to use current UAS capabilities, and safe integration into the national airspace system. This stakeholder analysis allows the Army to leverage the support of others for funding, resources, intellectual property, lessons learned and cooperation. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Army unmanned aircraft system, stakeholder, funding, National Airspace 15. NUMBER OF System PAGES 133 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited U.S. ARMY UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (UAS)—A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO IDENTIFYING AND UNDERSTANDING STAKEHOLDER RELATIONSHIPS Donald R. Lowe, Civilian, Department of the Navy Holly B. Story, Civilian, Department of the Army Matthew B. Parsons, Civilian, Department of the Army Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PROGRAM MANAGEMENT From the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 2014 Authors: Donald R. Lowe Holly B. Story Matthew B. Parsons Approved by: Richard B. Doyle William R. Gates, Dean Graduate School of Business and Public Policy iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv U.S. ARMY UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (UAS)—A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO IDENTIFYING AND UNDERSTANDING STAKEHOLDER RELATIONSHIPS ABSTRACT This research is intended to advance understanding of relationships between unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) stakeholders and programs to allow the Army to increase efficiencies and reduce costs. It was found that the Army had never completed a formal UAS stakeholder identification and analysis. Internal and external stakeholders are identified here and fall within categories of Army executive program leadership (e.g., Program Executive Office for Aviation), Army and service components (active, Guard, reserve forces), senior Army leadership (e.g., Headquarters, Department of Army), other federal and non-federal government entities (e.g., Congress), commercial interests (e.g., industry and academia), and other interested parties, such as the American people. An analysis of relationships affecting these stakeholders was conducted, including organizational beliefs and cultures, management of resources, policies and law and future UAS enhancements planned by the Army and industry partners. The most important problems found were inter-service and inter-branch disputes that shape UAS policies and procedures, forecasting for future UAS growth while managing costs and finding more efficient, less redundant ways to use current UAS capabilities, and safe integration into the national airspace system. This stakeholder analysis allows the Army to leverage the support of others for funding, resources, intellectual property, lessons learned and cooperation. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF U.S. ARMY UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS .....................................................................................................................1 A. HISTORY .........................................................................................................1 1. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: 1840–1930 .............................................1 2. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles/Targets: 1930–1950 ...............................2 3. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles/Targets: 1950–1970 ...............................4 4. Unmanned Aerial Targets: 1970–Present ..........................................6 5. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: 1960–2003 .............................................6 B. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF MODERN DAY ARMY UNMANNED AIRCRAFT ............................................................................11 1. Corps Level .........................................................................................12 2. Division Level .....................................................................................13 3. Brigade Level ......................................................................................15 4. Battalion Level and Below.................................................................16 5. Common Systems Integration ...........................................................17 C. OPERATIONAL USAGE OF ARMY UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYTEMS .........................................................................................................19 1. Movement and Maneuver .................................................................19 2. Intelligence ..........................................................................................19 3. Fires .....................................................................................................20 4. Protection ............................................................................................20 5. Sustainment ........................................................................................20 6. Command and Control ......................................................................20 D. SUMMARY ....................................................................................................21 II. U.S. ARMY UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS STAKEHOLDERS ............23 A. STAKEHOLDER DEFINITION .................................................................24 B. STAKEHOLDER IMPORTANCE ..............................................................24 C. STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS .....................................................................25 1. Step 1: Identification of Key Stakeholders ......................................26 a. TIER 1: Program Executive and Management .....................31 b. TIER 2: U.S. Army, National Guard and Other U.S. Forces ......................................................................................33
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