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Open Ruman Allison Thesis.Pdf THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF GERMAN “TEMPERATE BRUTALITY”: THE AfD AND RIGHT-WING EXTREMISM IN POSTWAR GERMANY ALLISON RUMAN SPRING 2020 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for baccalaureate degrees in German, Political Science, and Classics & Ancient Mediterranean Studies with honors in German Reviewed and approved* by the following: Jens-Uwe Guettel Associate Professor in History and Religious Studies Thesis Supervisor and Honors Adviser Gretchen Casper Associate Professor of Political Science and Asian Studies Faculty Reader * Electronic approvals are on file. i ABSTRACT Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, die Entwicklung des Rechtextremismus in Nachkriegsdeutschland aufzuzeichnen. Die Arbeit beginnt mit einem Vergleich der von NSDAP Reichstagsabgeordneten benutzten Sprache in den Reichstagsdebatten von 1928 und Reden von AfD-Abgeordneten und anderen höherrangigen AfD-Vertretern seit dem Zusammentreten des jetzigen Bundestages im Jahr 2018. Durch diesen Vergleich werden die rhetorischen Ähnlichkeiten zwischen Vertretern beider Parteien und ihren Überzeugungen deutlich. Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit ist eine Analyse des Rechtextremismus seit dem Ende des zweiten Weltkrieges bis zum Aufkommen der AfD Anfang 2013. Dieser Teil basiert auf Zeitungs- und Sekundärliteraturrecherche und bietet eine umfassende Zusammenfassung des Rechtextremismus in Nachkriegsdeutschland. Nach 1949 hatten mehrere rechtsextreme Parteien kleinere Erfolge in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, n allerdings wurden keine ihrer Vertreter in den Bundestag gewählt. Die Entwicklung dieser Parteien wurde durch mehrere Geschehnisse beeinflusst, einschließlich der relativ neuen rhetorischen Abgrenzung der „Neuen Rechten“ vom traditionellen „NS Sprech“ und der zumindest teilweise (jedoch nicht in Björn Höckes „Flügel“ der AfD) vorhandenen Bereitschaft, die fortbestehende Verantwortung der Deutschen für die Verbrechen der Nazis anzuerkennen. In der DDR machte der staatlich verordnete Antifaschismus rechtsextremistische Verhaltensweisen zu einer zum Teil weitverbreiteten Gegenkultur unter Jugendlichen. Die Skinheadbewegung schuf dann eine Art der Jugendkultur die Rechtextremismus und Straßengewalt mit Musik und einer “coolen” Klubkultur vereinigte. Aufgrund des markanten Wohlstandsgefälles zwischen den alten und neuen Bundesländern nach 1990 entwickelte sich ii der ostdeutsche Rechtextremismus anders als in den alten Bundesländern und führte zu mehreren fremdenfeindlichen, einwandererfeindlichen Ausschreitungen. Das Ziel dieses Teils meiner Arbeit ist es nachzuzeichnen, wie Rechtextremismus selbst nach 1945 in Deutschland weiter existierte und die Faktoren, die ihn beeinflussten und beeinflussen, aufzuzeigen. Diese Information ist wesentlich, um der Zusammenhang, in dem die AfD gefördert wurde, zu verstehen. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit ist eine Fallstudie der AfD und eine Analyse ihrer Erfolge sowohl auf Landes- als auch auf Bundesebene. Dieser Teil beginnt mit einer Zusammenfassung der Geschichte der Partei, einschließlich ihrer jüngsten Wahlerfolge. Diese Zusammenfassung enthält auch eine Analyse der Online-Präsenz der AfD und ihre Unterstützer. Die Analyse zeigt, dass obwohl die frühe AfD nicht unbedingt als “rechtspopulistische” bezeichnet werden kann, sie dennoch Rechtextremisten anzog, und den Netzauftritt von lokalen Rechtsextremisten mit regionalen AfD-Netzseiten verlinkte. Obwohl die AfD seit ihrer Gründung Rechtextremisten anzog, wurde sie mit einer rein wirtschaftlichen Zielsetzung gegründet, und außerdem grenzte sich das frühe Führungspersonal der AfD von Rechtsextremisten klar ab. Trotzdem wurde die Partei allmählich immer rassistischer. Die Flüchtlingskrise von 2015 verschärfte die rechtsextremistischen Tendenzen der AfD und nun ist sie in den Landtagen aller16 Bundesländer, im Bundestag und im Europäischen Parlament vertreten. Es besteht offensichtlicherweise eine klare Korrelation zwischen Rechtextremismus und wirtschaftlichen Problemen. Im Vergleich zum Westen ist der Osten selbst 30 Jahre nach dem Fall der Mauer noch wirtschaftlich benachteilig. Das war der Fall 2013, dem Jahr, in dem die AfD gegründet wurde, und es ist heute immer noch so: Obwohl Gesamtdeutschland heute wirtschaftlich wohlhabender ist als 2013, bleibt der Trend zwischen Osten und Westen doch gleich. Es ist also iii auffällig, dass man basierend auf den Wahlergebnissen und Mitgliederzahlen feststellen kann, dass die Bewohner der neuen Bundesländer sich erst für die AfD zu interessieren begannen, als die Partei begann, zunehmend in den Rechtsextremismus abzugleiten (also im Jahr 2015) und zunehmend rassistischer und fremdfeindlicher wurde. Weil sich die wirtschaftliche Lage der neuen Bundesländer sich seit der Gründung der Partei nicht verändert, kann man mit Sicherheit sagen, dass der Osten Deutschlands klar positiv auf den zunehmenden Extremismus der Partei reagiert hat. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... vii Chapter One Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 Chapter Two A Historical Analysis of Right-Wing Extremism in Postwar Germany 10 Chapter Three Alternativ für Deutschland and Right-Wing Extremism’s Return to the German Federal Parliament .................................................................................. 30 Chapter Four Conclusion ............................................................................................ 54 Appendices ................................................................................................................... 56 Appendix A: GDP per Capita for each State .................................................................... 56 Appendix B: Percent Each State Contributes to Germany’s GDP ................................... 58 Appendix C: Unemployment Rates in Germany .............................................................. 62 Appendix D: State Election Data ..................................................................................... 65 Appendix E: Federal Election Data .................................................................................. 68 Appendix F: Current AfD Representation in State Parliaments....................................... 71 Appendix G: Map of Germany ........................................................................................ 73 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................ 74 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Gross Domestic Product per Inhabitant in Germany by Federal State, 2013 Visual 56 Figure 2. Gross Domestic Product per Inhabitant in Germany by Federal State, 2018 Visual 57 Figure 3. GDP Per German State Graph .................................................................................. 58 Figure 4. Percent Each State Contributes to Germany's GDP, 2013 Visual ............................ 59 Figure 5. Percent Each State Contributes to Germany's GDP, 2018 Visual ............................ 60 Figure 6. Percent Each State Contributes to Germany's GDP Graph ...................................... 61 Figure 7. Unemployment in German States, 2013 Visual ....................................................... 62 Figure 8. Unemployment in German States, 2020 Visual ....................................................... 63 Figure 9. Unemployment Rate in German States Graph .......................................................... 64 Figure 10. Percent of AfD Votes in State Elections Before 2016, Visual ............................... 65 Figure 11. Percent of AfD Votes in State Elections After 2016, Visual .................................. 66 Figure 12. Percent of AfD Votes in State Elections Graph ...................................................... 67 Figure 13. AfD Support in German Federal Elections, 2013 Visual ....................................... 68 Figure 14. AfD Support in German Federal Elections, 2017 Visual ....................................... 69 Figure 15. AfD Support in German Federal Elections Graph .................................................. 70 Figure 16. Current (February 2020) AfD Representation in State Parliaments Visual ............ 71 Figure 17. Current (February 2020) AfD Representation in State Parliaments Graph ............ 72 Figure 18. Map of Germany ..................................................................................................... 73 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1. GDP per Capita per State ........................................................................................... 33 Table 2. Percent Each State Contributes to Germany's GDP ................................................... 33 Table 3. Percent of AfD Votes in State Elections .................................................................... 49 Table 4. Percent of AfD Votes in Federal Elections ................................................................ 49 Table 5. Unemployment Rates in German States .................................................................... 51 Table 6. Current (February 2020) AfD Representation in State Parliaments (Statista) ........... 72 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express
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