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'Freaky:' an Exploration of the Development of Dominant
From ‘Classical’ To ‘Freaky:’ an Exploration of the Development of Dominant, Organised, Male Bodybuilding Culture Dimitrios Liokaftos Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London Submitted for the Degree of PhD in Sociology February 2012 1 Declaration: The work presented in this thesis is my own. Dimitrios Liokaftos Signed, 2 Abstract Through a combination of historical and empirical research, the present thesis explores the development of dominant, organized bodybuilding culture across three periods: early (1880s-1930s), middle (1940s-1970s), and late (1980s-present). This periodization reflects the different paradigms in bodybuilding that the research identifies and examines at the level of body aesthetic, model of embodied practice, aesthetic of representation, formal spectacle, and prevalent meanings regarding the 'nature' of bodybuilding. Employing organized bodybuilding displays as the axis for the discussion, the project traces the gradual shift from an early bodybuilding model, represented in the ideal of the 'classical,' 'perfect' body, to a late-modern model celebrating the 'freaky,' 'monstrous' body. This development is shown to have entailed changes in notions of the 'good' body, moving from a 'restorative' model of 'all-around' development, health, and moderation whose horizon was a return to an unsurpassable standard of 'normality,' to a technologically-enhanced, performance- driven one where 'perfection' assumes the form of an open-ended project towards the 'impossible.' Central in this process is a shift in male identities, as the appearance of the body turns not only into a legitimate priority for bodybuilding practitioners but also into an instance of sport performance in bodybuilding competition. Equally central, and related to the above, is a shift from a model of amateur competition and non-instrumental practice to one of professional competition and extreme measures in search of the winning edge. -
Erotic and Physique Studios Photography Collection, Circa 1930-2005 Coll2014-051
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8br8z8d No online items Finding aid to the erotic and physique studios photography collection, circa 1930-2005 Coll2014-051 Michael C. Oliveira ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives, USC Libraries, University of Southern California © 2017 909 West Adams Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 [email protected] URL: http://one.usc.edu Coll2014-051 1 Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives, USC Libraries, University of Southern California Title: Erotic and physique studios photography collection creator: ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives Identifier/Call Number: Coll2014-051 Physical Description: 30 Linear Feet37 boxes. Date (inclusive): circa 1930-2005 Abstract: Photographs produced from the 1930s through 2010 by gay erotic or physique photography studios. The studios named in this collection range from short-lived single person operations to larger corporations. Arrangement This collection is divided into two series: (1) Photographic prints and (2) Negatives and slides. Both series are arranged alphabetically. Conditions Governing Access The collection is open to researchers. There are no access restrictions. Conditions Governing Use All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the ONE Archivist. Permission for publication is given on behalf of ONE National Gay and Lesbian Archives at USC Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained. Immediate Source of Acquisition This collection comprises photographs garnered from numerous donations to ONE Archives, many of which are unknown or anonymous. Dan Luckenbill, Neil Edwards, Harold Dittmer, and Dan Raymon are among some of the known donors of photographs in this collection. -
The Bodybuilding Truth
NELSON MONTANA THE BODYBUILDING TRUTH Dear friend and fellow athlete, Think you know about bodybuilding? Think again. If you really knew how to build the ultimate body in less than six months time, would you keep paying for more? More supplements? More personal training? More courses? More magazines? Would you keep spending your money on the deceptions, the product scams, the bogus supplements, and the false muscle building methods that the bodybuilding marketers propagate to line their pockets? The end result. Your bodybuilding progress is held back while the fat cats get rich. What if you knew the truth? What if someone were to blow the whistle on the con artists within the bodybuilding world and at the same time, share with you the secrets for packing on thick, dense muscle - fast! And burning off every last ounce of your bodyfat! Sounds unthinkable right? Well, the unthinkable has just happened. Every week I get at least one proposal from some self-appointed guru wanting us to publish his latest bodybuilding book. I read them, but never publish them, because basically, they're all worthless. However, the latest book by my friend Mr. Nelson Montana, titled The Bodybuilding Truth – Insider Secrets You're Not Supposed to Know, literally blew me away. And it blew away hundreds of ideas that I had accepted as truth for years about the sport of bodybuilding and exposed everything the bodybuilding marketers don't want you to know. Nelson Montana is an in your face kind of guy; he tells it like it is. A bodybuilding industry insider, Montana worked for Testosterone Magazine, but got fired because he refused to write an article touting ZMA, a fancy Zinc supplement, as the latest thing for muscle growth. -
The Most Effective Muscle Producing Program Ever! by Leo Costa & Dr
THE MOST EFFECTIVE MUSCLE PRODUCING PROGRAM EVER! BY LEO COSTA & DR. R. L. HORINE TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION . 5 INTRODUCTION . 7 The Training. .Model: A. .New .Road .Map CHAPTER .1 . 13 Basic .Principles .Of Training. CHAPTER .2 . 19 Training .Stress .Factors CHAPTER .3 . 33 Constructing The. .Optimal Training. .Model CHAPTER .4 . 43 Exercise .Selection CHAPTER .5 . 49 The Workout:. .Level .One, Two. .and Three. Training. The Workout. .Charts . 53-96 CHAPTER .6 . 97 Advanced Techniques. CHAPTER .7 . 103 Recovery CHAPTER .8 . 109 Nutrition CHAPTER .9 . 119 Performance .Supplementation CHAPTER .10 . 127 Monitoring Your. .Progress CONCLUSION . 133 ADDENDUM . 135 How .to .Gain .4 .Pounds .of .Muscle .in .10 .Days BIG BEYOND BELIEF Daniel J. Boorstin, a well known historian and author, successfully argues that the first true pioneer of systematic modern exploration was Prince Henry The Navigator of Portugal. In the early 1400s under the leadership of Prince Henry, Portugal began a systematic exploration of unknown lands. This was accomplished by repeatedly sending out explorers. Each one ven- turing farther than the one before, then returned to report their findings to the mapmakers. These mapmakers then gradually constructed more accurate maps and built a foundation that allowed the explorers to venture still farther. This was the first organized cooperation between mapmaker and explorer. This book could never have been written if not for the unreasonable efforts of early explorers and mapmakers in bodybuilding. This book is dedicated to these early pioneers. Vince Gironda Bill Pearl John Grimek Arnold Swarzeneggar (of course) And the current pioneers: Dr. Mauro Di Pasquale Angel Spassov Yuri Verishonski Ivan Ivanov Also: A special thanks to Joe Weider for his untiring efforts to increase the awareness of bodybuilding around the world. -
The Big Scoop Shawn Perine, Writer-At-Large For
The Big Scoop Shawn Perine, writer-at-large for Flex magazine and creator of the informative and entertaining website, IronAge, requested a telephone interview for an upcoming article. We would set up a date for the conversation; Shawn would ask a series of exciting questions to which I would respond with equally exciting answers, all to be completed in 90 exciting minutes. Any sane person would have said, “Sure.” Not me. Instead, I sent the following letter. Dear Shawn, It’s a compliment to be interviewed and I appreciate the exposure and attention and the thought that someone might be interested in what I have to say. Truth is I’ve read too many over-the-phone taped dialogues in which I sound as provocative and enlightening and entertaining as an old plowhorse snortin’ in the barn. Try as I might, no expression or passion is conveyed without voice inflection, gestures or the use of the right words. Bright spontaneity is what you hope for and redundancy is what you get. “That’s what I said, yeah, but that’s not what I meant to say” is my agitated reaction to statements I throw out on tape. The truth hurts, I guess, and my on-the-spot articulation is for the birds. Plus, I am not fond of the phone and the anticipation of phone calls -- gives me hives, very itchy. Jeez, alright already, Bomber. With this in mind, let me mess with my keyboard instead. Hardcore muscle-builders are a strange lot. Excuse me, time to light the incense and chant.. -
The Lastinterview
THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CULTURE December 2000 Volume 6 Number 4 The LastInterview As many IGH readers know, we’ve been working on a book about the cultural significance of Muscle Beach for the past several years. As part of our research for that book, we’ve interviewed many of the “regulars” of Muscle Beach. On 10 June 1999 we visited with Steve Reeves, and as far as we know, this was the last formal interview he ever gave. We met Steve at his horse ranch in southern California and taped him in the living room of his spacious Spanish-style ranchhouse. Present for the interview with us was Steve’s longtime companion, Deborah Englehorn Reeves. Steve was dressed in his work clothes— blue jeans, a short-sleeved work shirt, and a pair of well-worn boots. He was a wonderful host, proudly showing us his beautiful Morgan horses and the stable he had personally designed to house them. The day was warm and he was the picture of vigorous health—lean yet thick, with a youthful stride, that legendary face, a pair of hands and forearms that bespoke a lifetime of hard work, and the relaxed attitude of a man at peace with himself. —Jan and Terry Todd TT: Yesterday, when I spoke to Armand Tanny, he told me that he remembers very fondly the days you guys spent down there at Muscle Beach and he said he has a pretty clear memory of the first time he ever saw you. He knew who you were. Maybe he’d seen a photograph of you when you were still a teenager and so when he saw you come to the Beach that first time, he recognized who you were. -
Steroids: an Historical Perspective Some Years Ago, During My Annual Visit to the Home of David Building Magazines Such As Iron Man
VOLUME 1 NUMBER 2 APRIL 1990 Steroids: An Historical Perspective Some years ago, during my annual visit to the home of David building magazines such as Iron Man. For those who might be P. Willoughby, he and I were comparing the lifting and the unaware of the drug testing procedures, a bit of history might physiques of the pre-steroid and post-steroid eras. In that dis- be in order. cussion, one of several we had on the subject over the years, Testing for anabolic steroids was first used in 1976, at Dave told me that he found it increasingly hard to take real the Montreal Olympics, and the weightlifting community has interest in the accomplishments of strength athletes since 1960. the unfortunate distinction of having produced more positive (Many people close to the game know that 1960 was the year results than any other sport from those first drug tests. (Two of in which Dr. John Ziegler convinced Tony Garcy and Bill the most famous lifters who tested positive for steroids in 1976 March of the York Barbell Club and Lou Riecke of the New were the Bulgarian, Blago Blagoev, and the American, Phil Orleans Athletic Club to begin using a form of training called Grippaldi.) In the ensuing years, athletes from many other isometric contraction and to begin taking a pill called Di- sports have tested positive and no longer does the average anabol, and that the dramatic success of these three athletes sports fan believe that the only athletes who use steroids are ushered in the steroid era.) weightlifters and bodybuilders. -
The Roark Report: Gyms of the Past
IRON GAME HISTORY VOLUME 2 NUMBER 3 THE ROARK REPORT Gyms of the Past Remember the enchantment of walking into a gym 20 or more years ago? There, in place, were barbells and dumbells that were incremented in reasonable poundages, lat machines made with professional parts, benches that did not wobble. And friendship. In those days, gyms often held Grand Openings, but, of course, not Grand Closings. While the start of a new gym may have been announced in the muscle mags, the failures were not billboarded. Therefore, since the sources used to produce the following list of gyms were primarily drawn from the pages of various magazines in the field, only the startings of some gyms are recorded here. Endings have trailed into vagueness. You can help us define the histories of these and other gyms. The list which follows is very incomplete, but with your help it can become more accurate and double or triple in length and substance. If you have any information about these or other gyms in North America during this century—any brochure, newspaper clipping, photo, or personal recollection—please share them with IGH and we will try to gather even more information about these other gyms. Again, please do not assume that we have information just because you have it. You may have a rare bit of documentation. Any help will be welcomed. Study this list, and remember. Then remember to help us. Joe Roark American College of Modern Weightlifting Vern Bickel & Jim Booker: Mid-American Al Christensen’s 212 Chittenden St., Akron, Ohio Studio 2121 S. -
2016 Yearbook
National Fitness Hall of Fame Yearbook - 2016 Launching the “Legacy Leaders” Major Gifts Campaign “I'm thrilled to be inducted into the NFHOF, important and unique in its commitment to the preservation of fitness history. For the past decade, they've pioneered efforts to promote fitness for all by recognizing the industry's top talent. The NFHOF stands alone in its efforts to support an industry integral to the wellbeing of billions, creating value for its members far beyond the prestige of an induction. The NFHOF recognition helps not just me, but those I'm leading to healthier lives. Leslie Sansone - NFHOF Board Member & “Legacy Leader” 1 National Fitness Hall of Fame Yearbook - 2016 “Fitness Legends, Heroes and SuperStars” Thanks to all of our 2016 Donors Visionaries - (10,000+) Leslie Sansone Benefactors - ($5,000+) Beth & Charlie Kuntzleman Dr. Joseph C. Maroon has stepped up and is the first to offer to sponsor the Ambassadors - National Fitness Hall of Fame’s new exhibit, “Fitness Legends, Heroes and SuperStars.” The 2010 NFHOF Inductee is a true SuperStar doctor, Ironman ($2,500+) Tony Little athlete and great guy. Dr. Joseph Maroon, Below are some “Fitness Legends of Yesterday.” How many can you name? MD Patrons - ($1,000+) Greg Justice Debbie & Bill Crawford Associates - ($500+) Frank “Rudy” Ruettiger John “The Beast” Azari Boosters - ($250+) Bob & Gilda Marx Sara Kooperman Fred Hatfield, PhD Elaine LaLanne Joe Lupo & Sandy Karlan Thomas Sattler, EdD 2 AD SponsorsNational of Fitnessour Souvenir Hall of Fame Yearbook Program - 2016 - Thanks! We would like to thank the following individuals and companies who supported us with an AD-message in our program. -
Arthur Jones: an Unconventional Character
March 2005 Iron Game History Arthur Jones: AN UNCONVENTIONAL CHARACTER Bill Pearl It's impossible to overlook this opportunity to give you more insight on the Arthur Jones I know. He is, by far, one of the most unique individuals I've ever met. Mike Mentzer (former I.F.B.B. Mr. America winner) attempted to describe Arthur by stating, "Arthur Jones is not a relaxing person to be with. He does not lightly Although Arthur Jones loved his coffee and cigarettes, he loved resistance training, too, and he practiced it in his exchange words. He spews facts, torrents of them, earlier years. In the early 1960s, as this photo attests, gleaned from studies and perhaps more important, from Jones possessed an admirable physique. practical application of theory, personal observations er 'gawd'-damn wildlife that I capture in South America. and incisive deduction. You don't converse with Arthur But I'm not new to the film business. I've made several Jones: you attend his lectures. He is opinionated, chal- documentaries." "When do you plan to start filming?" I lenging, intense and blunt." asked. "As soon as I can get your ass down to I am in total agreement with Mike. This is just a Louisiana." "What am I supposed to do in this movie?" taste of my on-again/off-again relationship with Arthur, "Whatever it takes to make the 'gawd'-damn thing sell!" which began in 1958. Early one Monday morning, while "How much are you willing to pay?" "How much are I was opening the door to my Sacramento gym, Arthur you worth?" We agreed on a price and, to this day, I've appeared out of nowhere. -
2010Year-In-Review
Mission The USAWA was formed to continue the long standing tradition of old-time weightlifters like Eugen Sandow, Louis Cyr, Arthur Saxon, Hermann Goerner, Warren Lincoln Travis, and many others. We strive to preserve the history of the original forms of weightlifting, which in the past has been referred to as ―odd lifting‖. Many of the lifts we perform are based on stage acts or challenge lifts of old-time strongmen. History The USAWA was organized in 1987 and was a charter member of the International All-Round Weightlifting Association. The USAWA has over 150 recognized lifts and 8000 plus records, so any strength athlete can find their niche. We have a drug testing program to encourage drug free lifting. Numerous local meets and a National competition are held each year to find true ―all-round‖ weightlifters. Officers President: Vice President: Denny Habecker Chad Ullom 637 North 11th Avenue 1219 SW Warren Lebanon, PA 17046 Avenue Phone: 717-272-5077 Topeka, KS 66604 Phone: 785-233-2466 Secretary/Treasurer: Al Myers 1126 Eden Road Abilene, KS 67410 Phone: 785-479-2264 Webmaster: Assistant Webmaster: Al Myers Thom Van Vleck 1126 Eden Road 23958 Morgan Road Abilene, KS 67410 Greentop, MO 63546 Phone: 785-479-2264 email: [email protected] Executive Board: Denny Habecker, Chad Ullom, Al Myers, Dennis Mitchell, and Scott Schmidt Records Director: Joe Garcia Officials Director: Joe Garcia Drug Enforcement Director: Chad Ullom Awards Director: Al Myers 2010 USAWA Membership Roster (list includes Club Affiliation and Date Joined) Arnold, Chris -
The Iron Grapevine
December 2000 Iron Game History It was the Reeves movies more than anything else In 1977, Muscle Mag International publisher that inspired my training in the late 50s and early Bob Kennedy asked a variety of iron game notables 60s. His films also marked the beginning of the to pay tribute to Steve Reeves’ legacy on the occas- public accepetance of bodybuilding sion of Reeves’ 50th birthday. Excerpts from their —Frank Zane comments are included in boldface below, along with just a few of the letters and tributes we received from Dear IGH: our readers. We thank Bob Kennedy for permission Terry’s piece on Reeves in the May/June 2000 to reprint these, and thank the many loyal IGH read- Iron Game History was a beautifully written tribute! ers who sent us their personal memories of Steve. We Doreen and I read it aloud to each other, pausing at the also thank Deborah Engelhorn Reeves for permission elegant passages, wiping away a tear or two, and just to reprint many of the photographs of Steve con- smiling in appreciation and gratitude that you folks are tained in this issue. there doing what you do so well! So little is reported on We’d also like to let our readers know that our heroes in the national press, so little accord is given there are two excellent sources for further informa- to the lifetimes spent in pursuit of our sport . I sin- tion about Steve Reeves and his life. Chris LeClaire cerely hope that Steve Reeves is happy wherever he is, collaborated with Reeves on an authorized biography but I am certain he knew that all of his achievements called, Steve Reeves: Worlds to Conquer.