Expansion of Persian Art Under Mughal Princesses
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Behind the Veil:An Analytical Study of Political Domination of Mughal Women Dr
11 Behind The Veil:An Analytical study of political Domination of Mughal women Dr. Rukhsana Iftikhar * Abstract In fifteen and sixteen centuries Indian women were usually banished from public or political activity due to the patriarchal structure of Indian society. But it was evident through non government arenas that women managed the state affairs like male sovereigns. This paper explores the construction of bourgeois ideology as an alternate voice with in patriarchy, the inscription of subaltern female body as a metonymic text of conspiracy and treachery. The narratives suggested the complicity between public and private subaltern conduct and inclination – the only difference in the case of harem or Zannaha, being a great degree of oppression and feminine self –censure. The gradual discarding of the veil (in the case of Razia Sultana and Nur Jahan in Middle Ages it was equivalents to a great achievement in harem of Eastern society). Although a little part, a pinch of salt in flour but this political interest of Mughal women indicates the start of destroying the patriarchy imposed distinction of public and private upon which western proto feminism constructed itself. Mughal rule in India had blessed with many brilliant and important aspects that still are shining in the history. They left great personalities that strengthen the history of Hindustan as compare to the histories of other nations. In these great personalities there is a class who indirectly or sometime directly influenced the Mughal politics. This class is related to the Mughal Harem. The ladies of Royalty enjoyed an exalted position in the Mughal court and politics. -
The Great Mughal Empire (1526-1707)
THE GREAT MUGHAL EMPIRE (152 6-1707) THE GREAT MUGHAL EMPERORS EMPEROR REIGN START REIGN END BABUR 1526 1530 HUMAYUN 1530 1556 AKBAR 1556 1605 JAHANGIR 1605 1627 SHAH JAHAN 1627 1658 AURANGZEB 1658 1707 BABUR Birth name:Zāhir ud-Dīn Maham Begum Mohammad Masumeh Begum Family name:Timurid Nargul Agacheh Title:Emperor of Mughal Sayyida Afaq Empire Zainab Sultan Begum Birth:February 14, 1483 Death:December 26, 1530 Children: Succeeded by:Humayun Humayun, son Marriage: Kamran Mirza, son Ayisheh Sultan Begum Askari Mirza, son Bibi Mubarika Yusufzay Hindal Mirza, son Dildar Begum Gulbadan Begum, daughter Gulnar Agacheh Fakhr-un-nisa, daughter Gulrukh Begum HUMANYUN Birth name: Nasiruddin Children: Akbar, son Humayun Muhammad Hakim, son Family name: Timurid Title: Emperor of Mughal Empire Birth: March 6, 1508 Place of birth: Kabul, Afghanistan Death: February 22, 1556 Succeeded by: Akbar Marriage: Hamida Banu Begum AKBAR Birth name: Jalaluddin Ruqayya Sultan Begum Muhammad Akbar Sakina Banu Begum Family name: Timurid Salima Sultan Begum Title: Emperor of Mughal Empire Children: Jahangir, son Shah Murad, son Birth: October 15, 1542 Danyal, son Place of birth: Umarkot, Shahzada Khanim, Sindh daughter Death: October 27, 1605 Shakarunnisa Begum, Succeeded by: Jahangir daughter Marriage: Jodhabai (?) or Aram Banu Begum, Jodhi Bibi daughter Mariam-uz-Zamani Ximini Begum, daughter JAHANGIR Birth name: Nuruddin Children: Nisar Begum, Jahangir daughter Family name: Timurid Khurasw, son Title: Emperor -
Gendered 'Landscape': Jahanara Begum's Patronage, Piety and Self
DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation ―Gendered ‗Landscapes‘: Jahan Ara Begum‘s (1614-1681) Patronage, Piety and Self-Representation in 17th C Mughal India‖ Band 1 von 1 Verfasser Afshan Bokhari angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 092315 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Kunstgeschichte Betreuerin/Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Dr. Ebba Koch TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page 0 Table of Contents 1-2 Curriculum Vitae 3-5 Acknowledgements 6-7 Abstract 8 List of Illustration 9-12 Introduction 13-24 Figures 313-358 Bibliography 359-372 Chapter One: 25-113 The Presence and Paradigm of The „Absent‟ Timurid-Mughal Female 1.1 Recent and Past Historiographies: Ruby Lal, Ignaz Goldziher, Leslie Pierce, Stephen Blake 1.2 Biographical Sketches: Timurid and Mughal Female Precedents: Domesticity and Politics 1.2.1 Timurid Women (14th-15th century) 1.2.2 Mughal Women (16th – 17th century) 1.2.3 Nur Jahan (1577-1645): A Prescient Feminist or Nemesis? 1.2.4 Jahan Ara Begum (1614-1681): Establishing Precedents and Political Propriety 1.2.5 The Body Politic: The Political and Commercial Negotiations of Jahan Ara‘s Well-Being 1.2.6 Imbuing the Poetic Landscape: Jahan Ara‘s Recovery 1.3 Conclusion Chapter Two: 114-191 „Visions‟ of Timurid Legacy: Jahan Ara Begum‟s Piety and „Self- Representation‟ 2.1 Risala-i-Sahibiyāh: Legacy-Building ‗Political‘ Piety and Sufi Realization 2.2 Galvanizing State to Household: Pietistic Imperatives Dynastic Legitimacy 2.3 Sufism, Its Gendered Dimensions and Jahan -
Hal Schrieve HSTAS 402 March 12, 2015 Gulbadan and Nur Jahan: the Role of Women in the Creation of the Mughal Court and Imperial Policy
Hal Schrieve HSTAS 402 March 12, 2015 Gulbadan and Nur Jahan: The Role of Women in the Creation of the Mughal Court and Imperial Policy In the early Mughal Empire, succession, distribution of land and wealth, and other political decisions were determined in a way that was dependent upon the close personal ties and familial and cultural traditions of the Timurid court. As the Mughal state was consolidated, the apparatus of empire became focused on the symbolic visual center of the Emperor’s person, and his behavior and preferences set a new and often evolving model for his nobles.1 At all times within the Mughal Empire, the binary between “public” and “private” lives of nobles was a fuzzy one. Likewise any line drawn between women and high politics would almost inevitably be eventually crossed—or be revealed, upon moving back, to have been an illusion in the first place. Royal and elite women present in the court, in the tent cities of the early padshahs or the marble and sandstone zananas of Fatepur Sikri, were both on the periphery of “high politics” as remembered by historians and simultaneously deeply enmeshed in the most important business of court as well as the prosperity of the growing state. This can be witnessed in the lives of both Gulbadan Banu Begum and Nur Jahan, who lived at either end of Akbar’s reign and experienced the results of the institutions he created. New Mughal institutions placed women within the court inside a formalized, hierarchical framework which mirrored that imposed upon the aristocracy and reflected Akbar’s recognition of elite women and royal female relatives as one of the many 1 John F Richards, The Mughal Empire (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 60-61. -
Political Role of Women During Medieval Period
International Journal of Research in Social Sciences Vol. 8 Issue 1, January 2018, ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081 Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected] Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A An Analytical Study: Political Role of Women during Medieval Period Ms. ShabnamBharti* Abstract In fifteen and sixteen centuries Indian ladies were generally expelled from the open or political movement because of the male-centric structure of Indian culture. As a rule, ladies now were viewed as substandard compared to men and their obligations were basically limited to the home and family life. Various ladies, be that as it may, could rise above the bounds of societal desires to end up noticeably conspicuous ladies in medieval society. It was clear through non-government fields that ladies dealt with the state issues like male sovereigns. Razia Sultana turned into the main lady ruler to have ruled Delhi. Chand Bibi guarded Ahmednagar against the intense Mughal powers of Akbar in the 1590s. Jehangir's significant other NurJahan successfully employed supreme power and was perceived as the genuine power behind the Mughal royal position. The Mughal princesses Jahanara and Zebunnissa were notable writers and furthermore impacted the decision powers. Shivaji's mother, Jijabai, was ruler official due to her capacity as a warrior and a director. Mughal ladies indicated incredible pride in the activity of energy. -
Zaheeruddin Mohammad Babar
ZAHEERUDDIN MOHAMMAD BABAR Pages with reference to book, From 114 To 117 M.H.A. Beg ( Dept. of Ear, Nose and Throat, K.V. SITE Hospital, Karachi. ) Babar is well known in history as a self made man. His ancestral small state of Farghana was snatched from him. He then gradually collected an army and conquered India. He is also well known in literature. He wrote his autobiography which is read all over the world. It has been written in a simple language. Some periods of Babar's life are not mentioned in this autobiography and Historians do not know the cause of these disruptions. It is interesting that in his memoirs Babar has also described his illnesses. His description is straight- forward like a patient describing his symptoms. At places the description is so long-that a diagnosis is possible while at other places it is briefly mentioned. However knowing the natural history of the disease in later period it is possible to diagnose some of his ailments. What follows is a medical history of Babar described by him in his memoirs, and supported by various references mentioned in the bibliography. Babar was born on 6 Muharram 888 A.H. in Farghana, a small state in central Asia, north of Badakhshan now under USSR. River Saihun passes through this valley. According to Babar infective and 'Seasonal' fevers were a common health problem. Memoirs start when Babar ascended to the throne of Farghana. He was eleven years of age according to lunar calender. We have no reference of his illness before that. -
1468134454Humayuns Struggle with the Growing Powers of India.Pdf
SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ KHALID BASHIR (169-187) HUMAYUN’S STRUGGLE WITH THE RISING POWERS OF NORTHERN INDIA. Khalid Bashir Research Scholar B.U Bhopal. Abstract This paper epitomises the struggle and the defeat of Humayun by the rising powers of India. The empire whose foundation was so arduously laid by Babur was nevertheless precarious and unstable in character. As soon as Humayun ascended the throne, he found himself surrounded by the difficulties on all sides in many ways. Babur had of course, defeated the Indian powers like the Rajputs, the Afghans etc., but he could not completely crush them. Babur could not do anything more than this short period of four years. In fact, the roots of Mughal dynasty had not yet gone deep into the Indian soil and were then, of course in firm. Muhammad Lodhi, Ibharim Lodhi‟s brother, had regained power in Bihar and eastern provinces after his defeat in the Battle of Gogra. Another Afghan Sardar Sher Khan had also consolidated his position considerably. Of the Afghan Sardars he was the most capable and intelligent leader, who was engaged day and night in consolidating and organising all the scattered Afghan power. On the other side, Bhadur Shah who was a very courageous and ambitious ruler had considerably improved strength, and was eagerly engaged in his effort to obtain the Delhi throne. The Rajputs too, had begun to reorganise their power after their defeats in the battles of Khanwa and Chanderi. According to Lanepoole, “His (Humayun‟s) name means fortunate and never was an unlucky sovereign so miscalled‟‟, As a matter of fact, the royal throne that he inherited from his father as his successor, was bed of throns and not that of roses. -
When Worlds Elide: Mughal Texts on Iranian Kingship, Religion, and Culture in the Sixteenth Century
WHEN WORLDS ELIDE: MUGHAL TEXTS ON IRANIAN KINGSHIP, RELIGION, AND CULTURE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY by Mahira Qadri Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia December 2020 © Copyright by Mahira Qadri, 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………… v Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Historical Context: South Asia and its Myriad Dynasties ………………………... 11 Chapter 2: Imagining Iran .................................................................................................17 2.1 Babur’s Career as a Timurid Prince ........................................................................ 17 2.2 Central Asian Symbols of Kingship ……………………………………................ 24 2.3 Iranian Symbols of Kingship: The Appeal of a Sedentary Empire ………………. 27 2.4 Other Symbols of Ancient Iran: Letters of Advice and Razm-o-Bazm ………….. 32 2.5 Shah Ismail and the Timurid Prince ………………………………………...……. 36 2.6 The Presentation of Humayun in the Qanun-i Humayuni …………………...…… 39 2.7 Taj-i Izzat and Taj-i Haydari .................................................................................. 45 2.8 Akbar: Reinventing Symbols of Power ................................................................... 47 2.9 Akbar and Abbas: -
The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719 Munis D
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02217-1 - The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719 Munis D. Faruqui Index More information Index ‘Abbas I, 15, 19 Akhlaq-i Hakimi, 138 ‘Abd-ur-Rahim Khan-i Khanan, 76, 110, Akhlaq-i Padshahan, 185 147, 157, 158, 194, 195, 260, 302, 310 Alam, Muzaffar, 5, 6, 7, 17, 44, 80, 134, abortion. See Birth control practices 137, 185, 244, 254, 255, 262, 280, 314, adult status, 10, 71, 77, 83, 84, 85, 86, 103, 315, 320, 321 104, 105, 108, 149, 223 ‘Alamgirnama, 117, 129, 188, adulthood, transition to, 8, 68, 85–90 256, 259 Afghans, 31, 49, 51, 52, 57, 60, 65, 107, alcohol, 32, 36, 125, 126, 139, 195, 203, 213 138, 140, 150, 171, 210, 214, 215, 224, Aligarh School, 4 228, 229, 237, 239, 262, 282, 289, 315 ‘Ali Tabar, 72, 119 Ahwal-i Shahzadagi, 189 alliance building, 9, 48–54, 144–53, 160–2, A’in-i Akbari, 67, 92, 140, 142 163, 164–74, 179, 289–95, 318, 319 Akbar (Emperor) al-tamgha jagirs, 260 and Khusrau, 30, 31, 83, 84 ‘Amal-i Salih, 81, 199, 213, 226, and Islam, 9, 137–8, 143, 146, 231, 268, 241, 252 269 Anooshahr, Ali, 163 and Mirza Hakim, 28, 29, 48, 60, 137–9, anti-‘Azim-ush-Shan alliance, 317 149, 240, 265 anti-Ahmadnagar alliance, 114 and Murad, 193 anti-Akbar rebels, 138 Banarsi’s account, 272 anti-Hindustani sentiment, 137 diminishing tolerance for disobedience, appanage system, 8, 29, 30, 32, 44, 47, 48, 192–6 52, 53, 54, 56, 61, 64, 67, 85, 91, 133, Fazl and imperial legitimacy, 142–3 135, 137, 139, 143, 144, 149, 158, 159, grooming of sons, 29–30, 144–7 162, 186, 187, 222, 237, 253 Hindustani empire, 136–43 art and political legitimacy, 153, 154 Akbar (son of Aurangzeb), 10–1, 42, 72, 81, ataliq, 30, 75, 76, 77, 86, 104, 130, 147, 84, 87, 109, 130, 182, 184, 187, 188, 223, 228, 239, 243 205, 234, 237, 256, 274, 276, 295, 298, Atgas, 73, 147, 227, 228, 230 303, 305 Ali, M. -
Ch -(Advent of Mughals) A. Fill in the Blanks 1. Babur Traced His Antecedents to the Two Great Warriors Tribes of Taimur and Ge
Ch -(Advent of Mughals) A. Fill in the blanks 1. Babur traced his antecedents to the two great warriors Tribes of Taimur and Genghis Khan. 2. Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat in the year 1526. 3. Humayun was defeated by Sher Shah Suri. 4. Humayun recaptured Delhi and Agra after a gap of 15 years. 5. Sher Shah divided his Empire into 47 sarkars. B. Tick the correct answer. 1. Babur 2. Baburnama 3. Battle of chausa 4. The early modern 5. Agra C. Match the following 1. Sher Shah. d Grand Trunk Road 2.Babur. a. Could read Turkish and Persian 3. Gulbadan Begum. e. Wrote Humayun Nama 4.Kamran. c. Brother of Kamran 5. Hamida Banu Begum. b. Married to Humayun D. Write true and false 1.True. 2.False. 3.False. 4.True. 5.True E. Answer the following questions 1. What were the reasons for the success of Babur in the first battle of Panipat? Ans. The reasons for Babur,s success were * Babur,s small Army consisting of 12000 men was well trained and disciplined while Ibrahim use Army was in disciplined and organised. * Baby used artillery which was unknown to Ibrahim Army till then in fact he used cannons in warfare for the first time in India. *. The long practiced enveloping tactics of the central Asian cavalry proved Highly Effective against a large and widely Army of 80000 cavalry and 500 war elephants. 2. What were the problems faced by Humayun when he became the king? Ans. Humayun faced trouble from the very beginning. -
The Mughal Gardens Along the Grand Trunk Road in Pakistan and Afghanistan
The Mughal Gardens along the Grand Trunk Road in Pakistan and Afghanistan Abdul Rehman and Munazzah Akhtar* The Mughal gardens introduced by the Mughal The Grand Trunk Road acted as a vessel for Emperor Babur developed until the late Mughal pe- communication and transmission of ideas from one riod. Their architectural features also found a reso- region to another. Its entire route runs across a vari- nance during the Sikh period and consequently be- ety of climates, landforms and geographical features. came a part of urban culture. Even now the tradition It passes mountains, valleys and plains and plateau of gardens still prolongs itself in the form of modern with diverse water features. Thus the presence of parks in all small and large towns of Pakistan. These wells, natural springs, streams and rivers provided gardens were not only designed as architectural important element for the selection of garden sites, masterpieces, but hosted activities that transformed as well as a source of life for them. the culture of historic cities through a long develop- Gardens built in the suburbs of existing towns were ment process. In that respect the Grand Trunk Road commissioned at three levels by the court. Initially played a pivotal role. they were commissioned by the Mughal Emperors, The Grand Trunk Road stretches between but simultaneously important contributions were Kabul and Bengal. Although it existed from ancient also made by court members at subimperial level, and times its alignment did not stay unchanged. The -fi third by ladies of the harem. Later, during the reign nal alignment was laid out by the powerful Afghan of Shah Jahan, every one took lead and thereafter chieftain Sher Shah Suri. -
The Mughal Empire Is a Long Overdue Scholarly Study of the Mughal Period in Early Modern India
I.B.TAURIS SHORT HISTORIES I.B.Tauris Short Histories is an authoritative and elegantly written new series which puts a fresh perspective on the way history is taught and understood in the twenty-first century. Designed to have strong appeal to university students and their teachers, as well as to general readers and history enthusiasts, I.B.Tauris Short Histories comprises a novel attempt to bring informed interpretation, as well as factual reportage, to historical debate. Addressing key subjects and topics in the fields of history, the history of ideas, religion, classical studies, politics, philosophy and Middle East studies, the series seeks intentionally to move beyond the bland, neutral ‘introduction’ that so often serves as the primary undergraduate teaching tool. While always providing students and generalists with the core facts that they need to get to grips with the essentials of any particular subject, I.B.Tauris Short Histories goes further. It offers new insights into how a topic has been understood in the past, and what different social and cultural factors might have been at work. It brings original perspectives to bear on the manner of its current interpretation. It raises questions and – in its extensive bibliographies – points to further study, even as it suggests answers. Addressing a variety of subjects in a greater degree of depth than is often found in comparable series, yet at the same time in concise and compact handbook form, I.B.Tauris Short Histories aims to be ‘introductions with an edge’. In combining questioning and searching analysis with informed history writing, it brings history up-to-date for an increasingly complex and globalized digital age.