The Mughal Empire Under Shah Jahan (1628-58) - New Trends of Research

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Mughal Empire Under Shah Jahan (1628-58) - New Trends of Research H-Islamart Conference - The Mughal Empire under Shah Jahan (1628-58) - New trends of Research Discussion published by Margaret Graves on Saturday, May 10, 2014 From: Chanchal Dadlani <[email protected]> Date: 9 May 2014 The Mughal Empire under Shah Jahan (1628-58) - New trends of Research 26th to 27th May 2014. Institute for Iranian Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Apostelgasse 23 1030 Vienna Austria Phone: +43-1-51581- 6500 (Secretary) Conveners: Prof. Dr. Ebba Koch, Institute for Art History, Vienna University, Associate of the Institute of Iranian Studies Dr. Stephan Popp, Research Fellow, Institute of Iranian Studies Prof. Dr. Florian Schwarz, Director, Institute of Iranian Studies The Mughal empire under Shah Jahan still is one of the least studied areas of Mughal history, the attention of historians has been directed mainly to Akbar and Aurangzeb, most recently also to Jahangir. One of the reasons for this neglect is that major historical texts regarding Shah Jahan are still un-edited and un-translated. But there also seems to be a more deeply rooted bias towards Shah Jahan. In contrast to the reign of Akbar which is considered to be the grand phase of Mughal state building, and the reign of Aurangzeb which is regarded as marking the beginning of Mughal decline, historians have seen the reign of Shah Jahan as a static and thus less interesting period which preserved the status quo established by Akbar. Art historians and cultural historians on the other hand have given more attention to Shah Jahan, for once they take the pride of place in an area of historical studies. From their findings Shah Jahan's rule has emerged as a highly dynamic phase where an increasing centralisation in the administration goes hand in hand with a formalisation of court ceremonial, architecture and the arts which, highly aestheticized, show themselves as a persuasive statement of his ideal and universal kingship. Shah Jahan becomes visible as the great perfectionist and systematiser of the Mughal empire. Since 2009 a research focus on Shah Jahan has formed at the Institute of Iranian Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences with a project on the emperor's palaces and gardens (Ebba Koch) and a project on historiography centering on the court historian Qazvini (Florian Schwarz, Stephan Popp). The workshop will bring together, for the first time, international scholars of the Mughal empire belonging to various disciplines for a discussion of the period of Shah Jahan. It is hoped that the meeting will widen the discussion and have a synergetic effect to intensify research on Shah Jahan. Programme Citation: Margaret Graves. Conference - The Mughal Empire under Shah Jahan (1628-58) - New trends of Research. H-Islamart. 05-10-2014. https://networks.h-net.org/node/7636/discussions/26141/conference-mughal-empire-under-shah-jahan-1628-58-new-trends Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 1 H-Islamart 26 May 9:00 Welcome and Introduction Florian Schwarz, Ebba Koch PANEL 1: FROM JAHANGIR TO SHAH JAHAN 9:30 Corinne Lefevre, CNRS (Centre nationale de la recherche scientifique), Paris, "From Jahangir to Shah Jahan: Discontinuities" 10:00 Anna Kollatz, University of Bonn, "Jahangir's Majlis - Representation of Religion in Majalis-i Jahangiri" 10:30 Coffee break 10:45 Mehreen Chida-Razvi, SOAS, London, "A Question of Self-Expression: Shah Jahan and the Patronage of Jahangir's Mausoleum" 11:15 Ali Anooshahr, University of California, Davis, "Serving Two Masters: Mirza Nathan in Bengal after Shah Jahan's Occupation" 11:45 Question and answer morning session 12:15 - 13:30 Lunch PANEL 2: HISTORIOGRAPHY, CHANCERY WRITING AND ADMINISTRATION 13:30 Stephan Popp, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, "The Representation of Shah Jahan in Qazvini's Badshahnama" 14:00 Chander Shekhar, Delhi University, "Dibacha Writings in the Time of Shah Jahan: Mirror of Polity and Literary Culture" 14:30 Coffee break 14:45 Roman Siebertz, University of Bonn, "Shah Jahan's Bureaucracy: How to Obtain a Farman (Patent) from Shah Jahan" 15:15 Najaf Haider, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, " "The Char Bahar of Balkrishan Brahaman: A New Source for the History of People and Places During Shahjahan's Reign" 15:45 Question and answer afternoon session 16:15 Coffee break 16:30- 18:00 Round table 1 with Sunil Kumar, Delhi University, discussant 20:00 dinner for participants 27 May PANEL 3: CEREMONIAL AND REPRESENTATION 9:00 Harit Joshi, INALCO (Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales), Paris, "The Politics of Ceremonial in Shah Jahan's Court" 9:30 Saqib Baburi, SOAS (School of Oriental and African Studies), London, " Dating the 'Windsor Castle' Padshahnamah Manuscript: A Three Pipe Problem" 10:00 Ebba Koch, University of Vienna, "Palaces, Gardens and Property Rights under Shah Jahan" 10:30 Coffeee break 10:45! Susan Stronge, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, "Tiles in the Reign of Shah Jahan" 11:15 Sunil Sharma, University of Boston, "The Death of a Poet Laureate: Literary Culture at Shah Jahan's Court" 11:45 Question and answer morning session 12:15 - 13:30 Lunch PANEL 4: PRINCES, PRINCESSES AND MYSTICS Citation: Margaret Graves. Conference - The Mughal Empire under Shah Jahan (1628-58) - New trends of Research. H-Islamart. 05-10-2014. https://networks.h-net.org/node/7636/discussions/26141/conference-mughal-empire-under-shah-jahan-1628-58-new-trends Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 2 H-Islamart 13:30 Meenakshi Khanna, Indraprastha College, Delhi University,"Intellectual and Religious Aspects of Shah Jahan's Reign" 14:00 J. P. Losty, formerly British Library, London, "The Dara Shikoh Album: A Reinterpretation" 14:30 Farhat Hasan, Delhi University, "Gender, Faith and Power: A Mughal Princess's Reconstruction of the Life of a Sufi Saint" 15:00 Question and answer afternoon session 15:30 Coffee break 15:45-17:00 Round table with Sunil Kumar, Delhi University, discussant 17:00 Closing remarks Ebba Koch Institute of Iranian Studies, Austrian Academy of Sciences Secretariat http://www.oeaw.ac.at/iran Email: [email protected] Visit the website at http://www.oeaw.ac.at/iran/downloads/Programm_ShahJahan.pdf Citation: Margaret Graves. Conference - The Mughal Empire under Shah Jahan (1628-58) - New trends of Research. H-Islamart. 05-10-2014. https://networks.h-net.org/node/7636/discussions/26141/conference-mughal-empire-under-shah-jahan-1628-58-new-trends Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 3.
Recommended publications
  • The Mughal Audience Hall: a Solomonic Revival of Persepolis in the Form of a Mosque1
    THE MUGHAL AUDIENCE HALL: A SOLOMONIC REVIVAL OF PERSEPOLIS IN THE FORM OF A MOSQUE1 Ebba Koch Shah Jahan’s Court After Shah Jahan (rul. 1628–58), the fifth emperor of the Mughal dynasty, was enthroned on 8th Jumada al-Thani of the Hijri year 1037, corresponding to 14 February 1628 CE, he issued an order that halls for his public audiences should be constructed in all the great fortress palaces of the capitals of the Mughal empire. The audience hall was a new building type in the Mughal palace, of central importance for the proceedings of the Mughal court and for the interaction of the emperor with his subjects. Under the rule of Shah Jahan, the Mughal empire entered its classi- cal phase of greatest prosperity and stability.2 The conquests of Babur (1526), enlarged and consolidated under Akbar (rul. 1556–1605) and Jahangir (rul. 1605–1627), had established the Empire of the Great Moghul (or Mughal) as one of the three leading powers of the Islamic world, the other two being the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia. The informal set up of Babur asprimus inter pares among his Central Asian followers, had—in particular through the efforts of Akbar— developed into the court of an absolute ruler who, as head of a cen- tralized state, personally and diligently oversaw the administration of 1 This paper is based on an earlier study of the audience halls of Shah Jahan with detailed references, see Ebba Koch, ‘Diwan-i ‘Amm and Chihil Sutun: The Audience Halls of Shah Jahan’, Muqarnas 11 (1994) pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Module 3 Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb Who Was the Successor of Jahangir
    Module 3 Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb Who was the successor of Jahangir? Who was the last most power full ruler in the Mughal dynasty? What was the administrative policy of Aurangzeb? The main causes of Downfall of Mughal Empire. Shah Jahan was the successor of Jahangir and became emperor of Delhi in 1627. He followed the policy of his ancestor and campaigns continued in the Deccan under his supervision. The Afghan noble Khan Jahan Lodi rebelled and was defeated. The campaigns were launched against Ahmadnagar, The Bundelas were defeated and Orchha seized. He also launched campaigns to seize Balkh from the Uzbegs was successful and Qandhar was lost to the Safavids. In 1632Ahmadnagar was finally annexed and the Bijapur forces sued for peace. Shah Jahan commissioned the Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal marks the apex of the Mughal Empire; it symbolizes stability, power and confidence. The building is a mausoleum built by Shah Jahan for his wife Mumtaz and it has come to symbolize the love between two people. Jahan's selection of white marble and the overall concept and design of the mausoleum give the building great power and majesty. Shah Jahan brought together fresh ideas in the creation of the Taj. Many of the skilled craftsmen involved in the construction were drawn from the empire. Many also came from other parts of the Islamic world - calligraphers from Shiraz, finial makers from Samrkand, and stone and flower cutters from Bukhara. By Jahan's period the capital had moved to the Red Fort in Delhi. Shah Jahan had these lines inscribed there: "If there is Paradise on earth, it is here, it is here." Paradise it may have been, but it was a pricey paradise.
    [Show full text]
  • Art in Between Empires: Visual Culture & Artistic
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Columbia University Academic Commons ART IN BETWEEN EMPIRES: VISUAL CULTURE & ARTISTIC KNOWLEDGE IN LATE MUGHAL DELHI 1748-1857 Yuthika Sharma Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Yuthika Sharma All rights reserved ABSTRACT Art in between Empires: Visual Culture & Artistic Knowledge in Late Mughal Delhi 1748 -1857 Yuthika Sharma This dissertation focuses on the artistic culture of late Mughal Delhi spanning the last century of Mughal rule and the administration of the English East India Company in North India, from the mid-eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries. It brings a hitherto unrecognized period of artistic accomplishment to light and studies the transformations within painting culture in the multicultural Anglo-Mughal society of Delhi. Rather than being fixated on the continuum of Mughal painting over centuries, this dissertation suggests that the art of the late Mughal period should be studied on its own terms as a response to immense socio-political and cultural changes. At its core this study is concerned with dissolving the stylistic barriers between Mughal and Company painting in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. I take up the question of what the term ‘late Mughal painting’ entails and discuss how the term privileges the notion of a court centric culture of painting in an era when the Mughal court was only one of many venues of artistic expression. On the other hand, I highlight the inadequacy of the term ‘Company painting’ to address the variegated nature of works produced under East India Company patronage in this period.
    [Show full text]
  • June 2019 Question Paper 01 (PDF, 3MB)
    Cambridge Assessment International Education Cambridge Ordinary Level BANGLADESH STUDIES 7094/01 Paper 1 History and Culture of Bangladesh May/June 2019 1 hour 30 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper *0690022029* READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST An answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. Answer three questions. Answer Question 1 and two other questions. You are advised to spend about 30 minutes on each question. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages. 06_7094_01_2019_1.2 © UCLES 2019 [Turn over 2 You must answer all parts of Question 1. 1 The Culture and Heritage of Bangladesh You are advised to spend about 30 minutes on this question. (a) This question tests your knowledge. (i) Alaol was able to find work in the royal court of Arakan because: A he was well known as a poet B his father was well known by the court of Arakan C he was introduced to the people there by pirates D he had won a literary award [1] (ii) Scholars criticised Rabindranath Tagore because: A he wrote under a pen name B he did not focus on one subject C his poems were simple D he used colloquial language in his writing [1] (iii) Which of the following was not among Kazi Nazrul Islam’s accomplishments? A recording songs B painting pictures C creating stories D writing poems [1] (iv) Which of the following was written by Jasimuddin while he was a student? A Kabar (The Grave) B Rakhali (Shepherd) C Nakshi Kanthar Math D Bagalir Hashir Golpo [1] (v) Zainul Abedin’s paintings are known because of his use of which of the following characteristics? A Pastel colours B Circles C The black line D Symmetry [1] © UCLES 2019 06_7094_01_2019_1.2 3 (b) This question tests your knowledge and understanding.
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Mughal Empire (1526-1707)
    THE GREAT MUGHAL EMPIRE (152 6-1707) THE GREAT MUGHAL EMPERORS EMPEROR REIGN START REIGN END BABUR 1526 1530 HUMAYUN 1530 1556 AKBAR 1556 1605 JAHANGIR 1605 1627 SHAH JAHAN 1627 1658 AURANGZEB 1658 1707 BABUR Birth name:Zāhir ud-Dīn Maham Begum Mohammad Masumeh Begum Family name:Timurid Nargul Agacheh Title:Emperor of Mughal Sayyida Afaq Empire Zainab Sultan Begum Birth:February 14, 1483 Death:December 26, 1530 Children: Succeeded by:Humayun Humayun, son Marriage: Kamran Mirza, son Ayisheh Sultan Begum Askari Mirza, son Bibi Mubarika Yusufzay Hindal Mirza, son Dildar Begum Gulbadan Begum, daughter Gulnar Agacheh Fakhr-un-nisa, daughter Gulrukh Begum HUMANYUN Birth name: Nasiruddin Children: Akbar, son Humayun Muhammad Hakim, son Family name: Timurid Title: Emperor of Mughal Empire Birth: March 6, 1508 Place of birth: Kabul, Afghanistan Death: February 22, 1556 Succeeded by: Akbar Marriage: Hamida Banu Begum AKBAR Birth name: Jalaluddin Ruqayya Sultan Begum Muhammad Akbar Sakina Banu Begum Family name: Timurid Salima Sultan Begum Title: Emperor of Mughal Empire Children: Jahangir, son Shah Murad, son Birth: October 15, 1542 Danyal, son Place of birth: Umarkot, Shahzada Khanim, Sindh daughter Death: October 27, 1605 Shakarunnisa Begum, Succeeded by: Jahangir daughter Marriage: Jodhabai (?) or Aram Banu Begum, Jodhi Bibi daughter Mariam-uz-Zamani Ximini Begum, daughter JAHANGIR Birth name: Nuruddin Children: Nisar Begum, Jahangir daughter Family name: Timurid Khurasw, son Title: Emperor
    [Show full text]
  • (Impact Factor- 3.25) Syncretic Philosophy and Eclecticism in the Religious Views of Dara Shikoh
    IJMSS Vol.03 Issue-02, (February, 2015) ISSN: 2321-1784 International Journal in Management and Social Science (Impact Factor- 3.25) Syncretic philosophy and eclecticism in the religious views of Dara Shikoh -Chandni Sengupta Research Scholar, Department of History, School of Social Sciences Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), New Delhi “Here is the secret of unity (tawhid), O friend, understand it; Nowhere exists anything but God. All that you see or know other than Him, Verily is separate in name, but in essence one with God.” -Dara Shikoh, Risala-i-Haqnuma Islam in the subcontinent displayed two distinct trends- the inclusive, mystical trend and the exclusive, prophetic trend. Throughout history, there was a tussle between these two trends in which there was no clear victor. Different historical phases were marked by distinct epochal changes that varied swung from liberalism to catholicity and from rigidity to fluidity. These trends were in existence from the very beginning and became more evident in the conflict between Akbar’s ideals of Sulh-e-kul and the reactionary ideals of the Naqshbandiyya order at the beginning of the 17th century.1 This conflict later aggravated and took the shape of a blood bath during the War of Succession between Aurangzeb and his brother Dara Shikoh. It was not a clash of personalities; it was a clash of ideas, and as scholars in the past have interpreted, it was a contest between religious bigotry and religious harmony, fanaticism and eclecticism. 1 Annemarie Schimmel, ‘Religious Policies of the Great Mughals,’ in Zeenut Ziad ed., The Magnificent Mughals, Oxford University Press, 2002, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Aesthetics of the Qur'anic Epigraphy on the Taj Mahal
    Aesthetics of the Qur’anic Epigraphy on the Taj Mahal by Rio Fischer B.A. Philosophy & Middle Eastern Studies Claremont McKenna College, 2012 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE STUDIES AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 2017 ©2017 Rio Fischer. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author: __________________________________________________ Department of Architecture May 25, 2017 Certified by: __________________________________________________________ James Wescoat Aga Khan Professor Thesis Supervisor Accepted by:__________________________________________________________ Sheila Kennedy Professor of Architecture Chair, Department Committee on Graduate Students Committee: James Wescoat, PhD Aga Khan Professor Thesis Supervisor Nasser Rabbat, MArch, PhD Aga Khan Professor Thesis Reader 3 Aesthetics of the Qur’anic Epigraphy on the Taj Mahal by Rio Fischer Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 25, 2017 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Architecture Studies ABSTRACT This thesis examines the Qur’anic epigraphic program of the Taj Mahal. Following the 1989 Begley & Desai book Taj Mahal: an Illustrated Tomb, the flourish of scholarship that would expectedly follow a complete epigraphical catalog never arrived. Despite being well-known and universally cherished as indicated by the Taj Mahal’s recognition as a UNESCO world heritage monument and as one of the New 7 Wonders of the World, there is insufficient research directed towards the inscription program specifically.
    [Show full text]
  • Gendered 'Landscape': Jahanara Begum's Patronage, Piety and Self
    DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation ―Gendered ‗Landscapes‘: Jahan Ara Begum‘s (1614-1681) Patronage, Piety and Self-Representation in 17th C Mughal India‖ Band 1 von 1 Verfasser Afshan Bokhari angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 092315 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Kunstgeschichte Betreuerin/Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Dr. Ebba Koch TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page 0 Table of Contents 1-2 Curriculum Vitae 3-5 Acknowledgements 6-7 Abstract 8 List of Illustration 9-12 Introduction 13-24 Figures 313-358 Bibliography 359-372 Chapter One: 25-113 The Presence and Paradigm of The „Absent‟ Timurid-Mughal Female 1.1 Recent and Past Historiographies: Ruby Lal, Ignaz Goldziher, Leslie Pierce, Stephen Blake 1.2 Biographical Sketches: Timurid and Mughal Female Precedents: Domesticity and Politics 1.2.1 Timurid Women (14th-15th century) 1.2.2 Mughal Women (16th – 17th century) 1.2.3 Nur Jahan (1577-1645): A Prescient Feminist or Nemesis? 1.2.4 Jahan Ara Begum (1614-1681): Establishing Precedents and Political Propriety 1.2.5 The Body Politic: The Political and Commercial Negotiations of Jahan Ara‘s Well-Being 1.2.6 Imbuing the Poetic Landscape: Jahan Ara‘s Recovery 1.3 Conclusion Chapter Two: 114-191 „Visions‟ of Timurid Legacy: Jahan Ara Begum‟s Piety and „Self- Representation‟ 2.1 Risala-i-Sahibiyāh: Legacy-Building ‗Political‘ Piety and Sufi Realization 2.2 Galvanizing State to Household: Pietistic Imperatives Dynastic Legitimacy 2.3 Sufism, Its Gendered Dimensions and Jahan
    [Show full text]
  • Dara-Shikoh Shooting Nilgais : Hunt and Landscape in Mughal Painting
    FREER GALLERY OF ART ARTHUR M. SACKLER GALLERY Occasional apers Dara-Shikoh Shooting Nilgais Hunt and Landscape in Mughal Painting Ebba Koch SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C. Dara-Shikoh Shooting Nilgais: Hunt and Landscape in Mughal Painting 1 Dara-Shikoh Shootir Hunt and Landscape in Mughal F Ebba Koch Occasional Papers 1998/voL FREER GALLERY OF ART ARTHUR M. SACKLER GALLERY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION —— — HO 10(0 ©1998 Smithsonian Institution Funding for this publication was provided All rights reserved by the Freer and Sackler Galleries' Publications Endowment Fund, initially Aimed at the specialist audience, the established with a grant from the Andrew Occasional Papers series represents W, Mellon Foundation and generous important new contributions and inter- contributions from private donors. pretations by international scholars that advance art historical and conservation The paper used in this publication meets research. Published by the Freer Gallery the minimum requirements for the of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, American National Standard for Smithsonian Institution, the series is a Permanence of Paper for Printed Library revival ot the original Freer Gallery of Materials, Z39. 48-1984. Art Occasional Papers. Contributions, including monographic studies, transla- Note: Dimensions given throughout are tions, and scientific studies oi works of in centimeters; height precedes width. art, span the broad range of Asian art. Each publication draws its primary Photo credits: emphasis from works ot art in the Freer Frontispiece
    [Show full text]
  • Anecdotes of Aurangzib
    ANECDOTES OF AURANGZIB (English translation of AHKAM‐I‐ALAMGIRI ascribed to Hamid‐ud‐din Khan Bahadur) WITH A Life of Aurangzib and Historical Notes By JADUNATH SARKAR, M.A., Indian Educational Service. SECOND EDITION REVISED M. C. SARKAR & Sons CALCUTTA 1925 AHKAM‐I‐ALAMGIRI (Anecdotes of Aurangzib) Bibliographical Note Life of Aurangzeb War of Succession Aurangzibʹs Reign in Northern India Aurangzibʹs Reign in the Deccan The Last Phase Aurangzibʹs Character Anecdotes of Aurangzib Abbreviations Anecdotes of Aurangzib Section I: About Himself § 1. Young Aurangzib fights with an elephant. § 2. Aurangzibʹs early jealousy of Dara. § 3. Young Aurangzibʹs courtesy to Nobles. § 4. Shah Jahanʹs estimate of his sons. § 5. Love‐affair with Zainabadi. § 6. Aurangzibʹs precautions in beginning the War of Succession. § 7. Battle of Khajwa. § 8. Aurangzibʹs last will and testament. Section II: About His Sons and Grandsons A. Bahadur Shah (Muazzam) § 9. Arrest of Prince Muazzam. § 10 Wise Counsels for Kings. § 11. Advice to his Heir. Gloomy Prophecy. § 12. Infringement of Royal Prerogative. § 13. Infringement of Royal Prerogative. § 14. Royal Prerogative infringed. § 15. Royal Prerogative Infringed. § 16. Suspicious watching of his sons. B. Azam Shah § 17. The Capitulation of Parli. § 18. Strict Justice between a Prince and a Commoner § 19. Be not too bold. § 20. Prince Azam punished for quarrelling with the Superintendent of his harem. § 21. Maintain peace on the highways. § 22. Unintentional contempt of “Court” punished. § 23. The Emperorʹs repartee. § 24. Aurangzib keeps his sons at a distance. C. Kam Bakhsh § 25. Kam Bakhsh placed under arrest. D. Bidar Bakht (son of Azam Shah) § 26. Bidar Bakht punished for neglect of duty.
    [Show full text]
  • DTP102882.Pdf
    Mughal Gardens: History, Geography and Culture Nishat Bagh garden on Dal Lake, Kashmir. " MUGHAL GARDENS: HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE (! James L. Wescoat Jr Few cultures have as strong a connection among gardens, territory and identity as the Mughal Empire of South and Cen- tral Asia in the late +ifteenth to the mid nineteenth century. It is interesting to re+lect on how Mughal gardens continue to be a de+ining part of that heritage in the twentieth and twenty-+irst centuries. The emphasis on gardens in the Memoirs of the +irst Mughal ruler, Babur (/>6;–/2;1), established a strong founda- tion | / |. The Baburnama recalled the garden legacy inherited from Timur (/;;4–/>12) in Samarkand and Babur’s descendants in Herat whom he consciously emulated in Kabul. Grand sur- viving sites, beginning with Humayun’s Tomb-Garden in Delhi, built upon that foundation in enduring ways. The hasht bihisht (eight paradises) layout of Humayun’s Tomb-Garden was spa- tially intertwined with the shrine of the fourteenth-century Su+i saint Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya (/32;–/;32). Nizamuddin’s close disciple, Amir Khusrau, also buried here, composed a famous Hasht Bihisht poem ( The Eight Paradises ). / The signi+icance of gardens in Mughal culture continued to resonate with garden enthusiasts in India and elsewhere long after the Mughal Empire was defeated by the British, inspiring contemporary garden design as well as conservation efforts. All of these factors, along with a modest body of scholarship, help explain the continuing salience of Mughal garden heritage in modern cultures. # The Historic Cities Programme ( HCP ) projects in this volume present the state of the art in garden and urban heritage con- # servation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Taj Mahal: Architecture, Symbolism, and Urban Significance
    128 ebba koch EBBA KOCH THE TAJ MAHAL: ARCHITECTURE, SYMBOLISM, AND URBAN SIGNIFICANCE Much has been written on the Taj Mahal, but little Dr. Yunus Jaffery from Dr. Zakir Hussain College in has been said about its architecture. There has been Delhi,5 I have established from the Persian sources a only one interpretation of the symbolism of the corpus of thirty-five Shahjahani palaces (sing. dawlat- mausoleum,1 and the urban situation of the monument kh¸na) and garden residences (sing. b¸gh), of which in the city of Agra has been almost entirely neglected. twenty-four proved upon field investigation to exist in In brief form, this essay presents the main results of varying sizes and states of preservation. In the whole a recently completed monograph in which I address of Islamic architecture, this is the largest extant body these issues.2 of palaces built by a single patron. The Taj Mahal is the Mughals’ great contribution to Entirely new measured drawings of seventeen pal- world architecture, and, as the contemporary sources aces were prepared by the Indian architect Richard reveal, it was conceived as such from the very beginning A. Barraud, who drew them on the basis of measure- (fig. 1). In the words of Shah Jahan’s early historian ments he and I made during extensive fieldwork,6 Muhammad Amin Qazwini, writing in the 1630s: which I undertook because many of these complexes And a dome of high foundation and a building of great are hardly or not at all recorded. Altogether, Mughal magnificence was founded—a similar and equal to it the architecture, like the Islamic architecture of India in eye of the Age has not seen under these nine vaults of general, is not well documented.
    [Show full text]