DOCSLIB.ORG

Ottoman Rule in Bulgaria (1396-1878)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ottoman Rule in Bulgaria (1396-1878) AA BBRRIIEEFF HHIISSTTOORRYY OOFF BBUULLGGAARRIIAA The history of Bulgaria can be traced from the first settlements on the lands of modern Bulgaria to its formation as a nation-state and includes the history of the Bulgarian people and their origin. Bulgaria as a nation exists in history books since 681 when the First Bulgarian Empire was founded. 1 THE THRACIANS Around 3,500 B.C. Thracians lived in what is today Bulgarian land, they also left their mark on this place. They are the first who settled on those who have historical record. Thracian Warrior 2 The Greek Colonization In the seventh century B.C. the Greeks, began to colonize the Bulgarian coast of the Black Sea. There they founded many cities that still exist today: Varna (Odesos), Nesebar (Mesembria ), Sozopol (Apollonia), etc. Mesembria 3 347–342 BC emerged Philippopolis The Thracian town was conquered by Philip II of Macedon who named it Philippopolis, and the Odrysian king was deposed in 342 BCE. Ten years after the Macedonian invasion, the Thracian kings started to exercise power again after the Odrysian Seuthes III had re- established their kingdom under Macedonian suzerainty as a result of a successful revolt against Alexander the Great's rule resulting in a stalemate. Philip II of Macedon 4 Roman Period 1st century BCE The Romans fortified many of the Thracian settlements and build many new towns and cities. Modern day Stara Zagora (Augusta Traiana) and modern day Devnya (Marcianopolis) date back to that period. Emperor Mark Ulpius Traianus found the Thracian city of Serdica (modern day Sofia) became Ulpia Serdica in his honor. Ruins of roman baths in Varna 5 PROTO BULGARIANS The semi-nomadic riders arrived in the territory of today’s Bulgaria from the North, led by their Khan Asparuh, and determined to settle permanently. And settle they did. The state they founded at the end of the 7th century AD continues to exist today. Khan Asparuh 6 FIRST BULGARIAN KINGDOM (681 – 1018) After receiving an official recognition in 681 AD, the Bulgarian Kingdom continued carving out territory from the Byzantine Empire under Khan Krum, adopted Christianity as a state religion under Kniaz Boris I, and reached its cultural and commercial golden age under Tsar Simeon the Great. By the end of the 10th century, the weakened state was under constant attack and fell under Byzantine rule in the Bulgarian King early 11th century. 7 KNYAZ BORIS I ADOPTION OF CHRISTIANITY He realize that the country, until then split along ethnic and religious differences, needed a new state religion as a unifying force. After evaluating offers from both Rome and Constantinople, the Knyaz settled on Eastern Orthodoxy, though not before carefully using the tensions between the West and the East to secure an independent Bulgarian church. King Boris I 8 THE GOLDEN AGE: SIMEON I THE GREAT Simeon proved to be a successful, intelligent, and energetic leader who led the Bulgarian state to a great territorial expansion and unrivaled cultural heights. Simeon’s longest-lasting achievement, however, is the wide adoption of the new Cyrillic alphabet and the unprecedented King Simeon I cultural and literary peak reached during his reign. 9 BYZANTINE CONQUEST OF BULGARIA Bulgaria remained subject to Byzantium for more than a century and a half, until 1185. Its western part was transformed into one of the Byzantine's provinces, which was ruled by a governor appointed by the Emperor. The Bulgarian church fell under the domination of Greek ecclesiastics. Battle against Byzantine 10 SECOND BULGARIAN KINGDOM (1185 – 1396) The kingdom existed for 200 years with Veliko Tarnovo as capital. it reached the peak of its power under Tsars Kaloyan and Ivan Asen II. Bulgaria spread from the Adriatic to the Black Sea and the economy flourished. In the late 13th century, however, the Empire declined under constant invasions by Mongols, Byzantines, Hungarians, and Serbs, as well as internal unrest and Coat of arms from the period revolts. 11 OTTOMAN RULE IN BULGARIA (1396-1878) In 1393, the Bulgarian capital Tarnovo fell. This essentially put an end to the Bulgarian state and independent church. Three years later the quasi-independent Vidin Kingdom was also conquered. Almost overnight, the Bulgarians turned into an ethnic and religious minority. Their state and church ceased to exist, and the Bulgarian aristocracy and literary elite were extinguished. Sofia during Ottoman Rule 12 BULGARIAN REVIVAL (1762 - 1878) The revival’s leaders – philosophers, poets, and revolutionaries. They preached about the new dream of an independent church and state. The Bulgarian effort for liberation culminated with the April uprising in 1876. Just days later, the uprising was brutally suppressed by irregular Turkish forces known as bashibazouk. Massacres of civilians followed, most notably in Batak where 3,000 to 5,000 civilians lost their Vasil Levski lives. 13 THE TREATY OF SAN STEFANO, SIGNED ON MARCH 3, 1878. The Ottoman Empire was debilitated. Russia declared yet another war. Apart from geopolitical ambitions, it was responding to a mass sympathy for the Bulgarians fueled by their common religion and Slavic origin. Soon the Russian armies crossed the Danube and, supported by the exalted locals, pushed the Ottomans all the way to Istanbul. Signing of San Stefano treaty 14 PRINCIPALITY OF BULGARIA (1878 – 1908 ) Was a de facto independent, and de jure vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire. Bulgaria only acknowledged the authority of the Sublime Porte in a formal way. It had its own Constitution, flag and anthem, and conducted its own foreign policy. In 1885, a bloodless revolution resulted in Eastern Rumelia being de facto annexed by Bulgaria, which the Ottoman Empire accepted with the Tophane Agreement. On 5 October 1908 Alexander I 15 KINGDOM OF BULGARIA (1908- 1946) The Bulgarian state was raised from a principality to a kingdom. Ferdinand I was crowned a Tsar at the Declaration of Independence, because of his military plans and for seeking options for unification of all lands in the Balkans region with an ethnic Bulgarian majority. In September 1946, the monarchy was abolished by plebiscite, and young Tsar Simeon was sent into exile. King Ferdinand I 16 PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA (1946-1990) In 1946 the Communists took power, with Vasil Kolarov becoming President and Dimitrov becoming Prime Minister. Bulgaria was part of Comecon and a member of the Warsaw Pact and was closely allied with the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Todor Zhivkov was a Bulgarian politician who served as leader of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) from 1954 until 1989 as General Secretary of the Bulgarian Coat Of Arms of Bulgaria Communist Party. 17 TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY (1990) The transition to democracy in Bulgaria is commonly defined as a coup d'état carried out by the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) elites against the long- standing dictator Todor Zhivkov. The Bulgarian transition to democracy was a direct by- product of the economic and political collapse of the USSR. The transition was peaceful and elite-led. Zhelyu Zhelev the first democratically elected President Zhelyu Zhelev of Bulgaria. 18 BULGARIAN DEMOCRACY (1990 TO TODAY) Bulgaria is a parliamentary republic, the government and its leader - the Prime Minister, have more political influence and significance than the President. Thus, the parliamentary elections set the short- term social and political environment in the country since the cabinet (chosen by the Prime Minister and approved by the parliament) decides how the country is governed Bulgarian Parliament 17 BULGARIA ACCESION TO EUROPEAN UNION Bulgaria became a member of NATO in 2004. After several years of reforms it joined the European Union and single market in 2007. Bulgaria hosted the 2018 Presidency of the Council of the European Union at the National Palace of Culture in Sofia. The Bulgarian lands have rich and most diverse cultural heritage. Their location on a crossroads explains the intertwining, mixing, the mutual influences of the culture, mores, and religions of tribes and peoples, having lived and crisscrossed the region. Invaluable is the cultural and historical heritage of ancient Thracian, Greeks, Romans, of generations of Bulgarians leaving through their achievements intriguing and useful information about their lifestyle, traditions and their spiritual enlightenment..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Diary of Bogdan Filov Bogdan Dimitrov Filov
    DOCUMENTS FREDERICK B. CHARY, translator and editor (Gary, Ind., U.S.A.) The Diary of Bogdan Filov Bogdan Dimitrov Filov (1883-1945) was prime minister of Bulgaria from 1940 to 1943 and a member of the regency couiicil from September, 1943 to September 9, 1944. One of the most important political leaders of the Kingdom of Bulgaria during the critical years of World War II, he wrote a diary of day-to-day events of that time which has great value for the historian. In it are revealed both the stresses of Balkan politics and the views of Axis leaders and their allies on the war. Before entering upon his political career, Filov was an art historian and an archaeologist. He was at one time a rector of Sofia University and president of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. His scholarly works were so numerous and impressive that even today they form a major contribution to the study of Bulgarian antiquities and medieval art. Filov first entered the Bulgarian government in November, 1938, as minister of education. Although he was a Germanophile (he had attended German universities and belonged to several German scholarly societies), his minor post and academic background kept him from the center of political controversy in 1939. At that time a power struggle between Georgi K'oseivanov, the prime minister, and Ivan Bagrianov, the minister of agriculture in the 1938-1939 cabinet, occupied Bulgarian politics. King Boris III had hand-picked K'oseivanov for the premiership in 1935, after the struggles following the Military League's coup d'etat of the previous year had brought the state under the domination of the throne.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgarian Restaurant Chevermeto
    EXHIBITIONS / Изложения January - June 2018 HELLO WINTER STORY Health and Sport FESTIVAL Здраве и спорт 20 - 21.01. International Tourist Fair HOLIDAY & SPA EXPO Международна туристическа борса 14 - 16.02. LUXURY WEDDINGS Wedding and Events Industry EXPO Сватбена и събитийна индустрия 23 - 25.02. BULGARIA BUILDING Building Materials and Machines WEEK Строителни материали и машини 07 - 10.03. Safety&Security SECURITY EXPO Цялостни решения за сигурност и безопасност 07 - 10.03. GRAND CHOCOLATE Chocolate and Chocolate Products FESTIVAL Шоколад и шоколадови продукти 10 - 11.03. BEBEMANIA – Baby and Kids Products SHOPPING Всичко за бъдещите и настоящи родители 16 - 18.03. VOLKSWAGEN CLUB Event for the Fans of the Brand FEST Събитие за феновете на марката 17 - 18.03. Machinery, Industrial Equipment and Innovative MACHTECH & Technologies INNOTECH EXPO Индустриални машини, оборудване 26- 29.03. и иновационни технологии Water and Water Management WATER SOFIA Води и воден мениджмънт 27 - 29.03. Woodworking and Furniture Industry TECHNOMEBEL Дървообработваща и мебелна промишленост 24 - 28.04. WORLD OF Furniture, Interior textile and home accessories Обзавеждане, интериорен текстил 24 - 28.04. FURNITURE и аксесоари за дома BULMEDICA / Medical and Dental Industry BULDENTAL Медицина 16 - 18.05. September - December 2018 HUNTING, FISHING, Hunting and Sport Weapons, Fishing Accessories, Sport Ловни и с портни оръжия, риболовни 27 - 30.09. SPORT принадлежности, спорт Communication Art, Print, Image, Sign COPI’S Рекламни и печатни комуникации 02 - 04.10. Aesthetics, Cosmetics, SPA, Health, Hair, ARENA OF BEAUTY Nail, Mackeup 05 - 07.10. Форум за здраве, красота и естетика Baby and Kids Products BEBEMANIA Всичко за бъдещите и настоящи родители 19 - 21.10.
    [Show full text]
  • Will Bulgaria Become Monarchy Again?
    Southeast European Politics Vol. IV, No. 2-3 November 2003 pp. 157-174 Will Bulgaria Become Monarchy Again? ROSSEN VASSILEV The Ohio State University ABSTRACT This article deals with the much debated question of whether post-Communist Bulgaria should restore the monarchy abolished by the 1946 referendum. The prospects for bringing back the monarchy are believed to be negligible, given the existing constitutional hurdles and the population’s pro-republican sentiments. But ex-King Simeon’s triumph in the June 2001 parliamentary election has dramatically changed his standing at home. Any restoration of the monarchy will depend on the perceived success of his coalition government, especially in rebuilding the ailing national economy. It is questionable whether Simeon II will be able to live up to the overoptimistic expectations of Bulgarians who believe that like a Messiah he will save their country from the economic, social, political and institutional turmoil into which it has descended. But with a population distrustful of the politically bankrupt old parties and politicians and despondent enough to grasp at straws, a revival of the monarchy cannot be ruled out. Introduction Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan consider the issue of constitutions and constitutional formulas to be a significant, if neglected, aspect of democratic transitions (Linz and Stepan 1996: 81-83). They offer a classification of six different possible constitution-making environments, ranging from those that present the most confining conditions for democratization to those
    [Show full text]
  • SOFIA-CITY May 2020.Pdf
    Your complimentary copy of the Sofia City®Info 4 OVERVIEW Guide is available from hotel rooms, hotel receptions and other public areas at the following 18 ACCOMMODATION top-class Hotels & Services Apartments: HOTELS êêê 28 RESTAURANTS êêêêê Hotel Villa Boyana Arena di Serdika Gloria Palace 30 SHOPS Sofia Hotel Balkan Montecito Hotel Hilton Hotel Meg-Lozenetz Hotel Holiday Inn Sofia Hotel Park Hotel Moskva 32 NIGHT LIFE Intercontinental Hotel Sofia Place Hotel êêêê êê 34 CULTURE Art ‘Otel The House Hotel BWP Hotel Expo BW City Hotel ê 38 BG IN BRRIEF BW Premier Sofia easyHotel Coop Hotel 42 USEFUL NUMBERS Grami Hotel Maria Luisa Hotel Metropolitan Hotel Sofia City ® Info Guide Novotel Sofia Hotel Ramada Hotel Publisher: RENTAL DS Ltd. Design: RENTAL DS Ltd. APARTMENT RENTALS & HOSTELS Apartment House Bulgaria On the Cover: Photo by Boris Mutafchiev Block 531 Translation: Translingua Ltd. Be My Guest Hostel Print: Janet 45 Ltd. 5 Vintage Marinella For Advertising, Bulk Orders and Subscriptions: (before 10th of the preceding month, please!) SUBSCRIPTION DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS Cell: 0896 717 225; 0888 311 884 OTHERS E-mail: [email protected] facebook.com/cityinfoguides.bulgaria Airport Sofia Inter Expo Center facebook.com/BulgariaInfoGuides Airline Companies Information Center Sofia Business Centres (Largo, Chitalnyata) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be Galleries reproduced in any form or by any means without prior Car Hire Companies permission. Monthly circulation: 20 000 Central Bus Station Real Estate Agencies Cultural Institutes Top Restaurants & Bars Casinos Travel Agencies COMMERCIAL AND ECONOMIC SECTION OF THE EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA IN: FRANCE, GERMANY, GREECE, KAZAKHSTAN, MONTENEGRO, MACEDONIA, MOLDOVA, ROMANIA, SERBIA, SLOVAK REPUBLIC, SLOVENIA, THE NETHERLANDS, UK OVERVIEW 3 Inter Expo Center Information Center Sofia (Largo, Chitalnyata) Galleries Real Estate Agencies Top Restaurants & Bars Travel Agencies 4 OVERVIEW public organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Vladimir Paounovsky
    THE B ULGARIAN POLICY TTHE BB ULGARIAN PP OLICY ON THE BB ALKAN CCOUNTRIESAND NN ATIONAL MM INORITIES,, 1878-19121878-1912 Vladimir Paounovsky 1.IN THE NAME OF THE NATIONAL IDEAL The period in the history of the Balkan nations known as the “Eastern Crisis of 1875-1879” determined the international political development in the region during the period between the end of 19th century and the end of World War I (1918). That period was both a time of the consolidation of and opposition to Balkan nationalism with the aim of realizing, to a greater or lesser degree, separate national doctrines and ideals. Forced to maneuver in the labyrinth of contradictory interests of the Great Powers on the Balkan Peninsula, the battles among the Balkan countries for superiority of one over the others, led them either to Pyrrhic victories or defeats. This was particularly evident during the 1912-1913 Balkan Wars (The Balkan War and The Interallied War) and World War I, which was ignited by a spark from the Balkans. The San Stefano Peace Treaty of 3 March, 1878 put an end to the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). According to the treaty, an independent Bulgarian state was to be founded within the ethnographic borders defined during the Istanbul Conference of December 1876; that is, within the framework of the Bulgarian Exarchate. According to the treaty the only loss for Bulgaria was the ceding of North Dobroujda to Romania as compensa- tion for the return of Bessarabia to Russia. The Congress of Berlin (June 1878), however, re-consid- ered the Peace Treaty and replaced it with a new one in which San Stefano Bulgaria was parceled out; its greater part was put under Ottoman control again while Serbia was given the regions around Pirot and Vranya as a compensation for the occupation of Novi Pazar sancak (administrative district) by Austro-Hun- - 331 - VLADIMIR P AOUNOVSKY gary.
    [Show full text]
  • Byzantine Missionaries, Foreign Rulers, and Christian Narratives (Ca
    Conversion and Empire: Byzantine Missionaries, Foreign Rulers, and Christian Narratives (ca. 300-900) by Alexander Borislavov Angelov A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Professor John V.A. Fine, Jr., Chair Professor Emeritus H. Don Cameron Professor Paul Christopher Johnson Professor Raymond H. Van Dam Associate Professor Diane Owen Hughes © Alexander Borislavov Angelov 2011 To my mother Irina with all my love and gratitude ii Acknowledgements To put in words deepest feelings of gratitude to so many people and for so many things is to reflect on various encounters and influences. In a sense, it is to sketch out a singular narrative but of many personal “conversions.” So now, being here, I am looking back, and it all seems so clear and obvious. But, it is the historian in me that realizes best the numerous situations, emotions, and dilemmas that brought me where I am. I feel so profoundly thankful for a journey that even I, obsessed with planning, could not have fully anticipated. In a final analysis, as my dissertation grew so did I, but neither could have become better without the presence of the people or the institutions that I feel so fortunate to be able to acknowledge here. At the University of Michigan, I first thank my mentor John Fine for his tremendous academic support over the years, for his friendship always present when most needed, and for best illustrating to me how true knowledge does in fact produce better humanity.
    [Show full text]
  • January 2011 Angelo Roncalli (John XXIII) Synopsis of Documents
    January 2011 Angelo Roncalli (John XXIII) Synopsis of Documents Introduction: When reviewing Angelo Roncalli's activities in favor of the Jewish people across many years, one may distinguish three parts; the first, during the years 1940-1944, when he served as Apostolic Delegate of the Vatican in Istanbul, Turkey, with responsibility over the Balkan region. The second, as a Nuncio in France, in 1947, on the eve of the United Nations decision on the creation of a Jewish state. Finally, in 1963, as Pope John XXIII, when he brought about a radical positive change in the Church's position of the Jewish people. 1) As the Apostolic Delegate in Istanbul, during the Holocaust years, Roncalli aided in various ways Jewish refugees who were in transit in Turkey, including facilitating their continued migration to Palestine. His door was always open to the representatives of Jewish Palestine, and especially to Chaim Barlas, of the Jewish Agency, who asked for his intervention in the rescue of Jews. Among his actions, one may mention his intervention with the Slovakian government to allow the exodus of Jewish children; his appeal to King Boris II of Bulgaria not to allow his country's Jews to be turned over to the Germans; his consent to transmit via the diplomatic courier to his colleague in Budapest, the Nuncio Angelo Rotta, various documents of the Jewish Agency, in order to be further forwarded to Jewish operatives in Budapest; valuable documents to aid in the protection of Jews who were authorized by the British to enter Palestine. Finally, above all -- his constant pleadings with his elders in the Vatican to aid Jews in various countries, who were in danger of deportation by the Nazis.
    [Show full text]
  • 70353,16-Utks-Ozetlerpdf.Pdf
    16th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF TURKISH ART: ABSTRACTS 16. ULUSLARARASI TÜRK SANATLARI KONGRESİ: ÖZETLER MINISTRGENERALY OF DIRECTORATECULTURE HACETTEPE KÜLTÜR VE GÜZELTURİZM SANATLAR BAKANLIĞI HACETTEPE AND OFTOURISM FINE ARTS UNIVERSITY GÜZEL SANAGENELTLAR GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ ÜNİVERSİTESİ GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF FINE ARTS T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları, No: 3642 Editor / Editör Serpil Bağcı Translation and proof reading / Çeviri ve Düzelti Serpil Bağcı Lâle Uluç Graphic design and application / Graf ik tasarım ve uygulama Yasin Büyüktaşkapulu Printing / Baskı Önka Matbaa www.onkamatbaa.com +90 312 3842685 © Scientif ic responsibility of the abstracts belongs to the authors © Özetlerin bilimsel sorumluluğu yazarlarına aittir. ISBN 978-975-17-4291-9 Print run / Baskı adedi 300 Ankara, September / Eylül 2019 The Local Organization Committee is grateful to the following for their collaboration and contribution to the16th International Congress of Turkish Arts: Members of the International and National Committees of the International Congress of Turkish Arts; the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Directorate General of Fine Arts, Directorate General for Copyright; Hacettepe University, Faculty and Students of the Art History Department, Max van Berchem Foundation; Anatolian Civilizations, Cermodern, Erimtan Archeology and Art, and Rahmi Koç Museums, Vehbi Koç Ankara Studies Research Center; Mehmet Nuri Ersoy, Turkish Minister of Culture and Tourism, Deputy Minister Özgül Özkan Yavuz; Prof. Dr. Haluk Özen, Rector of the Hacettepe University, Deputy Rector Prof. Dr. Rahime Nohutçu, Dean of the Faculty of Letters Prof. Dr. Sibel Bozbeyoğlu; Member of the Presidential Council of Culture and Art Policies Havva Hümeyra Şahin; Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism, General Director of Fine Arts Assoc.
    [Show full text]
  • Ust Dergi Sayi 17 Layout 1
    THE MAKING OF THE RHODOPEAN BORDERS AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE POMAK IDENTITIES IN THE BALKANS Cengiz HAKSÖZ Ph.D. Candidate Department of Anthropology University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Candidate Department of Sociology Middle East Technical University Abstract: Nation-state borders are a phenomenon became part of the international relations as well as the everyday lives of people. Even though borders, in theory, are constructed entities state borders directly or indirectly influence identity formation of communities. The Pomaks are Slavic-speaking Muslim population living historically in the 47 Rhodope Mountains region on the Bulgarian-Greek border. In Bulgarian, Greek, and Turkish nation-building processes, Pomak identity was continuously contested by all the three states. For the Bulgarian state, the Pomaks are ethnic Bulgarians who forcefully converted to Islam. Thus, if this process can be reversed, they can become “real” Bulgarians, again. For the Greek state, the Pomaks are descendants of Hellenic tribes who were assimilated by more populous Slavic-speaking populations in the region. In Turkey, the Pomaks are regarded as descendants of pre-Ottoman Turkic tribes, such as Kumans and Pechenegs, who later assimilated by Slavic-speaking populations. This paper discusses how the modern Rhodopean borders were created and how their creation influenced and shaped the construction of Pomak identity in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey. The first part focuses on the making of the modern Rhodope Mountains borders between Bulgaria and Greece. The second part evaluates the identity construction processes of Pomaks in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey. Finally, the paper discusses how the making of state borders, directly and indirectly, influenced the construction of Pomak identity boundaries in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800S-1900S
    The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800s-1900s February 2003 Katrin Bozeva-Abazi Department of History McGill University, Montreal A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 Contents 1. Abstract/Resume 3 2. Note on Transliteration and Spelling of Names 6 3. Acknowledgments 7 4. Introduction 8 How "popular" nationalism was created 5. Chapter One 33 Peasants and intellectuals, 1830-1914 6. Chapter Two 78 The invention of the modern Balkan state: Serbia and Bulgaria, 1830-1914 7. Chapter Three 126 The Church and national indoctrination 8. Chapter Four 171 The national army 8. Chapter Five 219 Education and national indoctrination 9. Conclusions 264 10. Bibliography 273 Abstract The nation-state is now the dominant form of sovereign statehood, however, a century and a half ago the political map of Europe comprised only a handful of sovereign states, very few of them nations in the modern sense. Balkan historiography often tends to minimize the complexity of nation-building, either by referring to the national community as to a monolithic and homogenous unit, or simply by neglecting different social groups whose consciousness varied depending on region, gender and generation. Further, Bulgarian and Serbian historiography pay far more attention to the problem of "how" and "why" certain events have happened than to the emergence of national consciousness of the Balkan peoples as a complex and durable process of mental evolution. This dissertation on the concept of nationality in which most Bulgarians and Serbs were educated and socialized examines how the modern idea of nationhood was disseminated among the ordinary people and it presents the complicated process of national indoctrination carried out by various state institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Responses of Pope Nicholas I to the Questions of the Bulgars AD
    The Responses of Pope Nicholas I to the Questions of the Bulgars A.D. 866 (Letter 99) Translated by W. L. North from the edition of Ernest Perels, in MGH Epistolae VI, Berlin, 1925, pp.568-600. Introduction Since the sixth century, the Bulgars had known intermittent contact with the Christians of the surrounding nations, whether as merchants or prisoners-of-war or through diplomatic relations. During the later eighth and early ninth century, the Christian population in Bulgar lands increased so much that Christians were rumored to have influence at the court of Khan Krum (802-814); they were also persecuted under Khan Omortag (814-31). The Bulgars continued to remain "officially" pagan until the reign of Khan Boris, who came to power around 852. Several factors may have led Khan Boris to assume a more favorable attitude towards Christianity. First, Christianity offered a belief-system that transcended — at least potentially — cultural or ethnic boundaries and thereby offered a means not only to unify Bulgaria's disparate populations but also to secure legitimacy and respect with Byzantium and the West. The ideology of Christian rulership also enhanced the position of the prince vis-à-vis his subjects including the often contentious boyars. Furthermore, Boris' sister had converted to Christianity while a hostage in Constantinople and may have influenced her brother. Finally, Boris himself seems to have been attracted to Christian beliefs and practices, as evidenced by the seriousness with which he pursued the conversion of his people. Boris' move towards Christianity seems to have begun in earnest with the opening of negotiations in 862 between himself and Louis the German for an alliance against Ratislav of Moravia.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood Ties: Religion, Violence, and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878
    BLOOD TIES BLOOD TIES Religion, Violence, and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908 I˙pek Yosmaog˘lu Cornell University Press Ithaca & London Copyright © 2014 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 2014 by Cornell University Press First printing, Cornell Paperbacks, 2014 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yosmaog˘lu, I˙pek, author. Blood ties : religion, violence,. and the politics of nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908 / Ipek K. Yosmaog˘lu. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8014-5226-0 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8014-7924-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Macedonia—History—1878–1912. 2. Nationalism—Macedonia—History. 3. Macedonian question. 4. Macedonia—Ethnic relations. 5. Ethnic conflict— Macedonia—History. 6. Political violence—Macedonia—History. I. Title. DR2215.Y67 2013 949.76′01—dc23 2013021661 Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For further information, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu. Cloth printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Paperback printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Josh Contents Acknowledgments ix Note on Transliteration xiii Introduction 1 1.
    [Show full text]