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Science & Fiction SCIENCE & FICTION Eine wissenschaftliche Betrachtung klassischer technischer Science Fiction Ansätze zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts Diplomarbeit im Studiengang Informationswirtschaft der Fachhochschule Stuttgart – Hochschule der Medien Vorgelegt von Lars Wittmaak Erstprüfer: Prof. Dr. Rafael Capurro Zweitprüferin: Prof. Margarete Payer Bearbeitungszeitraum: 23.08.2004 bis 23.12.2004 Stuttgart, Dezember 2004 Science & Fiction 2 Kurzfassung Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit klassischen technischen Science Fiction Ansätzen und spezialisiert sich hierbei vor allem auf den Bereich der Robotik. Es werden sowohl Ro- boter aus bekannten Science Fiction Filmen und Büchern als auch Roboter aus der Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft vorgestellt. Besonders eingegangen wird auf die Nano- technologie als Technologie der Zukunft und auf den Bereich der Künstlichen Intelli- genz als Schlüssel zu intelligenten Maschinen. Die Frage, ob die Menschheit sich vor den von ihnen geschaffenen Maschinen fürchten muss wird erörtert und in diesem Zu- sammenhang werden ethische Gesichtspunkte aufgezeigt. Schlagwörter: Science Fiction, Künstliche Intelligenz, Nanotechnologie, Robotik, Ro- boter, Leib-Seele-Problem Abstract This document describes classical technical science fiction ideas. In this context it con- centrates very strongly on robotics. Well known science fiction robots are described as well as real robots developed by science and enterprises. Also presented are nanotechnology as the technology of the future and artificial intelligence as a key to intelligent machines. Also the question is discussed if mankind needs to be afraid of the machines developed by itself. Finally ethical aspects of future technology are shown. Keywords: science fiction, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, robotics, robots, body soul problem Science & Fiction 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis Kurzfassung ..................................................................................................................2 Inhaltsverzeichnis.........................................................................................................3 Abbildungsverzeichnis.................................................................................................5 Tabellenverzeichnis......................................................................................................5 Abkürzungsverzeichnis................................................................................................6 Vorwort ..........................................................................................................................7 1 Einleitung............................................................................................................9 1.1 Hinführung zum Thema und Definitionen ............................................................9 1.2 Zielsetzung der Arbeit ........................................................................................11 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit ...............................................................................................12 2 Stand der Technik zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts ....................................14 2.1 Hardware & Software als Basis technischer Neuentwicklungen........................14 2.1.1 Entwicklung der Rechenleistung & das Mooresche Gesetz ..............................16 2.1.2 Grundlagen & Definition der Nanotechnologie...................................................20 2.1.3 Möglichkeiten der Nanotechnologie...................................................................24 2.1.1 Smarte Materialien.............................................................................................26 2.2 Künstliche Intelligenz als Schlüssel zu eigenständigen Maschinen...................27 2.2.1 Definition Künstliche Intelligenz .........................................................................28 2.2.2 Die Geschichte der Künstlichen Intelligenz........................................................30 2.2.3 Produkte der KI ..................................................................................................33 2.2.4 Aktuelle Probleme der KI-Forschung .................................................................35 2.2.5 Der Turing Test und seine Bedeutung für die KI Forschung..............................38 3 Intelligente Maschinen als nächste Stufe der Evolution..............................40 3.1 Das Leib-Seele-Problem....................................................................................41 3.1.1 Neuronale Netze ................................................................................................42 3.1.2 Kritik am Modell neuronaler Netze.....................................................................44 3.1.3 Das Leib-Seele-Problem und KI ........................................................................44 3.2 Sind intelligente Maschinen die nächste Stufe der Evolution? ..........................45 4 Roboter - Vision und Realität..........................................................................48 4.1 Definition des Begriffs Roboter ..........................................................................49 4.2 Isaac Asimovs Robotervisionen.........................................................................51 4.2.1 Die Asimovschen drei Gesetzte der Robotik .....................................................52 4.3 Andere berühmte Robotervisionen ....................................................................53 4.3.1 Fritz Langs Maschinenmensch ..........................................................................54 Science & Fiction 4 4.3.2 Die Roboter der StarWars Geschichte...............................................................55 4.3.3 Die „Robot Hall of Fame“ ...................................................................................57 4.3.4 Robotervisionen in Menschengestalt .................................................................59 4.4 Asimo, Qrio & HRP2 - Vorstellung der realen, aktuellen Robotergeneration.....61 4.4.1 Eigenschaften von Asimo ..................................................................................62 4.5 Aibo – der erste Roboter für den Endverbraucher .............................................64 4.6 Die Robotik zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts.....................................................65 4.6.1 Die technischen Probleme der Robotik..............................................................66 4.7 Autonomie als wichtiger Aspekt der Robotik......................................................68 4.8 Ein besonderer Roboter: Kismet........................................................................69 5 Die Auswirkung klassischer Science-Fiction-Ideen auf die Wissenschaft....................................................................................................71 5.1 Die Auswirkungen von Asimov´s Roboter-Visionen...........................................71 6 Ethische Ansätze in Bezug auf intelligente Maschinen ...............................73 6.1 Die Gefährdung des menschlichen Lebens .......................................................73 6.2 Die Verantwortung für das Handeln von Maschinen..........................................75 Fazit ...........................................................................................................................77 Literaturverzeichnis....................................................................................................79 Erklärung .....................................................................................................................83 Science & Fiction 5 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Der Mensch und sein Elektrodenhelm .................................................S. 7 Abbildung 2: 3 Bereiche klassischer technischer SF Ideen ......................................S. 9 Abbildung 3: Hard- und Software als Grundlage für Zukunftstechnologien ............S. 14 Abbildung 4: Gordon Moore ....................................................................................S. 15 Abbildung 5: Das Mooresche Gesetz ......................................................................S. 16 Abbildung 6: Top 500 List .......................................................................................S. 18 Abbildung 7: Nanoröhren ........................................................................................S. 21 Abbildung 8: "The Blob", SF-Filmklassiker von 1958 ..............................................S. 22 Abbildung 9: Bio Nanobot .......................................................................................S. 23 Abbildung 10: Kraken 2 ............................................................................................S. 23 Abbildung 11: biologisches Empfinden bei einer Roboterhand ................................S. 26 Abbildung 12: Alan M. Turing ...................................................................................S. 30 Abbildung 13: Kunstwerk des kybernetischen Künstlers Aaron ...............................S. 34 Abbildung 14: Schnitt durch Hirngewebe .................................................................S. 36 Abbildung 15: Der Turingtest ...................................................................................S. 39 Abbildung 16: Das neurokybernetische Grundmodell ..............................................S. 42 Abbildung 17: Asimovsche Robotervision ................................................................S. 51 Abbildung 18: Der Erfinder Rotwang ........................................................................S.
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