DOCSLIB.ORG

Egyptian Body Size: a Regional and Worldwide Comparison

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Egyptian Body Size: a Regional and Worldwide Comparison University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2011 Egyptian Body Size: A Regional and Worldwide Comparison Michelle H. Raxter University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, Anatomy Commons, and the Evolution Commons Scholar Commons Citation Raxter, Michelle H., "Egyptian Body Size: A Regional and Worldwide Comparison" (2011). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3305 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Egyptian Body Size: A Regional and Worldwide Comparison by Michelle Helene Raxter A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Lorena Madrigal, Ph.D. David A. Himmelgreen, Ph.D. Christopher B. Ruff, Ph.D. E. Christian Wells, Ph.D. Sonia R. Zakrzewski, Ph.D. Date of Approval: October 10, 2011 Keywords: postcrania, ancient health, ecogeographic patterning, Northeast Africa, Egypt, Nubia Copyright © 2011, Michelle Helene Raxter ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my all-star dissertation committee: Dr. Christian Wells. Dr. Wells was so great at explaining details to me, especially in stats. He is also super super cool. Dr. David Himmelgreen. Points Dr. Himmelgreen has highlighted to me have really helped me improve my work. He is awesome. Dr. Sonia Zakrzewski. I was beyond ecstatic when Dr. Zakrzewski agreed to be on my committee. Her own research and publications, expertise and comments were so critical to my work. Dr. Zakrzewski rocks! Dr. Christopher Ruff. Dr. Ruff is so influential to me. I would not have reached this point without him. He is just the highest order of brilliance, both as a mentor and as a person. There just aren’t sufficient superlatives to cover it, so I won’t even try. I am just so fortunate and grateful to know him and have his guidance. Dr. Lorena Madrigal. When I first met Dr. Madrigal at an AAPA meeting, I knew she was meant to be my advisor. This was even before we found out we have similar eating habits and that we both love all things Austen. She is the most amazing mentor in the multiverse, whose insight and direction has been invaluable to all aspects of my academic career. She is also just a fantastic person! I am grateful to Dr. Benjamin Auerbach, Dr. Michele Buzon, Dr. Moushira Erfan, Dr. Trent Holliday, Dr. Jerry Rose, Dr. Sonia Zakrzewski, and Bill Schaffer for contributing their skeletal measures to the present study. I would also like to thank the following people for their support over the years: Dr. David Hunt, Dr. Douglas Ubelaker, Dr. Maria Teschler-Nicola, and Dr. Karin Wiltschke-Schrotta. The Smithsonian, particularly the sections I had the most experience with - the Anthropology Department and Mammals Division of the Department of Systematic Biology - were such a significant impact on me and my perspectives on research. I would like to thank the researchers and staff there who never hesitated to take the time to help me, whether it was to offer technical advice or aid in locating literary sources, but also for offering to assist me, even when I didn’t ask, with other things like carrying really heavy drawers. They also showed concern like when I had to use the giant ladder or if I had to walk to the Metro alone in later hours. I very much appreciate their kindness and it was a privilege to be surrounded by professionals of the highest esteem. Finally, thank you to my parents, Buddy, Liza, Art, and Tina, and my grandparents, Ed, Linda, Lee and Elvira. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES xviii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxii ABSTRACT xxiii CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 Research Strategy 3 Major Issues Considered 4 Outline of the Study 6 CHAPTER 2 Methodological and Theoretical Framework 7 Human Adaptability 7 Human Growth and Development 9 The GH/IGF System 15 Early Life History 16 Heritability 18 Secular Trends 19 Factors Affecting Sexual Dimorphism in Body Size 25 Subsistence Strategy and Social Stratification 27 Evolutionary Forces 30 Ecogeographic Patterning 31 Major Issues in Bioarchaeological Analyses 39 CHAPTER 3 Historical Context and Hypotheses 43 Egypt and Nubia’s Geography 45 Summary of Egyptian History from the Paleolithic to Arab Conquest 49 The Paleolithic and Mesolithic Periods 49 The Predynastic Period 50 The Early Dynastic/Archaic Period (1st & 2nd Dynasties) 53 The Old Kingdom Period (3rd-6th Dynasties) 54 The First Intermediate Period (7th-10th Dynasties) 55 The Middle Kingdom Period (11th-14th Dynasties) 55 The Second Intermediate Period (15th-17th Dynasties) 56 The New Kingdom Period (18th-20th Dynasties) 57 The Third Intermediate Period (21st-23rd Dynasties) and Late Period (24th-31st Dynasties) 58 The Greco-Roman Period 59 Byzantine Era 60 i Arab Conquest to the 20th Century 60 Egypt Today 62 Egypt and Nubia 64 Climate and the Nile: Late Pleistocene to Dynastic Times 69 Animal and Plant Domestication and Formation of the Egyptian State 72 Ancient Egyptian Hierarchy 74 Diet and Subsistence 77 Population Affinity 80 Previous Ancient Egyptian Postcranial Studies 84 Aims and Hypotheses 88 Health/Nutrition 88 Ecogeographic Patterns 91 CHAPTER 4 Materials 92 Selection Procedure 92 Site Description 93 Egypt 96 Nazlet Khater - Early Upper Paleolithic Period (38,000-33,000 BCE) 96 El-Badari - Badarian Period (c. 5500-4000 BCE) 97 Keneh - Predynastic Period (c. 5500-3050 BCE) 98 Naqada - Predynastic Period (c. 4000-3000 BCE) 99 Abydos - Early Predynastic (c. 4000-3500 BCE) and Archaic Periods (c. 3050-2687 BCE) 99 Gebelein - Early Predynastic (c. 4000-3500 BCE) and Middle Kingdom Periods (c. 2061-1665 BCE) 100 El-Amrah - Late Predynastic Period (c. 3500-3150 BCE) 101 Hierakonpolis - Late Predynastic Period (3500-3150 BCE) 101 Mesaeed - Late Predynastic Period (c. 3500-3150 BCE) 102 Giza - Old Kingdom Period (c. 2687-2191 BCE) 102 Meidum - Old Kingdom Period (c. 2687-2191 BCE) 102 Lisht - Middle Kingdom (2061-1665 BCE), New Kingdom (c. 1569-1081 BCE) and Late Periods (c. 727-333 BCE) 103 Sheikh Farag - Middle Kingdom Period (2061-1665 BCE) 103 Amarna - New Kingdom Period (c. 1390-1330 BCE) 104 El-Hesa - Roman Period (c. 200-400 CE) 105 Kharga Oasis - Roman-Byzantine Period (c. 500-600 CE) 105 Luxor - Roman-Byzantine Period (c. 500-600 CE) 106 El-Kubanieh 106 Nubia 106 Jebel Sahaba - Late Upper Paleolithic (c. 12,000-10,000 BCE) 106 Kerma - Classic Kerma Period (c. 1750-1500BCE) 107 Tombos - New Kingdom Period (c. 1569-1081 BCE) 107 Sayala - Late Roman-Early Byzantine Period (c. 350-550 CE) 109 CHAPTER 5 Methods 111 Data Collection: Measurements and Techniques 111 Preparation of the Data 113 Groups Assessed 118 Statistical Methods 119 ii CHAPTER 6 Results 121 Results: Health/Nutrition 121 Temporal Analyses of Body Size Within Egypt 121 1. Within Egypt: Temporal Analyses: Stature and Body Mass 122 Stature and Sexual Dimorphism in Stature 122 Body Mass 131 2. Within Egypt: Temporal Analyses: Variation in Measures 137 Stature 137 Long Bone Lengths 138 Regional Comparison of Body Size 142 3. Egyptian and Nubian Comparison: Stature and Body Mass 142 Stature and Sexual Dimorphism in Stature 142 Body Mass 144 4. Egyptian and Nubian Comparison: Variation in Measures 145 Ancient v. Modern Comparison of Body Size 146 5. Ancient v Modern Comparison: Stature, Body Mass, and Sexual Dimorphism 146 Results: Ecogeographic Patterns in Body Size 150 6. Regional Comparison 150 Northeast African Region: Brachial and Crural Indices 151 Northeast African Region: Body Breadth 155 7. Worldwide Comparison 155 Brachial and Crural Indices 155 Body Breadth 158 8. Worldwide Comparison: Correlations with Latitude 159 CHAPTER 7 Discussion 165 Physical Environment 165 Diet and Subsistence Patterns 168 Health deterioration as related to agricultural intensification and increase in social stratification. 169 Cultural Changes 174 Egypt and Nubia 176 Sexual Dimorphism 179 Temporal Patterns in Egyptian Body Size Related to Previous Studies 180 Modern Egypt 184 Egyptian Body Plan: Ecogeographic Patterns in a Middle Latitude Population and Egypt at the Intersection of Continents 189 CHAPTER 8 Conclusions 191 Limitations of the Study and Directions for Future Research 194 LITERATURE CITED 197 Appendix 1: Additional Table: Chronology of Climatic and Cultural Events 233 iii Appendix 2: Additional Table: Egypt Mean Temperature by Month and Season 234 Appendix 3: Additional Tables: Tests with Sex and Time Period as Factors 235 Appendix 4: Additional Tables: Tests of Normality: Males 237 Appendix 5: Additional Tables: Tests of Normality: Females 243 Appendix 6: Additional Tables: Levene’s Statistic and ANOVA: Egyptian Males 250 Appendix 7: Additional Tables: Levene’s Statistic and ANOVA: Nubian Males 256 Appendix 8: Additional Tables: Levene’s Statistic and ANOVA: Males by Northeast African Region 262 Appendix 9: Additional Tables: Levene’s Statistic and ANOVA: Egyptian Females 264 Appendix 10: Additional Tables: Levene’s Statistic and ANOVA: Nubian Females 269 Appendix 11: Additional Tables: Levene’s Statistic and ANOVA: Females by Northeast African Region 274 Appendix 12: Additional Figures: Boxplots: Distribution of Measures: Males 276 Appendix 13: Additional Figures: Boxplots: Distribution of Measures: Females 284 iv LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 Stages in postnatal life. 10 TABLE 2 Egyptian chronology and timeline of major historical events. 44 TABLE 3 Study’s skeletal samples by time period and site. 95 TABLE 4 Published Nubian data. 96 TABLE 5 Anthropometrics of modern Egyptians. 97 TABLE 6 Measurements and indices used in the analysis.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Qadan, the Jebel Sahaba Cemetery and the Lithic
    PL ISSN 0066–5924 INDEX 32597x (VAT 8%) DOI: 10.23858/APa58.2020 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences Archaeologia Polona vol. 58: 2020 Special theme: PREHistorY OF North-EAST AFRICA Volume dedicated to Prof. Michał Kobusiewicz on his 80th birthday Archaeologia Polona Volume 58 : 2020 Editor: DAGMARA H. WERRA Associate Editor MARZENA WOŹNY International Advisory Prof. PETER BOGUCKI – Princeton University, USA Board: Prof. MARTIN GOJDA – University of Western Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic Prof. ANTHONY HARDING – University of Exeter, Great Britain Prof. MARIA IACOVOU – University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus Prof. CAROLA METZNER-NEBELSICK – University of Munich, Germany Prof. BJØRNAR OLSEN – University of Tromsø, Norway Prof. GUIDO VANNINI – University of Florence, Italy Editors of the volume: PRZEMYSłAW Bobrowski and MirosłAW MASOJć Linguistic consultation: PAUL BARFORD Cover illustration: MACIEJ JÓRDECZKA Reviewers: Mirosław Furmanek (Wroclaw), Elena Garcea (Cassino), Maria Gatto (Leicester), Bolesław Ginter (Cracow), Tomasz Herbich (Warsaw), Karla Kroeper (Berlin), Alice Leplongeon (Leuven), Maria Kaczmarek (Poznan), Andrea Manzo (Naples), Arkadiusz Marciniak (Poznan), Henryk Paner (Gdansk), Tomasz Płonka (Wroclaw), Włodzimierz Rączkowski (Poznan), Andrzej Rozwadowski (Poznan), Jiří Svoboda (Brno), Philip Van Peer (Leuven), András Zboray (Budapest). Editorial office: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-140 Warsaw; Al. Solidarności 105 Tel. (4822) 6202881 ext. 154; Fax. (4822) 624 01 00 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://journals.iaepan.pl/apolona DOI: 10.23858/APa DOI: 10.23858/APa58.2020 Archaeologia Polona Copyright © 2020 by Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences. All articles in this volume are published in an open access under the CC BY 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
    [Show full text]
  • Macedonian Kings, Egyptian Pharaohs the Ptolemaic Family In
    Department of World Cultures University of Helsinki Helsinki Macedonian Kings, Egyptian Pharaohs The Ptolemaic Family in the Encomiastic Poems of Callimachus Iiro Laukola ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Helsinki in auditorium XV, University Main Building, on the 23rd of September, 2016 at 12 o’clock. Helsinki 2016 © Iiro Laukola 2016 ISBN 978-951-51-2383-1 (paperback.) ISBN 978-951-51-2384-8 (PDF) Unigrafia Helsinki 2016 Abstract The interaction between Greek and Egyptian cultural concepts has been an intense yet controversial topic in studies about Ptolemaic Egypt. The present study partakes in this discussion with an analysis of the encomiastic poems of Callimachus of Cyrene (c. 305 – c. 240 BC). The success of the Ptolemaic Dynasty is crystallized in the juxtaposing of the different roles of a Greek ǴdzȅǻǽǷȏȄ and of an Egyptian Pharaoh, and this study gives a glimpse of this political and ideological endeavour through the poetry of Callimachus. The contribution of the present work is to situate Callimachus in the core of the Ptolemaic court. Callimachus was a proponent of the Ptolemaic rule. By reappraising the traditional Greek beliefs, he examined the bicultural rule of the Ptolemies in his encomiastic poems. This work critically examines six Callimachean hymns, namely to Zeus, to Apollo, to Artemis, to Delos, to Athena and to Demeter together with the Victory of Berenice, the Lock of Berenice and the Ektheosis of Arsinoe. Characterized by ambiguous imagery, the hymns inspect the ruptures in Greek thought during the Hellenistic age.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 6 a NEWSLETTER of AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGY May 19 75 Edited
    - No. 6 A NEWSLETTER OF AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGY May 1975 Edited by P.L. Shinnie and issued from the Department of Archaeology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N lN4, Canada. (This issue edited by John H. Robertson.) I must apologize for the confusion which has developed con- cerning this issue. A notice was sent in February calling for material to be sent by March 15th. Unfortunately a mail strike in Canada held up the notices, and some people did not receive them until after the middle of March. To make matters worse I did not get back from the Sudan until May 1st so the deadline really should have been for the end of April. My thanks go to the contributors of this issue who I am sure wrote their articles under pressure of trying to meet the March 15th deadline. Another fumble on our part occurred with the responses we received confirming an interest in future issues of Nyame Akuma Professor ~hinnie'sintent in sending out the notice was to cull the now over 200 mailing list down to those who took the time to respond to the notice. Unfortunately the secretaries taking care of the-mail in Shinnie's absence thought the notice was only to check addresses, and only changes in address were noted. In other words, we have no record of who returned the forms. I suspect when Professor Shinnie returns in August he will want to have another go at culling the mailing list . I hope this issue of Nyame Akuma, late though it is, reaches everyone before they go into the field, and that everyone has an enjoyable and productive summer.
    [Show full text]
  • Was the Function of the Earliest Writing in Egypt Utilitarian Or Ceremonial? Does the Surviving Evidence Reflect the Reality?”
    “Was the function of the earliest writing in Egypt utilitarian or ceremonial? Does the surviving evidence reflect the reality?” Article written by Marsia Sfakianou Chronology of Predynastic period, Thinite period and Old Kingdom..........................2 How writing began.........................................................................................................4 Scopes of early Egyptian writing...................................................................................6 Ceremonial or utilitarian? ..............................................................................................7 The surviving evidence of early Egyptian writing.........................................................9 Bibliography/ references..............................................................................................23 Links ............................................................................................................................23 Album of web illustrations...........................................................................................24 1 Map of Egypt. Late Predynastic Period-Early Dynastic (Grimal, 1994) Chronology of Predynastic period, Thinite period and Old Kingdom (from the appendix of Grimal’s book, 1994, p 389) 4500-3150 BC Predynastic period. 4500-4000 BC Badarian period 4000-3500 BC Naqada I (Amratian) 3500-3300 BC Naqada II (Gerzean A) 3300-3150 BC Naqada III (Gerzean B) 3150-2700 BC Thinite period 3150-2925 BC Dynasty 1 3150-2925 BC Narmer, Menes 3125-3100 BC Aha 3100-3055 BC
    [Show full text]
  • Nilotic Livestock Transport in Ancient Egypt
    NILOTIC LIVESTOCK TRANSPORT IN ANCIENT EGYPT A Thesis by MEGAN CHRISTINE HAGSETH Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Chair of Committee, Shelley Wachsmann Committee Members, Deborah Carlson Kevin Glowacki Head of Department, Cynthia Werner December 2015 Major Subject: Anthropology Copyright 2015 Megan Christine Hagseth ABSTRACT Cattle in ancient Egypt were a measure of wealth and prestige, and as such figured prominently in tomb art, inscriptions, and even literature. Elite titles and roles such as “Overseer of Cattle” were granted to high ranking officials or nobility during the New Kingdom, and large numbers of cattle were collected as tribute throughout the Pharaonic period. The movement of these animals along the Nile, whether for secular or sacred reasons, required the development of specialized vessels. The cattle ferries of ancient Egypt provide a unique opportunity to understand facets of the Egyptian maritime community. A comparison of cattle barges with other Egyptian ship types from these same periods leads to a better understand how these vessels fit into the larger maritime paradigm, and also serves to test the plausibility of aspects such as vessel size and design, composition of crew, and lading strategies. Examples of cargo vessels similar to the cattle barge have been found and excavated, such as ships from Thonis-Heracleion, Ayn Sukhna, Alexandria, and Mersa/Wadi Gawasis. This type of cross analysis allows for the tentative reconstruction of a vessel type which has not been identified previously in the archaeological record.
    [Show full text]
  • Lukenya Hill, Kenya)
    Late Pleistocene age and archaeological context for the hominin calvaria from GvJm-22 (Lukenya Hill, Kenya) Christian A. Tryona,1, Isabelle Crevecoeurb, J. Tyler Faithc, Ravid Ekshtaina, Joelle Nivensd, David Pattersone, Emma N. Mbuaf, and Fred Spoorg,h aDepartment of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; bUnité Mixte de Recherche 5199, de la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement, et Anthropologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux, 33615 Talence, France; cArchaeology Program, School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; dDepartment of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY 10003; eCenter for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052; fNational Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya 00100; gDepartment of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany; and hDepartment of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom Edited by Erik Trinkaus, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, and approved January 16, 2015 (received for review September 19, 2014) Kenya National Museums Lukenya Hill Hominid 1 (KNM-LH 1) is Hominid 1 (KNM-LH 1) partial calvaria from site GvJm-22 at a Homo sapiens partial calvaria from site GvJm-22 at Lukenya Hill, Lukenya Hill, Kenya, the only eastern African fossil hominin Kenya, associated with Later Stone Age (LSA) archaeological de- from a Last Glacial Maximum [LGM; 19–26.4 kya (19)] LSA posits. KNM-LH 1 is securely dated to the Late Pleistocene, and archaeological context. We construct a revised accelerator mass samples a time and region important for understanding the origins spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon chronology built on 26 new of modern human diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections
    Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections Applying a Multi- Analytical Approach to the Investigation of Ancient Egyptian Influence in Nubian Communities: The Socio- Cultural Implications of Chemical Variation in Ceramic Styles Julia Carrano Department of Anthropology, University of California— Santa Barbara Stuart T. Smith Department of Anthropology, University of California— Santa Barbara George Herbst Department of Anthropology, University of California— Santa Barbara Gary H. Girty Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University Carl J. Carrano Department of Chemistry, San Diego State University Jeffrey R. Ferguson Archaeometry Laboratory, Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri Abstract is article reviews published archaeological research that explores the potential of combined chemical and petrographic analyses to distin - guish manufacturing methods of ceramics made om Nile river silt. e methodology was initially applied to distinguish the production methods of Egyptian and Nubian- style vessels found in New Kingdom and Napatan Period Egyptian colonial centers in Upper Nubia. Conducted in the context of ongoing excavations and surveys at the third cataract, ceramic characterization can be used to explore the dynamic role pottery production may have played in Egyptian efforts to integrate with or alter native Nubian culture. Results reveal that, despite overall similar geochemistry, x-ray fluorescence (XRF), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and petrography can dis - tinguish Egyptian and Nubian-
    [Show full text]
  • Who's Who in Ancient Egypt
    Who’s Who IN ANCIENT EGYPT Available from Routledge worldwide: Who’s Who in Ancient Egypt Michael Rice Who’s Who in the Ancient Near East Gwendolyn Leick Who’s Who in Classical Mythology Michael Grant and John Hazel Who’s Who in World Politics Alan Palmer Who’s Who in Dickens Donald Hawes Who’s Who in Jewish History Joan Comay, new edition revised by Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok Who’s Who in Military History John Keegan and Andrew Wheatcroft Who’s Who in Nazi Germany Robert S.Wistrich Who’s Who in the New Testament Ronald Brownrigg Who’s Who in Non-Classical Mythology Egerton Sykes, new edition revised by Alan Kendall Who’s Who in the Old Testament Joan Comay Who’s Who in Russia since 1900 Martin McCauley Who’s Who in Shakespeare Peter Quennell and Hamish Johnson Who’s Who in World War Two Edited by John Keegan Who’s Who IN ANCIENT EGYPT Michael Rice 0 London and New York First published 1999 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. © 1999 Michael Rice The right of Michael Rice to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 5 the Cultures of Nubia
    Chapter 3 Ancient Egypt and Nubia Objectives Examine the relationship between Nubia and Egypt. Learn about the Nubian kingdoms centered in Kerma, Napata, and Meroe. Key Terms ore – a mineral or a combination of minerals mined for the production of metals Lower Nubia – the region of ancient Nubia between the first and second Nile cataracts Upper Nubia – the region of ancient Nubia between the second and sixth Nile cataracts artisan – a worker who is skilled in crafting goods by hand In 690 B.C., Taharka, the greatest ruler of his dynasty, was crowned king of both Nubia and Egypt. Taharka’s mother journeyed 1200 miles from Nubia to Memphis to see his coronation. Nubia and Egypt Archaeologists have found pottery, weapons, and jewelry at Nubian burial sites dating back to 6000 B.C. There was also evidence of trading. Land of the Bow The region of Nubia was located south of ancient Egypt, beyond the first cataract of the Nile River. For most of their long history, Nubia and Egypt were peaceful, friendly neighbors. The Egyptians called Nubia “Ta Sety”, the land of the bow. The Nubian archers were so skilled that the Egyptians hired them for their armies. Valuable Resources Egypt valued Nubia for its rich mineral resources such as gold, copper, and iron ore. Because of its location, Nubia became a bridge for goods traveling between central Africa and Egypt. Powerful kingdoms rose in Upper Nubia, the region between the second and sixth Nile cataracts, rivaling Egypt for control of land. The most powerful of these kingdoms were in the cities of Kerma, Napata, and Meroe, ruled by Kushites, people who lived in southern Nubia.
    [Show full text]
  • Cwiek, Andrzej. Relief Decoration in the Royal
    Andrzej Ćwiek RELIEF DECORATION IN THE ROYAL FUNERARY COMPLEXES OF THE OLD KINGDOM STUDIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT, SCENE CONTENT AND ICONOGRAPHY PhD THESIS WRITTEN UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. KAROL MYŚLIWIEC INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY FACULTY OF HISTORY WARSAW UNIVERSITY 2003 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work would have never appeared without help, support, advice and kindness of many people. I would like to express my sincerest thanks to: Professor Karol Myśliwiec, the supervisor of this thesis, for his incredible patience. Professor Zbigniew Szafrański, my first teacher of Egyptian archaeology and subsequently my boss at Deir el-Bahari, colleague and friend. It was his attitude towards science that influenced my decision to become an Egyptologist. Professor Lech Krzyżaniak, who offered to me really enormous possibilities of work in Poznań and helped me to survive during difficult years. It is due to him I have finished my thesis at last; he asked me about it every time he saw me. Professor Dietrich Wildung who encouraged me and kindly opened for me the inventories and photographic archives of the Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, and Dr. Karla Kroeper who enabled my work in Berlin in perfect conditions. Professors and colleagues who offered to me their knowledge, unpublished material, and helped me in various ways. Many scholars contributed to this work, sometimes unconsciously, and I owe to them much, albeit all the mistakes and misinterpretations are certainly by myself. Let me list them in an alphabetical order, pleno titulo: Hartwig
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Wisdom: Major and Minor Keys
    EVOLUTION OF WISDOM: MAJOR AND MINOR KEYS AGUSTÍN FUENTES AND CELIA DEANE-DRUMMOND Center for Theology, Science, and Human Flourishing University of Notre Dame Evolution of Wisdom: Major and Minor Keys by Center for Theology, Science, and Human Flourishing is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Copyright © 2018 Center for Theology, Science, and Human Flourishing, University of Notre Dame CONTENTS Contents v Acknowledgements vii List of Contributors viii Introduction: Transdisciplinarity, Evolution, and Engaging Wisdom 1 Agustín Fuentes and Celia Deane-Drummond PART I. INTERDISCIPLINARY WISDOM 1. Independent Reason, Faith, and a Distinctively Human Wisdom 7 Angela Carpenter 2. Re-Engaging Theology and Evolutionary Biology: The Nature of True Wisdom 15 Nicola Hoggard Creegan 3. Human Origins and the Emergence of a Distinctively Human Imagination 25 J. Wentzel van Huyssteen PART II. EVOLUTIONARY NARRATIVES 4. Technological Intelligence or Social Wisdom? Promiscuous Sociality, Things, 41 and Networks in Human Evolution Fiona Coward 5. The Palaeolithic Archaeological Record and the Materiality of Imagination: A 57 Response to J. Wentzel van Huyssteen Jennifer French 6. How did Hominins become Human? 64 Marc Kissel PART III. WISDOM AND THE MIND 7. De-Centering Humans within Cognitive Systems 83 Marcus Baynes-Rock 8. Practical Wisdom: Good Reasoning or Good Action? 89 Craig IfGand 9. Concepts of Reason and Wisdom 96 Maureen Junker-Kenny 10. Wisdom and Freedom as Reason - Sensitive Action Control 104 Aku Visala PART IV. WISDOM IN THE MINOR KEY 11. Evolution in the Minor Key 115 Tim Ingold 12. A Response to Tim Ingold: Evolution in the Minor Key 124 Karen Kilby 13.
    [Show full text]
  • Before the Pyramids Oi.Uchicago.Edu
    oi.uchicago.edu Before the pyramids oi.uchicago.edu before the pyramids baked clay, squat, round-bottomed, ledge rim jar. 12.3 x 14.9 cm. Naqada iiC. oim e26239 (photo by anna ressman) 2 oi.uchicago.edu Before the pyramids the origins of egyptian civilization edited by emily teeter oriental institute museum puBlications 33 the oriental institute of the university of chicago oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Control Number: 2011922920 ISBN-10: 1-885923-82-1 ISBN-13: 978-1-885923-82-0 © 2011 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2011. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago This volume has been published in conjunction with the exhibition Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization March 28–December 31, 2011 Oriental Institute Museum Publications 33 Series Editors Leslie Schramer and Thomas G. Urban Rebecca Cain and Michael Lavoie assisted in the production of this volume. Published by The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago 1155 East 58th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA oi.uchicago.edu For Tom and Linda Illustration Credits Front cover illustration: Painted vessel (Catalog No. 2). Cover design by Brian Zimerle Catalog Nos. 1–79, 82–129: Photos by Anna Ressman Catalog Nos. 80–81: Courtesy of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford Printed by M&G Graphics, Chicago, Illinois. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Service — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984 ∞ oi.uchicago.edu book title TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword. Gil J.
    [Show full text]