The Roark Report: Gyms of the Past
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'Freaky:' an Exploration of the Development of Dominant
From ‘Classical’ To ‘Freaky:’ an Exploration of the Development of Dominant, Organised, Male Bodybuilding Culture Dimitrios Liokaftos Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London Submitted for the Degree of PhD in Sociology February 2012 1 Declaration: The work presented in this thesis is my own. Dimitrios Liokaftos Signed, 2 Abstract Through a combination of historical and empirical research, the present thesis explores the development of dominant, organized bodybuilding culture across three periods: early (1880s-1930s), middle (1940s-1970s), and late (1980s-present). This periodization reflects the different paradigms in bodybuilding that the research identifies and examines at the level of body aesthetic, model of embodied practice, aesthetic of representation, formal spectacle, and prevalent meanings regarding the 'nature' of bodybuilding. Employing organized bodybuilding displays as the axis for the discussion, the project traces the gradual shift from an early bodybuilding model, represented in the ideal of the 'classical,' 'perfect' body, to a late-modern model celebrating the 'freaky,' 'monstrous' body. This development is shown to have entailed changes in notions of the 'good' body, moving from a 'restorative' model of 'all-around' development, health, and moderation whose horizon was a return to an unsurpassable standard of 'normality,' to a technologically-enhanced, performance- driven one where 'perfection' assumes the form of an open-ended project towards the 'impossible.' Central in this process is a shift in male identities, as the appearance of the body turns not only into a legitimate priority for bodybuilding practitioners but also into an instance of sport performance in bodybuilding competition. Equally central, and related to the above, is a shift from a model of amateur competition and non-instrumental practice to one of professional competition and extreme measures in search of the winning edge. -
Erotic and Physique Studios Photography Collection, Circa 1930-2005 Coll2014-051
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8br8z8d No online items Finding aid to the erotic and physique studios photography collection, circa 1930-2005 Coll2014-051 Michael C. Oliveira ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives, USC Libraries, University of Southern California © 2017 909 West Adams Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007 [email protected] URL: http://one.usc.edu Coll2014-051 1 Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives, USC Libraries, University of Southern California Title: Erotic and physique studios photography collection creator: ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives Identifier/Call Number: Coll2014-051 Physical Description: 30 Linear Feet37 boxes. Date (inclusive): circa 1930-2005 Abstract: Photographs produced from the 1930s through 2010 by gay erotic or physique photography studios. The studios named in this collection range from short-lived single person operations to larger corporations. Arrangement This collection is divided into two series: (1) Photographic prints and (2) Negatives and slides. Both series are arranged alphabetically. Conditions Governing Access The collection is open to researchers. There are no access restrictions. Conditions Governing Use All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the ONE Archivist. Permission for publication is given on behalf of ONE National Gay and Lesbian Archives at USC Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained. Immediate Source of Acquisition This collection comprises photographs garnered from numerous donations to ONE Archives, many of which are unknown or anonymous. Dan Luckenbill, Neil Edwards, Harold Dittmer, and Dan Raymon are among some of the known donors of photographs in this collection. -
Copyright by Tolga Ozyurtcu 2014
Copyright by Tolga Ozyurtcu 2014 The Dissertation Committee for Tolga Ozyurtcu Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Flex Marks the Spot: Histories of Muscle Beach Committee: Janice S. Todd, Supervisor Thomas M. Hunt Marlene A. Dixon Joan H. Neuberger Janet M. Davis Flex Marks the Spot: Histories of Muscle Beach by Tolga Ozyurtcu, B.A.; M.S. Kin. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2014 Dedication To memory of my mother, my first reader. To my father: nereden nereye. Acknowledgements If there is one person responsible for this project, it is my father, Huseyin Ozyurtcu. For over thirty years, he has been my biggest influence and my best friend. Together with my late my mother, he taught me to love knowledge, think independently, and trust my instincts. In his love and unwavering support, I have found the strength and confidence to be myself. I owe him everything. I am also very grateful for my stepmother Vanessa, my brother Marcos, and my sister Yasmin. It has been almost ten years since our families came together and I cannot imagine life without them—to be in their presence is to know how good life can be. I consider myself fortunate to have had the support of Dr. Jan Todd since I began my graduate education in 2008. As my dissertation advisor, Dr. Todd gave me the freedom, encouragement, and feedback necessary to complete a large and ambitious project. -
A Briefly Annotated Bibliography of English Language Serial Publications in the Field of Physical Culture Jan Todd, Joe Roark and Terry Todd
MARCH 1991 IRON GAME HISTORY A Briefly Annotated bibliography of English Language Serial Publications in the Field of Physical Culture Jan Todd, Joe Roark and Terry Todd One of the major problems encountered when an attempt is made in January of 1869 and that we were unable to verify the actual starting to study the history of physical culture is that libraries have so seldom date of the magazine. saved (or subscribed to) even the major lifting, bodybuilding and “N.D.” means that the issue did not carry any sort of date. “N.M.” physical culture publications, let alone the minor ones. Because of this, means no month was listed. “N.Y.” means no year was listed. “N.V.” researchers have had to rely for the most part on private collections for means that no volume was listed. “N.N.” means that no issue number their source material, and this has limited the academic scholarship in was assigned. A question mark (?) beside a date means that we are the field. This problem was one of the major reasons behind the estimating when the magazine began, based on photos or other establishment of the Physical Culture Collection at the University of evidence. Texas in Austin. The designation “Current” means that, as of press time, the Over the last several months, we have made an attempt to magazine was still being published on a regular basis. You will also assemble a comprehensive listing or bibliography of the English- note the designation “LIC.” This stands for “Last in Collection.” This language magazines (and a few notable foreign language publications) simply means that the last copy of the magazine we have on hand here in the field of physical culture. -
The Bodybuilding Truth
NELSON MONTANA THE BODYBUILDING TRUTH Dear friend and fellow athlete, Think you know about bodybuilding? Think again. If you really knew how to build the ultimate body in less than six months time, would you keep paying for more? More supplements? More personal training? More courses? More magazines? Would you keep spending your money on the deceptions, the product scams, the bogus supplements, and the false muscle building methods that the bodybuilding marketers propagate to line their pockets? The end result. Your bodybuilding progress is held back while the fat cats get rich. What if you knew the truth? What if someone were to blow the whistle on the con artists within the bodybuilding world and at the same time, share with you the secrets for packing on thick, dense muscle - fast! And burning off every last ounce of your bodyfat! Sounds unthinkable right? Well, the unthinkable has just happened. Every week I get at least one proposal from some self-appointed guru wanting us to publish his latest bodybuilding book. I read them, but never publish them, because basically, they're all worthless. However, the latest book by my friend Mr. Nelson Montana, titled The Bodybuilding Truth – Insider Secrets You're Not Supposed to Know, literally blew me away. And it blew away hundreds of ideas that I had accepted as truth for years about the sport of bodybuilding and exposed everything the bodybuilding marketers don't want you to know. Nelson Montana is an in your face kind of guy; he tells it like it is. A bodybuilding industry insider, Montana worked for Testosterone Magazine, but got fired because he refused to write an article touting ZMA, a fancy Zinc supplement, as the latest thing for muscle growth. -
The Most Effective Muscle Producing Program Ever! by Leo Costa & Dr
THE MOST EFFECTIVE MUSCLE PRODUCING PROGRAM EVER! BY LEO COSTA & DR. R. L. HORINE TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION . 5 INTRODUCTION . 7 The Training. .Model: A. .New .Road .Map CHAPTER .1 . 13 Basic .Principles .Of Training. CHAPTER .2 . 19 Training .Stress .Factors CHAPTER .3 . 33 Constructing The. .Optimal Training. .Model CHAPTER .4 . 43 Exercise .Selection CHAPTER .5 . 49 The Workout:. .Level .One, Two. .and Three. Training. The Workout. .Charts . 53-96 CHAPTER .6 . 97 Advanced Techniques. CHAPTER .7 . 103 Recovery CHAPTER .8 . 109 Nutrition CHAPTER .9 . 119 Performance .Supplementation CHAPTER .10 . 127 Monitoring Your. .Progress CONCLUSION . 133 ADDENDUM . 135 How .to .Gain .4 .Pounds .of .Muscle .in .10 .Days BIG BEYOND BELIEF Daniel J. Boorstin, a well known historian and author, successfully argues that the first true pioneer of systematic modern exploration was Prince Henry The Navigator of Portugal. In the early 1400s under the leadership of Prince Henry, Portugal began a systematic exploration of unknown lands. This was accomplished by repeatedly sending out explorers. Each one ven- turing farther than the one before, then returned to report their findings to the mapmakers. These mapmakers then gradually constructed more accurate maps and built a foundation that allowed the explorers to venture still farther. This was the first organized cooperation between mapmaker and explorer. This book could never have been written if not for the unreasonable efforts of early explorers and mapmakers in bodybuilding. This book is dedicated to these early pioneers. Vince Gironda Bill Pearl John Grimek Arnold Swarzeneggar (of course) And the current pioneers: Dr. Mauro Di Pasquale Angel Spassov Yuri Verishonski Ivan Ivanov Also: A special thanks to Joe Weider for his untiring efforts to increase the awareness of bodybuilding around the world. -
The Big Scoop Shawn Perine, Writer-At-Large For
The Big Scoop Shawn Perine, writer-at-large for Flex magazine and creator of the informative and entertaining website, IronAge, requested a telephone interview for an upcoming article. We would set up a date for the conversation; Shawn would ask a series of exciting questions to which I would respond with equally exciting answers, all to be completed in 90 exciting minutes. Any sane person would have said, “Sure.” Not me. Instead, I sent the following letter. Dear Shawn, It’s a compliment to be interviewed and I appreciate the exposure and attention and the thought that someone might be interested in what I have to say. Truth is I’ve read too many over-the-phone taped dialogues in which I sound as provocative and enlightening and entertaining as an old plowhorse snortin’ in the barn. Try as I might, no expression or passion is conveyed without voice inflection, gestures or the use of the right words. Bright spontaneity is what you hope for and redundancy is what you get. “That’s what I said, yeah, but that’s not what I meant to say” is my agitated reaction to statements I throw out on tape. The truth hurts, I guess, and my on-the-spot articulation is for the birds. Plus, I am not fond of the phone and the anticipation of phone calls -- gives me hives, very itchy. Jeez, alright already, Bomber. With this in mind, let me mess with my keyboard instead. Hardcore muscle-builders are a strange lot. Excuse me, time to light the incense and chant.. -
The Lastinterview
THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CULTURE December 2000 Volume 6 Number 4 The LastInterview As many IGH readers know, we’ve been working on a book about the cultural significance of Muscle Beach for the past several years. As part of our research for that book, we’ve interviewed many of the “regulars” of Muscle Beach. On 10 June 1999 we visited with Steve Reeves, and as far as we know, this was the last formal interview he ever gave. We met Steve at his horse ranch in southern California and taped him in the living room of his spacious Spanish-style ranchhouse. Present for the interview with us was Steve’s longtime companion, Deborah Englehorn Reeves. Steve was dressed in his work clothes— blue jeans, a short-sleeved work shirt, and a pair of well-worn boots. He was a wonderful host, proudly showing us his beautiful Morgan horses and the stable he had personally designed to house them. The day was warm and he was the picture of vigorous health—lean yet thick, with a youthful stride, that legendary face, a pair of hands and forearms that bespoke a lifetime of hard work, and the relaxed attitude of a man at peace with himself. —Jan and Terry Todd TT: Yesterday, when I spoke to Armand Tanny, he told me that he remembers very fondly the days you guys spent down there at Muscle Beach and he said he has a pretty clear memory of the first time he ever saw you. He knew who you were. Maybe he’d seen a photograph of you when you were still a teenager and so when he saw you come to the Beach that first time, he recognized who you were. -
The Shadows of Our Past – Part II
The Shadows of Our Past – Part II The Evolution of Modern Fitness Training Settings “The distinction between the past, present and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion.” Albert Einstein Introduction In Part I of this series entitled Shadows of Our Past, we brought forward 15 of the most influential innovations in fitness equipment that have taken place over the past 3,000 years, and how each of these innovations has cast a large shadow on the equipment offerings of the 21st Century. In Part II of this series on the history of fitness, we will focus on bringing forward the most influential fitness constructs and facility offerings of the past, and how each has crafted what the fitness facility industry is today. This article, like the others in this series, has been adapted from a three-part series we wrote for Les Mills in 2019 based on the content from the book Legends of Fitness, authored by Peterson, O’Rourke and Tharrett. The Emergence of Structured Fitness No one knows exactly when structured exercise made a formal entry into the lifestyle of humans. The earliest records of man indicate that around 2,000 B.C. (over 4,000 years ago) Egyptians formally introduced structured acrobatics and fitness training. Egyptian culture saw acrobatics as both entertainment and sport, and its practitioners realized that to excel in this early form of sport entertainment, they had to train appropriately. This led to the introduction of structured fitness regimens involving bodyweight calisthenics and improvised apparatus. The Egyptians were not the only civilization that had come to the realization that exercise was important, or as we might say today, exercise is medicine. -
Passings Henever a Well-Known Iron Man Falls, We Feel the He Made a Great Success of the Gym, and Soon He’D Wind
VOLUME 2 NUMBER 3 July 1992 Passings henever a well-known iron man falls, we feel the He made a great success of the gym, and soon he’d wind. The cold wind. When we knew the man opened a much larger place in a building constructed Wpersonally, the sadness intensifies. And when the specifically as a health club, complete with a large training man played a pivotal role in our own life in the game, the room, a lifting platform, two steam rooms, a massage room, an burden is heavier still. But when two such men die within a outdoor pool and a businessmen’s facility on the second floor. few days of each other, as was the case with Leo Murdock and Murdock’s even attracted the movers and shakers of central Bob Peoples, you have a sharpened sense of the transience of Texas, and it was common to see state senators and supreme vigor and strength, of life itself. I’m also left with a strong court judges training there. sense of obligation to honor these men by remembering them. Leo did a great deal to promote weight training, often I first met Leo Murdock in Austin, Texas in 1956. He organizing exhibitions at a large outdoor amphitheater. One I had come to Austin from New York in the middle ‘50s and recall featured weightlifting, powerlifting, posing, had opened a gym in an old house in the downtown district. armwrestling, exercise demonstrations and even challenges to Being Austin’s first such gym, “Murdock’s” was much the audience, with Leo, of course, maintaining a running discussed by the young men in the area, especially those few, commentary on the microphone. -
The Roark Report – Important Dates in Iron Game History
MARCH 1991 IRON GAME HISTORY THE ROARK RE PORT This issue’s Roark Repot continues cataloguing the important dates in the history of the iron game. If any of these events strikes a memory in our readers, perhaps information such as newspaper clippings or personal correspondence could be shared with us. Please help by writing to Iron Game History or to me, Joe Roark, P.O. Box J, St. Joseph, IL 61873. September 1: September 26: 1873 Dr. Dudley Allen Sargent was appointed at Harvard as 1916 Jack LaLanne born. “Director of the Gymnasium and Assistant Professor of Physical 1972 Joseph Curtis Hise died. Training” September 28: 1909 Karl Swoboda “continentalled” & jerked 387.113 pounds. 1849 Dudley Allen Sargent born. Died July 21, 1924. 1932 Hermann Goemer curled 110 l/4 pounds in each hand. September 29: September 3: 1863 Oscar Matthes born. Died Mar 23, 1950. 1945 Bill Reynolds born. September 30: September 4: 1902 Frank Miller born. 1951 Casey Viator born October 1: 1965 First National Powerlifting Championships. 1888 Louis Cyr backlifted 3536 lbs. Approximately the same poundage September 5: was lifted by Minerva on April 15, 1895. One month later, on May 27, 1952 Kurt Saxon died. Born March 11, 1884. 1895, Cyr set his all-time record in the back lift-approximately 4300 September 8: pounds-at Austin and Strong’s Museum in Boston. 1909 John Dawe born. 1989 Chester Teegarden died. September 9: October 3: 1900 George Lurich set record in “belly toss” of 443 pounds. 1943 Ellington Darden born. 1927 Joe Greenstein, ‘The Mighty Atom,” began his vaudeville act. -
By Brian D. Johnston Care Has Been Taken to Confirm The
By Brian D. Johnston Copyright ©2005 by BODYworx TM All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form Published by BODYworx Publishing 5 Abigail Court Sudbury, ON Canada ISBN 0-9732409-9-7 Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of information presented in this manual. The author, editors, and the publisher, however, cannot accept any responsibility for errors or omissions in this manual, and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to its contents. The information in this manual is intended only for healthy men and women. People with health problems should not follow the suggestions without a physician's approval. Before beginning any exercise or dietary program, always consult with your doctor. Table of Contents Preface i CHAPTER 1: History and Philosophy of High Intensity Training 1 High Intensity Strength Training – A Brief History 2 Gems From History 3 The King has Arrived – Arthur Jones 6 The Off-spring of HIT 11 Negative Perspectives of High Intensity Training 12 High Intensity versus High Volume 15 Physiological Effects of HIT and HVT 18 Erroneous Perceptions About HIT 20 Why High Volume Training? 29 CHAPTER 2: Fundamentals of High Intensity Training 33 Overview 33 Basic Principles of Exercise 35 General Exercise Rules 39 Stress Physiology and The General Adaptation Syndrome 39 Relating GAS to Exercise 41 Local Adaptation Syndrome 41 General Adaptation Syndrome 41 Exercise and GAS (charts) 43 Hormonal Secretions 45 Exercise Stress Guidelines 48 Exercise Principle Relationships