Later Mughals;

1 liiu} ijji • iiiiiiimmiiiii ii i] I " • 1 1 -i in fliiiiiiii LATER MUGHALS WILLIAM IRVINE, i.c.s. (ret.), Author of Storia do Mogor, Army of the Indian Moguls, &c. Edited and Augmented with The History of Nadir Shah's Invasion By JADUNATH SARKAR, i.e.s., Author of History of Aurangzib, Shivaji and His Times, Studies in Mughal India, &c. Vol. II 1719—1739 Calcutta, M. C. SARKAR & SONS, 1922. Published by C. Sarkar o/ M. C. Sarkar & Sons 90 /2A, Harrison Road, Calcutta. Copyright of Introductory Memoir and Chapters XI—XIII reserved by Jadunath Sarkar and of the rest of the book by Mrs. Margaret L. Seymour, 195, Goldhurst Terrace, London. Printer : S. C. MAZUMDAR SRI GOURANGA PRESS 71/1, Mirzapur Street, Calcutta. 1189/21. CONTENTS Chapter VI. Muhammad Shah : Tutelage under the Sayyids ... 1—101 Roshan Akhtar enthroned as Md. Shah, 1 —peace made with Jai Singh, 4—campaign against Bundi, 5—Chabela Ram revolts, 6—dies, 8—Girdhar Bahadur rebels at Allahabad, 8—fights Haidar Quli, 11 —submits, 15—Nizam sent to Malwa, 17—Sayyid brothers send Dilawar Ali against him, 19— Nizam occupies Asirgarh and Burhanpur, 23—battle with Dilawar Ali at Pandhar, 28—another account of the battle, 32—Emperor's letter to Nizam, 35—plots of Sayyids against Md. Amin Khan, 37—Alim Ali marches against Nizam, 40—his preparations, 43—Nizam's replies to Court, 45—Alim Ali defeated at Balapur, 47—Emperor taken towards Dakhin, 53—plot of Md. Amin against Sayyid Husain Ali, 55—Husain Ali murdered by Haidar Beg, 60—his camp plundered, 61 —his men attack Emperor's tents, 63—Emperor's return towards Agra, 68—letters between Md. Shah and Sayyid Abdullah, 72 —Abdullah crowns Prince Ibrahim at Dihli, 75—battle of Hasanpur, 82— Sayyid Abdullah surrenders, 91 —his house at Dihli plundered, 93— Abdullah's captivity and death, 95—character of Sayyid brothers, 99. Chapter VII. Muhammad Shah's Reign 1720-1725 ... 102—154 Poll-tax abolished, 103—death of Md. Amin Khan Wazir, 104—Nizam's difficulties as Wazir, 106—revolt of Ajit Singh, 108—army sent against him, 113—Ajit murdered by his son Abhai Singh, 115—its true cause, 116—Rohela settlement in the upper Duab, 117—Jat history: Churaman, 120—his sons besieged in Thun, 123—Md. Shah's daily life, 125—dispute over a Hindu convert's minor daughter, 126—Haidar Quli's misdeeds in Gujarat, 128—he feigns madness, 129—Nizam disgusted with Emperor and his courtiers, 131 — story of the robber Khanna, 133—rival factions quarrel at Court, 135—Nizam returns to Dakhin, 137—Mubariz Khan set up against Nizam, 139—battle of Shakar-Khera, 145—Nizam's letter to Emperor, 153. Chapter VIII. Mahrattas in Gujarat ... ... ... 155—215 Maharashtra country, 155—career of Shivaji, 158—Aurangzeb's wars with Mahrattas, 160—Mahratta affairs after 1707, 161 —Mahratta invasion of Gujarat, 165—Hamid Khan governs Gujarat, 168—Shujaat Khan appointed subahdar, 169—is slain by Mahrattas, 172—Ibrahim Quli Khan's attack on governor's palace, 174—defeat of Rustam Ali at Aras, 177—his death, 182— Mahrattas exact ransom from Gujarat, 183—events in Ahmadabad (1725), 186—Sarbuland Khan enters Ahmadabad, 187—Hamid Khan abandons Gujarat, 189—Sarbuland's government of Gujarat, 192—grants chauth to Mahrattas, 193—fresh Mahratta encroachments on Gujarat, 195—Sarbuland's extortions, 199—Bahora rising, 20! —Abhai Singh, new governor of Gujarat, 205—attacked by Sarbuland, 207—Sarbuland leaves Gujarat, 213. 11 Chapter IX. Bundelkhand and Malwa ... ... ... 216—256 Bundelkhand and the Bundela tribe, 216—Champat Rai, 219—his struggle with Aurangzeb and death, 225—Chhattarsal's early career, 228— Md. Khan Bangash sent against him, 230—his despatch of battles, 233— Baji Rao assists Chhattarsal, 238—Md. Khan withdraws from Bundelkhand, 241 —Mahratta raids into Malwa, 242—they gain footing in Malwa, 243— Bhawani Ram's government of Malwa (1728), 245—Daya Bahadur administers Malwa (1729-31), 247—is killed at Tarla, 248—Md. Khan Bangash in Malwa, 249—causes of his failure, 255—Jai Singh governor, 255. to 1738 ... ... ... 257—306 Chapter X. Muhammad Shah — Shoe-sellers' riot at Dihli, 257—Court favourites : Koki, 263 Roshan- ud-daulah, 266—Shah Abdul-ghaffur, 267—his fall, 271 —another account of it, 273—increasing Mahratta encroachments, 275—campaign against Mahrattas in 1733, 277—campaign of 1734, 279—campaign of 1735, 280— campaign of 1736, 281 —campaign of 1737, 286—Saadat Kh. defeats Mahrattas, 287—Baji Rao sacks environs of Dihli, 289—defeats imperial army under Hasan Khan, 293—why he suddenly retreated, 295—Wazir defeats Mahrattas at Badshahpur, 296—Nizam invited by Emperor, 299—Nizam welcomed at Dihli, 301 — is besieged by Baji Rao in Bhupal, 303—he cedes Malwa to Baji Rao by convention of Duraha Sarai, 305. Chapter XI. India in 1738 : Rise and Progress of Nadir Shah 307—329 Slaughter of the Mughal aristocracy in civil wars, 307—degeneration of noble families settled in India, 308—later Emperors alienate Hindus and Shias, 309—later Mughals foolish idle and vicious, 311 —nobles divided into warring factions, 313—insecurity and poverty, 314—decline of Persian kings, 315—Nadir delivers Persia from Afghan rule, 318—crowns himself king, 318—captures Qandahar, 319—causes of his quarrel with Dihli Government, 320—Emperor neglects defence of Afghanistan, 322—and of Panjab, 325— Nadir conquers Afghanistan, 327. Chapter XII. Nadir Shah's invasion of India ... ... 330—360 Nadir captures Peshawar and Lahor, 330—indolence of imperial Court, 335—Emperor entrenches at Karnal, 337—rival forces, 337—Nadir arrives near Karnal, 339—Saadat Khan issues for battle, 342—battle of Karnal, 345—heavy loss of Indians, 349—causes of Indian defeat, 350—negotiations f or peace with Nadir, 353—death of Khan Dauran, 355—jealousy of Saadat Khan, 356—Nadir imprisons Emperor and nobles, 357. Chapter XIII. Nadir in Dihli : His Return ... ... 361—379 State of Dihli city after battle of Karnal, 361 —Nadir and Emperor enter Dihli, 363—popular rising against Persians in Dihli, 365—Nadir's massacre at Dihli, 367—the slaughter and loss estimated, 368—extortion from Dihli, 370—cruelties practised for money, 373—Nadir reinstates Md. Shah, 374—retires from India, 375—break-up of Mughal Empire, 379. Errata ... ... ... ... ... ... 380 Index ... ... ... ... ... ... 381 IrHE LATER MUGHALS CHAPTER VI MUHAMMAD SHAH: TUTELAGE UNDER THE SAYYIDS, (1719-1720). Sec. I. —Accession. During the few days which elapsed between the death of Rafi-ud-daulah and the arrival of his successor, the Wazir and his brother made their usual daily visit to the imperial quarters and returned with robes of honour, as if newly conferred on them, thus deceiving the common people into the belief that the Emperor was still alive.* At length on the 11th Zul Qada 1131 H. (24th September, 1719), Ghulam Ali Khan arrived in the camp at Bidyapur, a village three k°s to the north of Fathpur Sikri. He brought with him Prince Roshan Akhtar, the son of the late Khujista-Akhtar, Jahan Shah, fourth son of the Emperor Bahadur Shah.f The death of Rafi-ud-daulah was now (26th September, 1719) made public, his bier brought out, and his body despatched for burial to Dihli. Arrangements were at once made for the enthronement of his successor. J This enthronement took place at Bidyapur§ on the 15th •'Zul Qada 1131 H. (28th September, 1719) and Roshan Akhtar * Shiu Das, 326. A newly-conferred \hilat was worn for twenty-four hours, and nothing was allowed to be put on over it. f Rustam Ali, Tarikh-i-Hindi, jol. 237a, says the Prince was brought from Dihli in three days, travelling in a boat down the Jamuna. | Kamwar Khan, 211; Khafi Khan, ii. 840. § From the tahsildar' s report kindly obtained for me by Mr. Reynolds as already stated, I find that there is a place Tajpur, four miles west of Bidyapur. From the name, and the fact that the village is a perpetual muafi, I infer that Tajpur may be the actual place of enthronement. 2 THE LATER MUGHALS [CH. VI was proclaimed under the titles of Abul Fath,* Nasir-ud-din, Muhammad Shah, Badshah, Ghazi. He was a handsome and, at that time, fairly intelligent young man, and having been born at Ghazni on the 23rd Rabi I. 1 1 14 H. (16th August, 1702), was now in his eighteenth (lunar) year. Coin was issued and the and it was directed that the commence- khutba read in his name ; ment of the reign should be antedated, and fixed from the removal of Farrukh-siyar from the throne. All other arrangements were continued as in the last two reigns, and no new appointments were made. All the persons surrounding the sovereign were as before the nominees of the two Sayyids, and Himmat Khan continued as before to act as tutor and guardian. Muhammad Shah deferred to him in everything, and asked of him permission to attend the public prayers on Friday or to go out shooting. On the march men in the confidence of the Sayyids surrounded the young Emperor and prevented any access to him.f Sec. 2.—Terms Made with Jai Singh. It was now given out that the Emperor, after worshipping at the tomb of Shaikh Salim Chishti, in Fathpur, would march on to Ajmer and visit the shrine of Muin-ud-din Chishti. The hidden motive was to overawe Rajah Jai Singh who, since the removal of Farrukh-siyar, had been at little pains to conceal his hostile intentions. He had received some aid in money from the Rana of Udepur, as is shown by his letter to that Prince's minister, dated the 4th Bhadon Sambat 1776 (9th August, 1719), wherein he asserts that Nizam-ul-mulk had started from Ujjain and Chabela Ram had crossed the Jamuna at Kalpi, both of which statements were false.

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