The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719 Munis D

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02217-1 - The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719 Munis D. Faruqui Index More information

Index

‘Abbas I, 15, 19 Akhlaq-i Hakimi, 138 ‘Abd-ur-Rahim Khan-i Khanan, 76, 110, Akhlaq-i Padshahan, 185 147, 157, 158, 194, 195, 260, 302, 310 Alam, Muzaffar, 5, 6, 7, 17, 44, 80, 134, abortion. See Birth control practices 137, 185, 244, 254, 255, 262, 280, 314, adult status, 10, 71, 77, 83, 84, 85, 86, 103, 315, 320, 321 104, 105, 108, 149, 223 ‘Alamgirnama, 117, 129, 188, adulthood, transition to, 8, 68, 85–90 256, 259 Afghans, 31, 49, 51, 52, 57, 60, 65, 107, alcohol, 32, 36, 125, 126, 139, 195, 203, 213 138, 140, 150, 171, 210, 214, 215, 224, Aligarh School, 4 228, 229, 237, 239, 262, 282, 289, 315 ‘Ali Tabar, 72, 119 Ahwal-i Shahzadagi, 189 alliance building, 9, 48–54, 144–53, 160–2, A’in-i Akbari, 67, 92, 140, 142 163, 164–74, 179, 289–95, 318, 319 Akbar (Emperor) al-tamgha jagirs, 260 and Khusrau, 30, 31, 83, 84 ‘Amal-i Salih, 81, 199, 213, 226, and Islam, 9, 137–8, 143, 146, 231, 268, 241, 252 269 Anooshahr, Ali, 163 and Mirza Hakim, 28, 29, 48, 60, 137–9, anti-‘Azim-ush-Shan alliance, 317 149, 240, 265 anti-Ahmadnagar alliance, 114 and Murad, 193 anti-Akbar rebels, 138 Banarsi’s account, 272 anti-Hindustani sentiment, 137 diminishing tolerance for disobedience, appanage system, 8, 29, 30, 32, 44, 47, 48, 192–6 52, 53, 54, 56, 61, 64, 67, 85, 91, 133, Fazl and imperial legitimacy, 142–3 135, 137, 139, 143, 144, 149, 158, 159, grooming of sons, 29–30, 144–7 162, 186, 187, 222, 237, 253 Hindustani empire, 136–43 art and political legitimacy, 153, 154 Akbar (son of Aurangzeb), 10–1, 42, 72, 81, ataliq, 30, 75, 76, 77, 86, 104, 130, 147, 84, 87, 109, 130, 182, 184, 187, 188, 223, 228, 239, 243 205, 234, 237, 256, 274, 276, 295, 298, Atgas, 73, 147, 227, 228, 230 303, 305 Ali, M. Athar, 4, 5, 7, 13, 91, 134, 141, 171, Akbarnama, 136, 142, 146, 194, 195, 241, 176, 229, 254, 255, 279 251, 258, 266 Aurangzeb, 13 Akhbarat-i Darbar-i Mu‘alla (News against Shah Jahan, 200 Bulletins of the Exalted Court), 22 alliances, 168–74

341

342 Index

Aurangzeb, (cont.) Baburnama, 25, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, and Afghans, 171 56, 62, 68, 71, 77, 99, 140, 254 and Dakhanis, 172 Badakhshanis, 49, 51, 54, 85, 139, 225, 226 and religious networks, 169–71 Badshahnama, 311 and Marathas, 172–3 bagha (rebellion), 190 as governor of the Deccan, 169 Bahadur Shah, 10, 66, 90, 168, 258, 261, bravery, 175 266, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, campaign in Balkh-Badakhshan, 128, 316, 317 132, 169, 174, 175 Balabanlilar, Lisa, 236 campaign in Bundelkhand, 169 Baluch, 49, 140, 174 campaign in the Deccan, 275, 278 Barhas, 140, 152, 168, 310 condemnation of Mu‘azzam, 238 Barkey, Karen, 323, 324, 325 deceit and paranoia, 199–202 Barnett, Richard, 13, 134, 280 generosity of, 178, 278 Battle at Samurgarh, 108 habits of dress/eating/entertainment, Battle of Bhaironwal, 204, 225 176 Battle of Deorai, 247, 256 intelligence-gathering, 239 Battle of Jaju, 130, 245, 250, 257, 287, jagir crisis, 278–81 295, 311 loyalty and devotion, 201 Battle of Khajwa, 255 military reputation, 174–5 Battle of Khanua, 51 Mu‘ azzam’sdeﬁance, 303–5 Battle of Samugarh, 164, 170, 244, 246, political and military judgment, 202 250, 315 religious commitments, 170, 176 Battle of Tons, 210, 211, 215, 216, 217 renaming towns, 296 Battle of Ujjain, 243 treatment of the defeated, 254–9 Battle of Dharmat, 40, 173 trade, Bayly, C. A., 13, 134, 249 A‘zam, 22, 41, 42, 44, 72, 74, 80, 88, 94, 95, benevolence (jud), 125 103, 108, 110, 111, 116, 118, 119, 120, Berads, 248, 281, 289, 301 122, 123, 124, 126, 130, 131, 240, 241, Bernier, François, 37, 175, 200, 236, 254 244, 245, 250, 255, 256, 257, 258, 274, Bidar Bakht, 84, 111, 140, 179, 262, 282, 277, 281, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287, 288, 284, 286, 299, 300 289–93, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 300, competition with A‘zam, 293–5 303, 307, 309, 311, 313, 314, 322 Bijapur, 41, 44, 101, 102, 110, 114, 115, difﬁculties networking, 289–93 117, 128, 245, 278, 285, 296, 298, 306, vs. Bidar Bakht, 293–95 309 A‘zam al-Harb, 311 birth-control practices, 89 ‘Azim-ud-Din/’Azim-ush-Shan, 131, 244, Blake, Stephen, 7, 48, 67, 92, 143 283, 293, 295, 310, 312, 315, 316, 317, Buksariyas, 301 318, 319, 321, 322 bulgharkhanas (eating houses), 230 azuk, 260 Buland Akhtar, 81, 82, 237 Bundela, Vir Singh, 149, 150, 161, Babayan, Kathryn, 16 247, 260 Babri Mosque, 1, 23 Bundelas, 86, 161, 248, 289, 301 Babur. alliance building, 48–52 Calkins, Philip, 134 and Humayun, 48, 52, 55 caravan stops (sarais), 203 and princes, 24–6, 47, 48, 51, 52 cash grants (in‘am), 93, 109, 280, 284 establishment of empire, 2 cavalry (sawar), 38, 83, 92, 93, 112 India invasion, 25 celebrations, 61, 62, 63, 82, 86, 105, 124, open-ended and evolving system, 24–45 138, 201 preference for one son, 26 birthday, 105, 124, 148, 173

Index 343

circumcision, 78, 146–7 El-Fadl, Khalid Abou, 185 gifts, 99 English East India Company, 22, 100, marriage, 86–7, 251 200, 325 princely births, 68–70 eunuchs, 8, 75, 88, 89, 90, 111, 117, 122, schooling, 78 127, 188, 239, 240, 257, 277 victory, 243 Chachnama, 258 factionalism, 236, 279 Chaghatais, 24, 25, 49, 224, 262 faqirs (Sufi mendicants), 229 Chandra, Satish, 134, 254, 279 Farrukh Siyar, 310, 311, 312, 316, 317, 318, chelas (disciples), 127, 261 319, 320 Chishtis, 73, 140, 145, 146, 152, 170, Fatawa-yi ‘Alamgiri, 81, 256 270, 311 Fatuhat-i ‘Alamgiri, 189 contract (qaulnama), 40 financial crisis, 21, 278, 281 fitna, 134, 185, 188, 189, 190, 191 Dakhanis, 171, 172, 262, 301 food shortages, 203, 249, 298 Dale, Stephen, 16, 18, 24, 25, 55, 57, 59, foster-brother (koka), 74, 76, 105, 110, 117, 125, 134 127, 128, 132, 146, 228, 288 dance, 80, 87, 125 foster-mother (anaga), 73, 74, 76, 81 Danyal, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 38, 73, 84, fratricide, 240–2 86, 144, 148, 149, 156, 159, 237, 240, 260, 261 Ganj-i Sa‘adat, 184 Dara Shukoh, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 68, 70, 71, Gauhar Ara, 38 81, 82, 85, 86, 87, 90, 93, 105, 108, Ghakkars, 49 110, 115, 116, 127, 128, 130, 131, 162, ghaza, 16, 17 163, 170, 172, 173, 178, 199, 200, 201, ghazi (Islamic frontier warrior), 138 237, 239, 241, 242, 244, 246, 249, 253, gifts, revenue sources, 99–102 254, 255, 256, 257, 260, 262, 285, 310, godly ruler (farman-i haqiqi), 143 315, 318 Golkonda, 41, 90, 101, 102, 111, 114, 115, alliances, 164–8 128, 130, 171, 208, 214, 218, 219, 220, military skills/reputation, 176–7 221, 278, 284, 285, 296, 297, 298, 305, religion and politics, 177–8 306, 313 darshan (viewing), 119 Gommans, Jos, 93, 217, 218, 219, 221, 280 dastur-ul-‘amal (manual of guidance), 267 Goody, Jack, 25, 38 Dawar Bakhsh, 36, 37, 43, 237, 247 Gulbadan Begum, 251, 265 degh (food cauldron), 212 deorhi-i salatin, 87 Habib, Irfan, 5, 13, 18, 83, 91, 95, 96, 134, despotic power, 3 141, 231, 266, 279 Dilras Banu Begum, 72, 90 Habshis (Afro-Indians), 172 distinguished son (farzand-i hadith (Prophetic sayings), 185 arjomand), 298 Hajj, 122 divine light (farr-i izidi), 142 Harbans, Mukhia, 7, 135, 143, 184, diwan (chief finance and revenue officer), 316 185, 262 diwan (treasurer), 159 Hardy, Peter, 134, 258 Diwan-i ‘Am, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124 harem, 87, 88, 89, 90, 109, 110, 111, 123, Dow, Alexander, 236 124, 125, 126, 130, 133, 139, 144, 147, drug abuse, 52, 242 148, 156, 195, 239, 267, 285, 286, 288, 306, 310, 321 East India Company, 18, 100, 249 Hasan, Farhat, 5, 135 Eaton, Richard, 18, 211 Hazaras, 49, 76, 140, 228 economic expansion, 17 Henaff, Marcel, 221 egalitarianism, 11 Henshall, Nicholas, 135

344 Index

heresy (bid’at), 191 princely deceit, 196–9 Hindus, 1, 2, 4, 10, 13, 49, 94, 140, 141, response to princely rebellions, 196, 205, 142, 165, 176, 178, 261, 290, 292, 301, 206, 208 303, 321, 322 self-fashioning vis-a-vis Akbar, 266–71 historiography Jahangirnama, 19, 34, 68, 70, 72, 74, 112, Mughal state, 3–6, 134–5, 323–5 128, 146, 150, 152, 181, 184, 188, 189, princes, 6–7 190, 196, 204, 205, 208, 224, 225, 226, Mughal succession, 236 227, 229, 230, 266, 267, 268, 270 horse trade, 238, 283 Jahan Shah, 312, 313, 317 horse-branding regulations, 261 Jahanzeb Banu Begum, 110, 111, 141, 273 Humayun, 51, 53 Janjuas, 49 alliance building, 56, 57, 58–60 Jats, 237, 281, 289, 311, 325 daily ritual of showing himself, 63 jharokas (public viewings), 209 defeated foes, 250–51 Jinji, siege of, 300 deﬁance from family and brothers, 28, 53, 57, 58, 63, 232 Kam Bakhsh, 41, 44, 66, 76, 81, 85, 87, 93, imperial vision, 60–3, 265, 266 107, 240, 242, 246, 249, 274, 281, 284, tensions with Babur, 48, 52, 54, 55, 288, 293, 297, 298, 299, 301, 302, 307, 56, 265 309, 311 Kannadas, 289 image, importance of, 60–3, 174–7 karkhanas (workshops), 107, 108, 122, Iftitah-i Sultani, 174 175, 277 ijara (revenue-farm), 283 Kayasths, 140, 301 imperial edicts, 50, 165, 209, 325 Keay, John, 236 Indian Muslims, 1, 51, 56, 65, 140, 143, Kennedy, Pringle, 236 160, 161, 301 Khan Jahan Bahadur Koka, 131, 263, Indians (ahl-i Hind), 136 264, 304 Iqbalnama-i Jahangiri, 189, 190, 252 Khan Jahan Lodi (Pir Khan), 76, 131, 150, Iranians, 65, 137, 140, 172, 301, 321, 322 159, 229, 247, 302 Islamic empires, succession in, Khan, ‘Abdullah, 151, 152, 255 14–9 Khan, ‘Ali Mardan, 168, 244, 302 Khan, Afzal (Mulla Shukrullah), 114, 115, jagirdari crisis, 280 168, 239 jagirdari system, 278, 279 Khan, Asad, 261, 297, 298, 299, 300, jagirs, 8, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 101, 102, 313, 314 103, 108, 114, 133, 211, 313 Khan, Asaf (Jafar Beg), 32, 264, 267 Jahan Ara, 38, 39, 40, 72, 98, 132, 164, 178, Khan, Asaf (Abu’l Hasan), 35, 36, 37, 76, 199, 200, 245, 255 105, 110, 260, 302 Jahandar Shah, 70, 284, 287, 288, 293, 299, Khan, Chengiz, 50 310, 312, 313, 317, 318, 319, 320 Khan, Chin Qilich, 297, 298, 299, 307, 309, Jahangir, 313, 315 administration, 160, 161, 162, 267, 268 Khan, Ghazi-ud-Din, 282, 297, 298, 299, against Akbar, 30, 31, 32, 149, 155, 182 302, 307, 309, 313 Akbar’s grooming, 144–8 Khan, Kartalab, 131, 173, 316 Allahabad-based rebellions, 158–61 Khan, Khalilullah, 168, 246, 260 alliance building, 144–55, 160–2, 223–30 Khan, Khidmatgar (Khwaja Talib), 89, coinage, 268 239, 240 cultural patronage, 153, 154 Khan, Khidmatgar (Khwaja intolerance of disobedience, 196–9 Ambar), 240 loyalty, 34, 196 Khan, Mahabat (Zamana Beg), 36, 76, 131, Naqshbandi ﬁgures, 151 149, 190, 191, 217, 241, 260, 302

Index 345

Khan, Mun‘im (Muhammad Muni‘im), 239, mansab, 8, 30, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 258, 261, 282 92, 93, 94, 103, 112, 171, 209, 211, Khan, Muqarrab (Shaikh Hassu), 152, 227, 228, 244, 256, 260, 281, 285, 160, 260 301, 314 Khan, Murshid Quli, 97, 131, 173, 311, mansabdar, 83, 92, 96, 122, 211, 279, 280, 316, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323 284, 290, 293 Khan, Mustafa, 282, 287 mansabdari system, 38, 91, 93–9 Khan, Qasim (Manija), 168, 216, 226 Manucci, Niccolao, 7, 75, 89, 130, 200, 207, Khan, Rustam (Shighali), 114, 129 248, 253, 256, 263, 264, 280, 306 Khan, Qutb-ud-Din (Shaikh Khubu), Marathas, 110, 120, 122, 171, 172, 173, 160, 228 174, 233, 262, 274, 276, 281, 289, 292, Khan, Sa‘dullah, 98, 128, 168, 169, 264, 293, 295, 298, 299, 301, 303, 304, 297, 302 305, 325 Khan, Sadiq, 194, 257 Marshman, John, 236 Khan, Shahnawaz, 90, 246, 310 Maryam Makani, 72, 148 Khan, Sha’ista, 76, 86, 104, 105, 168, 239 Masjid-i Dara Shukoh, 165 Khan, Sharif, 149, 205, 223, 229, Mau’izah-i Jahangiri, 125, 252, 253 260, 264 meritocracy, 260, 262 Khan, Zulﬁqar, 112, 122, 260, 261, 297, Mewar, 31, 112, 168, 223, 266, 295 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 307, 308, Mill, James, 236 309, 310, 313, 314, 315, 317, Ming China, 324 319, 320 Mir Hedayatullah, 110, 111, 120, 130 khanazads (house-born), 262 Mir Jumla, 76, 101, 168, 239, 248, 260, 302 Khatris, 140, 301 Miran Sadr-i Jahan, 160, 260, 269 Khelna, siege of, 122, 294 Mir’at-ul-’Alam, 188 Khurram. See Shah Jahan Mirza Abu’l Qasim, 28, 29 Khurasani, Muhammad Tahir, 94, 98, 105, Mirza ‘Askari, 25, 26, 28, 52, 59, 76 128, 131, 243–4 Mirza ‘Aziz Koka, 74, 147, 156, 190, 227, Khusrau, 70, 83–4 228, 230, 255, 262, 302 against Jahangir, 34, 35, 70, 182, Mirza Dughlat, 58, 61, 62 188, 203 Mirza Hakim, 28, 29, 34, 38, 48, 60, 65, 91, rebellion, 222–3 137, 138, 139, 143, 144, 148, 149, 151, Khwaja Dost Muhammad, 149, 260 178, 240, 265, 270 Kolff, Dirk, 134 Mirza Hindal, 25, 26, 52, 57, 71, 76, 85, 99, Kolis, 102, 122, 237, 281, 293 251, 265 Mirza Kamran, 20, 25, 26, 28, 47, 48, 52, Lal, Ruby, 29, 30, 55, 73, 109, 135, 147 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 70, 73, 75, Lala Beg Kabuli, 149, 260 78, 183, 187, 197, 226, 240, 251, 252 Lata’if-ul-Akhbar, 177 Mirza Nathan, 69, 70, 205, 209, 213 Leonard, Karen, 13, 134 mirzanama, 125, 262, 263 loyalty to father and emperor, 125, 184–6 Mirzas, 25, 28, 60, 182, 218, 231 Lubb-ul-Tawarikh, 307 Mirza Sharaf-ud-Din Ahrari, 28, 58 Mirza Sulaiman, 29 Ma’asir-i Jahangiri, 129, 189, 190, 252 Miyan Mir, 167, 168 Ma’asir-ul-Umara, 129, 314 Mu‘azzam, 10, 11, 41, 44, 66, 88, 89, 90, 95, madad-i ma’ash grant, 161, 213 107, 108, 111, 130, 131, 206, 238, 240, madrassas (Islamic religious schools), 152, 242, 243, 244, 246, 250, 256, 257, 258, 153, 169, 213, 292 274, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, mahaldar, 88, 89, 130 293, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 303, 305, man of the pen (ahl-i qalam), 78 306, 307, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, man of the sword (ahl-i saif), 78 315, 316

346 Index

Muhammad Sultan, 30, 40, 41, 70, 84, 103, Prasad, Ishwari, 6, 52 117, 119, 124, 175, 182, 187, 188, 190, prayers, 78, 84, 118, 124, 125, 146, 165, 203, 207, 297, 303 175, 212, 214, 268, 292 Muhammad Taqi, 101, 112, 115, 210 pretenders, 237 Muhammad Zaman Mirza, 26, 28, 58 princely defiance and constraints, 63, 183, Mu‘izz-ud-Din. See Jahandar Shah 186, 192–202 mukhalafat (opposition), 189 princely disobedience, 10, 57, 192 Mukhia, Harbans, 135, 185 and Akbar, 192–6 Mulla Shah Badakhshi, 167, 257 and Jahangir, 196–9 Mumtaz Mahal, 34, 37, 38, 72, 77, 110, 260 Aurangzeb versus Mu‘azzam, 303–7 Muntakhab-ul-Lubab, 188, 189 Babur versus Humayun, 55, 61 Murad (son of Akbar), 29, 30, 32, 36, 38, chronicle depictions, 188–91 39, 73, 77, 84, 86, 144, 148, 149, 156, justifications, 186–7 159, 169, 193, 194, 195, 203, 232 Prince Aurangzeb, 199–202 Murad (son of Shah Jahan), 38, 39, 40, 41, princely education, 77, 78–82, 104, 136, 42, 43, 69, 72, 75, 77, 81, 82, 85, 90, 146–7, 153 96, 128, 131, 164, 165, 168, 199, 243, princely households, 68 244, 246, 250, 253, 256, 257 Aurangzeb’s help, 284–7 Murray, Hugh, 236 childhood and formative household music, 68, 69, 80, 87, 125, 278 figures, 68–77 childhood to minor status, 77–84 Nadira Begum, 39, 86 decline of, 281 Naqshbandis, 28, 57, 58, 59, 61, 138, 139, financially squeezed, 282–4 151, 152, 170, 184, 212, 213, 224, 229, funding, 91–102 259, 265 life of, 116–27 Nawaits, 301 minor to adult, 85–90 Nizam-ud-Din Auliya’, 51, 224 nomenclature, 67, 117 noble threat to princes, 296–303 offices (1550s), 276–7 Nur Jahan, 34, 35, 36, 72, 109, 169, offices (late 1600s), 277–8, 285 187, 189, 190, 191, 196, 207, 212, 230, protecting and undermining, 127–32 257 structure of, 103–11 trouble, 287–9 O’Hanlon, Rosalind, 157, 262, 263 princely institution, 311 Ottomans, 15, 16, 17, 18, 179, 235 atrophies under Bahadur Shah I, 311–17 Jahandar Shah and Farrukh Siyar, 318–25 padshah (emperor), 25, 55, 62, 159 princely rebellions, 3, 8, 10, 12, 21, 32, 102, Padshahnama, 87, 117, 252, 259 150, 180, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188, Panhala, siege of, 88 189, 191, 197, 203, 205, 207, 211, 215, partition of empire, 40, 41, 44, 164 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 231, 233, 234, Parvez, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 112, 121, 130, 244, 270, 312 168, 197, 217, 223, 232, 241, 266 geography of, 217–21 parwarda (protégé), 114 princely stipends, 42, 47, 82, 83, 84, 85, 122 Pearson, Michael, 134 Prophet Muhammad, 166, 174, 212, peasants, 13, 95, 97, 105, 120, 182, 192, 242, 259 204, 205, 267, 279, 290, 292 Peirce, Leslie, 15, 16, 315 Qadiris, 166–7, 168, 170, 171 Pelsaert, Francisco, 32, 204 qalandar (mystic), 166 peshkash (tribute), 209, 293 Qanun-i Humayuni, 60, 62, 141, 265 pir (religious preceptor), 58 Qing China, 324 poetry, 69, 80, 84, 88, 125 Qiran al-Sa’dain, 258 Portuguese, 102, 214, 215–7, 220, 248 Quran, 78, 81, 84, 88, 146

Index 347

Raﬁ‘-ush-Shan, 312, 313, 317, 321 Shaikh Abu’l Fazl, 28, 31, 57, 65, 67, 71, 73, Raja Basu, 150, 156, 224, 260 78, 81, 92, 136, 137, 140, 141, 142, Raja Bikramajit (Ra’i Sundar Das), 112, 113, 146, 148, 149, 157, 158, 189, 190, 193, 114, 115 194, 195, 235, 240, 243, 260 Raja Jai Singh I, 168, 302 Shaikh Farid Bukhari, 205, 224, 225, Raja Jai Singh II, 294, 295, 316 226, 229 Raja Ram Das Kachhwaha, 228 Shaikhzadas, 140, 224, 262, 319 Raja Man Singh, 30, 76, 144, 190, 223, 227, Shanti Das, 164, 165 228, 255, 302 Sharif-ul-Mulk, 109, 254 Rajputs, 65, 81, 140, 189, 206, 262, 265, Shattaris, 57, 170 274, 289, 301, 305, 311 Sher Khan Suri, 28, 48, 53 rank (zat), 38, 39, 83, 92, 93, 112 Shi‘ite, 16 Rathor, Durga Das, 295 shorish (rebellion/revolt), 189 Richards, John F., 2, 7, 17, 18, 37, 141, 225, Shuja‘, 38, 39, 40, 41, 69, 72, 75, 82, 85, 99, 268, 279, 283 128, 129, 130, 163, 165, 188, 237, 243, Risala-i Haqnuma, 178 244, 246, 248, 249, 254, 255, 256, 260, Robb, Peter, 236 323 Roshan Ara, 38, 239 Siddis, 289 Roshaniyya, 138 Sikhs, 281, 311, 325 royal descent group, 25, 26 Siphr Shukoh, 39, 42, 70 Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, 71 Smith, V. A., 236 Rustam and Sohrab, 184 speech, 78, 80, 82, 296 steppe tradition, 46, 54–60, 64 Safavids, 15, 16, 17, 18, 179, 235, 237, Streusand, Douglas, 7, 134 239, 248 Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 5, 6, 17, 18, 134, Saﬁna-i Khushgu, 80 237, 321 Saiyid brothers, 310, 319, 320 succession Sakinat-ul-Auliya, 167, 178 open-ended system, 3, 7, 12, 15, 16, 20, Salim. See Jahangir 24–45, 236, 254, 271, 311, 318 Salima Sultan Begum, 147, 148 primogeniture, 3 Salimi, 148 Suhrawardis, 161, 170 Sarmad, 166 Sulaiman Shukoh, 39, 42, 244, 253, 256 Savory, Roger, 15 Sulh-i kul (universal peace), 143 Saxsena, B. P., 6, 236 Sunni, 16 Scott, James, 192, 221 scribes (munshi s), 277 Tabaqat-i Baburi, 60, 62, 141 semi-independent/-permanent territorial Taj Mahal, 34, 37 holdings (uluses), 25 Tajiks, 49 Shah Abu’lMa‘ali, 28, 257 Tamils, 289 Shah Jahan, 112 Tarikh-i Akbari, 141 against Jahangir, 182, 189, 202, 207 Tarikh-i Dilkasha, 243, 311 befriending Afghans/Portuguese, 214–17 Tarikh-i Humayun, 251 consolidating in eastern regions, 208–11 Tarikh-i Khan Jahani wa military advantages, 220 Makhzan-i Afghani, 68, 171, predatory household, activities, 112–16 203, 222 religious networks, 211–14 Tarikh-i Rashidi, 60, 61, 62 struggles as a prince, 208–17 Tauhid-i Ilahi, 158 Shahjahannama, 87, 128, 189, 199, 252 Tazkirat-ul-Waqi‘at, 252 shahrukhi, 137, 140 Tazkirat-us-Salatin Chaghta, 311 Shahryar, 35, 36, 37, 85, 109, 187, 241, Telegus, 289, 301 247, 254 Timurids, 24, 25, 26, 49

348 Index

Tokugawa Japan, 324 forgiveness, 21, 55, 237, 254–9, Tuhfat-ul-Hind, 79 290, 316 tura-i Chaghatai (customs of the fratricide, 240–42 Chaghatai), 137 involvement of people, 247–50 Turko-Mongol groups, 49 outbreak of wars, 242–4 Turks, 57, 172, 301 punishment, 10, 56, 234, 241, 253, 254–5 Udaipuri Mahal, 240 revenues and intelligence, 238–40 ‘ulama’, 14, 118, 165, 186, 224, 268, 269, 270 rewards, 132, 150, 209, 210, 229, 234, umara’-i jadid (new nobles), 262 248, 260 universal peace (sulh-i kul), 143 watan jagirs, 280 Uzbeks, 49, 51, 60, 128, 139, 174, 175, 225, Wheeler, J. T., 236 228, 248 Wink, André, 5, 13, 18, 134, 135, 258, 324, 325 violence, 1, 2, 23, 49, 182, 185, 197, 204, 205, 231, 232, 233, 242, 248, 292, 324 ya takht, ya takhta, 7

Wala Jah, 72, 82, 83, 84, 103, 119, 122 Zakhirat-ul-Khawanin, 252 Waqa’i‘ Asad Beg, 267 zamindari, 173, 182, 210, 281, 315 waqfs (tax-free charitable holdings), 58 zamindars, 5, 65, 96, 153, 174, 210, 211, war of succession, 30, 32, 37, 39, 40, 41, 215, 220, 224, 226, 229, 239, 248, 311, 42, 44, 65, 90, 96, 97, 99, 106, 129, 315, 322 132, 136, 164, 165, 175, 178, 179, 182, Zeb-un-Nisa, 72, 73, 122 199, 238–50, 255, 257, 272, 293, 295, ziarats (pilgrimages), 211 309, 315, 317, 318 Zinat-un-Nisa, 240, 257, 313, 314 choosing sides, 244–7 Zubdat-ul-Tawarikh, 267