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Stones River National Battlefield Historic Resource Study

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Stones River National Battlefield Historic Resource Study National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Stones River National Battlefield Murfreesboro, Tennessee Stones River National Battlefield Historic Resource Study CulturalCultural ResourcesResources SoutheastSoutheast RegionRegion Stones River National Battlefield Historic Resource Study February 2004 written by Sean M. Styles additional material supplied by Miranda Fraley edited by Mary O. Ratcliffe and Robert W. Blythe The historic resource study presented here exists in two formats. A printed version is available for study at the park, the Southeast Regional Office of the National Park Service, and at a variety of other repositories. For more widespread access, this historic resource study also exists in a web- based format through ParkNet, the website of the National Park Service. Please visit www.nps.gov for more information. Cultural Resources Division Southeast Regional Office National Park Service 100 Alabama Street, SW Atlanta, GA 30303 404-562-3117 Stones River National Battlefield 3501 Old Nashville Highway Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37129 http://www.nps.gov/stri About the cover: Silhouetted by sunset, the 1906 Artillery Monument is a 34-foot concrete obelisk built in the shops of the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad. Designed by Hunter McDonald, the Artillery Monument was the last monument placed on the Stones River battlefield before federal acquisition. Photo by Gib Backlund for NPS. Contents List of Figures . v Figure Credits . vi Foreword . vii Chapter One: Introduction Description of Stones River National Battlefield. 1 Scope and Purpose of Historic Resource Study . 2 Summary of Identification and Evaluation Methods . 3 Survey Methodology . 3 Determination of Historic Contexts. 3 Historical Base Map Discussion. 4 Chapter Two: The Battle of Stones River and its Place in the Civil War The Coming of the War . 7 The First Battles . 8 1863: Confederate Tide Broken at Gettysburg and Vicksburg. 14 Grant Takes Charge. 17 The End of the War. 20 Chapter Three: Stones River and the Campaign for Middle Tennessee, 1861-1865 Stones River on the Eve of the Battle . 24 The Battle of Stones River . 29 Fortress Rosecrans . 34 Hazen Brigade Monument . 38 Stones River National Cemetery. 39 Significance . 40 Battlefield . 40 Nashville, Murfreesboro and Shelbyville Turnpike and Tollhouse Site . 40 Wilkinson Pike (Manson Pike) . 41 Van Cleve Lane (Old Bowen Lane, McFadden Lane) . 41 CSX Railroad . 41 Fortress Rosecrans. 42 Stones River National Cemetery/Hazen Brigade Monument . 42 Integrity of Historic Resources . 43 Contributing Properties - Federal Ownership. 44 Historic Structures and Sites Outside NPS Ownership . 44 National Park Service iii Chapter Four: Stones River National Battlefield Park: The Commemoration of American Battlefields and National Park Development, 1866-1948 Post-Battle Development. .55 Early Battlefield Commemoration: Civil War Memorial Activity and the Establishment of Stones River National Military Park, 1866-1927 . .57 Memorial Efforts at Stones River . .62 The Creation of a Park: Development of Stones River National Military Park. .66 War Department Administration, 1927-1933 . .66 The NPS and the New Deal . .69 Early National Park Service Administration of Stones River National Military Park, 1933 - 1960 . .70 The National Park Service Mission 66 Program . .70 Stones River National Battlefield Development Under Mission 66 . .71 Significance. .71 Integrity of Historic Resources. .73 Contributing Properties . .73 Noncontributing Properties. .74 Chapter Five: Cultural Landscapes, Ethnographic Resources, Archeology, and Museum Collections Cultural Landscapes . .75 Ethnographic Resources. .75 Archeological Investigations at Stones River National Battlefield . .76 Museum Collection . .79 Chapter Six: Management Recommendations Vegetation . .81 Cultural Resources . .82 Interpretation . .83 Archive and Manuscript Collection. .84 Bibliography . .85 Appendix: Historical Base Maps . .89 Index . .99 iv Stones River National Battlefield Historic Resource Study Figures 1 Location of Stones River National Battlefield. 1 2 Development near Stones River National Cemetery. 2 3 Stones River National Cemetery, circa 1890s. 4 4 Abraham Lincoln. 8 5 Winfield Scott’s plan to blockade and strangle the South. 9 6 Jefferson Davis. 10 7 Confederate dead at the battle of Antietam.. 12 8 Artist’s conception of Lincoln reading the Emancipation Proclamation to his cabinet.. 13 9 Painting of action at the Battle of Gettysburg. 14 10 The New York City draft riots. ..
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