Amphibious Operations in Contested Environments
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Not for Publication Until Released by the House Subcommittee on Defense Committee on Appropriations
NOT FOR PUBLICATION UNTIL RELEASED BY THE HOUSE SUBCOMMITTEE ON DEFENSE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS STATEMENT OF VICE ADMIRAL LUKE M. McCOLLUM, U.S. NAVY CHIEF OF NAVY RESERVE BEFORE THE HOUSE SUBCOMMITTEE ON DEFENSE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS FISCAL YEAR 2021 NATIONAL GUARD AND RESERVE March 3, 2020 NOT FOR PUBLICATION UNTIL RELEASED BY THE HOUSE SUBCOMMITTEE ON DEFENSE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 4 NAVY RESERVE FORCE ................................................................................................................................... 5 Commander, Navy Reserve Forces Command (CNRFC) ........................................................................... 5 Commander, Naval Air Forces Reserve (CNAFR) ...................................................................................... 5 Commander, Naval Information Force Reserve (CNIFR) .......................................................................... 6 Navy Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC) ........................................................................................ 7 PERSONNEL ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Civilian Skills .............................................................................................................................................. 7 -
The United States Airborne Divisions, and Their Role on June 6, 1944
The Histories Volume 6 | Issue 1 Article 3 The nitU ed States Airborne Divisions, and Their Role on June 6, 1944 Dennis Carey Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Carey, Dennis () "The nitU ed States Airborne Divisions, and Their Role on June 6, 1944," The Histories: Vol. 6 : Iss. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories/vol6/iss1/3 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Scholarship at La Salle University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The iH stories by an authorized editor of La Salle University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Histories, Volume 6, Number 1 2 I The United States Airborne Divisions, and Their Role on June 6,1944 By Dennis Carey ‘07 The United States Airborne Divisions that were dropped behind Utah Beach in the early morning hours of June 6,1944 played a critical role in the eventual success of Operation Overlord. On the evening of June 5th, General Eisenhower visited the men of the 101st Airborne division as they geared up in preparation for their jump. In making his rounds among the troops giving his words of encouragement, a paratrooper remarked “Hell, we ain’t worried General. It’s the Krauts that ought to be worrying now.”1 This is just one example of the confidence and fortitude that the men of both the 82nd and 101st Airborne divisions possessed on the eve of Operation Overlord. -
A Historical Assessment of Amphibious Operations from 1941 to the Present
CRM D0006297.A2/ Final July 2002 Charting the Pathway to OMFTS: A Historical Assessment of Amphibious Operations From 1941 to the Present Carter A. Malkasian 4825 Mark Center Drive • Alexandria, Virginia 22311-1850 Approved for distribution: July 2002 c.. Expedit'onaryyystems & Support Team Integrated Systems and Operations Division This document represents the best opinion of CNA at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the Department of the Navy. Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Specific authority: N0014-00-D-0700. For copies of this document call: CNA Document Control and Distribution Section at 703-824-2123. Copyright 0 2002 The CNA Corporation Contents Summary . 1 Introduction . 5 Methodology . 6 The U.S. Marine Corps’ new concept for forcible entry . 9 What is the purpose of amphibious warfare? . 15 Amphibious warfare and the strategic level of war . 15 Amphibious warfare and the operational level of war . 17 Historical changes in amphibious warfare . 19 Amphibious warfare in World War II . 19 The strategic environment . 19 Operational doctrine development and refinement . 21 World War II assault and area denial tactics. 26 Amphibious warfare during the Cold War . 28 Changes to the strategic context . 29 New operational approaches to amphibious warfare . 33 Cold war assault and area denial tactics . 35 Amphibious warfare, 1983–2002 . 42 Changes in the strategic, operational, and tactical context of warfare. 42 Post-cold war amphibious tactics . 44 Conclusion . 46 Key factors in the success of OMFTS. 49 Operational pause . 49 The causes of operational pause . 49 i Overcoming enemy resistance and the supply buildup. -
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics Updated July 29, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32492 American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics Summary This report provides U.S. war casualty statistics. It includes data tables containing the number of casualties among American military personnel who served in principal wars and combat operations from 1775 to the present. It also includes data on those wounded in action and information such as race and ethnicity, gender, branch of service, and cause of death. The tables are compiled from various Department of Defense (DOD) sources. Wars covered include the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Civil War, the Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam Conflict, and the Persian Gulf War. Military operations covered include the Iranian Hostage Rescue Mission; Lebanon Peacekeeping; Urgent Fury in Grenada; Just Cause in Panama; Desert Shield and Desert Storm; Restore Hope in Somalia; Uphold Democracy in Haiti; Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF); Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF); Operation New Dawn (OND); Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR); and Operation Freedom’s Sentinel (OFS). Starting with the Korean War and the more recent conflicts, this report includes additional detailed information on types of casualties and, when available, demographics. It also cites a number of resources for further information, including sources of historical statistics on active duty military deaths, published lists of military personnel killed in combat actions, data on demographic indicators among U.S. military personnel, related websites, and relevant CRS reports. Congressional Research Service American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................... -
Implications of the Tri-Service Maritime Strategy for America's
IMPLICATIONS OF THE TRI-SERVICE MARITIME STRATEGY FOR AMERICA’S NAVAL SERVICES MICHAEL SINCLAIR, RODRICK H. MCHATY, AND BLAKE HERZINGER MARCH 2021 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY On December 17, 2020 the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard (naval services) issued a new Tri-Service Maritime Strategy (TSMS).1 Entitled “Advantage at Sea,”2 the TSMS represents a significant update to modern U.S. maritime defense and security thinking, in large part, in recognition of the growing effect strategic competition, specifically with respect to China, will play in the coming years. The TSMS identifies three phases — day-to-day competition, conflict, and crisis — and calls for greater integration amongst the naval services to prevail across every phase.3 With respect to the Coast Guard, it includes specific recognition of the service’s unique authorities and capabilities as an important aspect of the defense enterprise, critical in the day-to-day competition phase to avoid further escalation into conflict and crisis. But important enterprise, departmental, and congressional considerations remain for the Coast Guard, especially regarding ensuring the close integration the TSMS calls for. For the Marine Corps, the intent is to demonstrate credible deterrence in the western Pacific by distributing lethal, survivable, and sustainable expeditionary sea-denial anti-ship units in the littorals in support of fleet and joint operations. And finally, the Navy finds itself as the ship-to- shore connector for the TSMS, with responsibility for knitting together the three naval services in new operating concepts and frameworks for cooperation while simultaneously confronting critical external threats and looming internal challenges. -
Operation Overlord James Clinton Emmert Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2002 Operation overlord James Clinton Emmert Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Emmert, James Clinton, "Operation overlord" (2002). LSU Master's Theses. 619. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/619 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. OPERATION OVERLORD A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Arts in The Interdepartmental Program in Liberal Arts by James Clinton Emmert B.A., Louisiana State University, 1996 May 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the support of numerous persons. First, I would never have been able to finish if I had not had the help and support of my wife, Esther, who not only encouraged me and proofed my work, but also took care of our newborn twins alone while I wrote. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Stanley Hilton, who spent time helping me refine my thoughts about the invasion and whose editing skills helped give life to this paper. Finally, I would like to thank the faculty of Louisiana State University for their guidance and the knowledge that they shared with me. -
Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress
Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress September 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32665 Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress Summary The current and planned size and composition of the Navy, the annual rate of Navy ship procurement, the prospective affordability of the Navy’s shipbuilding plans, and the capacity of the U.S. shipbuilding industry to execute the Navy’s shipbuilding plans have been oversight matters for the congressional defense committees for many years. In December 2016, the Navy released a force-structure goal that calls for achieving and maintaining a fleet of 355 ships of certain types and numbers. The 355-ship goal was made U.S. policy by Section 1025 of the FY2018 National Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 2810/P.L. 115- 91 of December 12, 2017). The Navy and the Department of Defense (DOD) have been working since 2019 to develop a successor for the 355-ship force-level goal. The new goal is expected to introduce a new, more distributed fleet architecture featuring a smaller proportion of larger ships, a larger proportion of smaller ships, and a new third tier of large unmanned vehicles (UVs). On June 17, 2021, the Navy released a long-range Navy shipbuilding document that presents the Biden Administration’s emerging successor to the 355-ship force-level goal. The document calls for a Navy with a more distributed fleet architecture, including 321 to 372 manned ships and 77 to 140 large UVs. A September 2021 Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report estimates that the fleet envisioned in the document would cost an average of between $25.3 billion and $32.7 billion per year in constant FY2021 dollars to procure. -
Naval Postgraduate School Thesis
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS A STUDY OF THE RUSSIAN ACQUISITION OF THE FRENCH MISTRAL AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT WARSHIPS by Patrick Thomas Baker June 2011 Thesis Advisor: Mikhail Tsypkin Second Reader: Douglas Porch Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2011 Master‘s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS A Study of the Russian Acquisition of the French Mistral Amphibious Assault Warships 6. AUTHOR(S) Patrick Thomas Baker 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. -
Operation Market Garden WWII
Operation Market Garden WWII Operation Market Garden (17–25 September 1944) was an Allied military operation, fought in the Netherlands and Germany in the Second World War. It was the largest airborne operation up to that time. The operation plan's strategic context required the seizure of bridges across the Maas (Meuse River) and two arms of the Rhine (the Waal and the Lower Rhine) as well as several smaller canals and tributaries. Crossing the Lower Rhine would allow the Allies to outflank the Siegfried Line and encircle the Ruhr, Germany's industrial heartland. It made large-scale use of airborne forces, whose tactical objectives were to secure a series of bridges over the main rivers of the German- occupied Netherlands and allow a rapid advance by armored units into Northern Germany. Initially, the operation was marginally successful and several bridges between Eindhoven and Nijmegen were captured. However, Gen. Horrocks XXX Corps ground force's advance was delayed by the demolition of a bridge over the Wilhelmina Canal, as well as an extremely overstretched supply line, at Son, delaying the capture of the main road bridge over the Meuse until 20 September. At Arnhem, the British 1st Airborne Division encountered far stronger resistance than anticipated. In the ensuing battle, only a small force managed to hold one end of the Arnhem road bridge and after the ground forces failed to relieve them, they were overrun on 21 September. The rest of the division, trapped in a small pocket west of the bridge, had to be evacuated on 25 September. The Allies had failed to cross the Rhine in sufficient force and the river remained a barrier to their advance until the offensives at Remagen, Oppenheim, Rees and Wesel in March 1945. -
Mental Health Among Commando, Airborne and Other UK Infantry Personnel
Occupational Medicine 2010;60:552–559 Advance Access publication on 5 September 2010 doi:10.1093/occmed/kqq129 Mental health among commando, airborne and other UK infantry personnel J. Sundin1, N. Jones1, N. Greenberg1, R. J. Rona2, M. Hotopf2, S. Wessely2 and N. T. Fear1 1Academic Centre for Defence Mental Health, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London SE5 9RJ, UK, 2King’s Centre for Military Health Research, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London SE5 9RJ, UK. Correspondence to: J. Sundin, Academic Centre for Defence Mental Health, King’s College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RJ, UK. Tel: 144 (0)20 7848 5344; fax: +44 (0)20 7848 5397; e-mail: Josefi[email protected] Downloaded from ................................................................................................................................................................................... Background Despite having high levels of combat exposure, commando and airborne forces may be at less risk of mental ill-health than other troops. ................................................................................................................................................................................... Aims To examine differences in mental health outcomes and occupational risk factors between Royal Ma- rines Commandos (RMCs), paratroopers (PARAs) and other army infantry (INF). .................................................................................................................................................................................. -
CMPI 610 Negotiations Conclude, Implementation Already Underway
Volume 1 • ISSUE 2 october - december 2012 CMPI 610 Negotiations Conclude, Implementation Already Underway This article is part of a series describing the Civilian Marine Personnel Instruction (CMPI) 610 negotiations covering the hours of work and premium pay Instruction for CIVMARS working aboard Military Sealift Command (MSC) vessels. As noted previously, this Instruction does not impact CIVMAR base wages. The instruction covers only what CIVMARS earn when working during over- time, premium and penalty time aboard MSC vessels. The SIU and MSC recently completed negotiations over CMPI 610. The completion of negotiations marks the culmination of a roughly two-year process in which the two parties engaged in a series of negotiating ses- sions using the interest-based bargaining (IBB) method. Also participating in these negotiations were licensed and unlicensed CIVMARS who served as subject mat- ter experts. CIVMARS attended negotiations in person and also participated in the talks via conference call and written surveys. CIVMAR comments and suggestions throughout the negotiation process were extremely help- ful, bringing the most up-to-date shipboard experience to the attention of the negotiators. CIVMAR comments helped to frame the new work rules. Additionally, in Union representatives met with Seafarers aboard dozens of vessels to help introduce the updated CMPI Instruc- most of the bargaining sessions, the parties were assisted tion. Above, mariners on the USNS Robert E. Peary are pictured with SIU Government Services Division Repre- by several FMCS Mediators. This was especially helpful sentative Kate Hunt (front, holding booklet.) Below, the Peary (foreground) conducts an underway replenishment when the negotiations entered the most difficult phases. -
An Analysis of the Navy's Amphibious Warfare Ships for Deploying
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE CBO An Analysis of the Navy’s Amphibious Warfare Ships for Deploying Marines Overseas NOVEMBER 2011 Pub. No. 4172 A CBO STUDY An Analysis of the Navy’s Amphibious Warfare Ships for Deploying Marines Overseas November 2011 The Congress of the United States O Congressional Budget Office Notes Unless otherwise indicated, all years referred to in this study are fiscal years and all dollar amounts are in 2011 dollars. On the cover—top left: the amphibious assault ship USS Wasp and the amphibious transport dock ship USS San Antonio during a training exercise (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communi- cation Specialist 1st Class Arif Patani); top right: sailors aboard the amphibious dock landing ship USS Whidbey Island in the Gulf of Aden (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Rachel L. Leslie); bottom: sailors disembark a landing craft utility assigned to the amphibious assault ship USS Wasp in Virginia Beach, Va. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Paul D. Williams). CBO Preface Today, the U.S. Navy’s fleet numbers 284 ships, including 29 amphibious warfare ships that are designed primarily to carry marines and their equipment into combat but that per- form other missions as well. This Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report, requested in the report of the Senate Armed Services Committee on the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011, reviews the size, missions, and use of the Navy’s amphibious warfare ships and related expeditionary forces under the Navy’s 2012 shipbuilding plan.