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Kajian Bioekologi Hama-Hama Penting Beras Dan Upaya Pengendaliannya”

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Kajian Bioekologi Hama-Hama Penting Beras Dan Upaya Pengendaliannya” KAJIAN BIOEKOLOGI HAMA-HAMA PENTING BERAS DAN UPAYA PENGENDALIANNYA Oleh: Dwi Widaningsih PROGRAMSTUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA DENPASAR 2016 KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWA, Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas segala limpahan Rahmat-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penyusunan makalah ini dengan tepat pada waktunya dengan judul “kajian bioekologi hama-hama penting beras dan upaya pengendaliannya”. Tujuan penulisan adalah untuk mengetahui dan mengkaji serangga hama yang menyerang beras dalam penyimpanan dan upaya-upaya untuk mengendalikannya. Penulisan makalah ini berdasarkan kajian pustaka, referensi dan data sekunder dari beberapa pustaka. Akhir kata semoga makalah ini bisa bermanfaat bagi pembaca pada umumnya dan penulis pada khususnya, penulis menyadari, masih banyak kekurangan dalam pembuatan makalah ini, untuk menyempurnakan makalah ini, penulis menerima saran dan kritik yang bersifat membangun demi perbaikan kearah kesempurnaan. Akhir kata penulis sampaikan terimakasih. Hormat Penulis DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR .......................................................................................... i DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................... ii I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang. .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Perumusan Masalah ...................................................................................... 3 1.3 Tujuan Penulisan. .......................................................................................... 3 II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Morfologi Hama Gudang. ............................................................................. 4 2.2 Hama Gudang yang Menyerang Beras. ........................................................ 5 2.2.1 Sitophillus oryzae (L)………………………………………………. 5 2.2.2 Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val ............................................ 7 2.2.3 Corcyra cephalonica Stainton. ......................................................... 8 2.2.4. Doloessa viridis zell pada beras.. .................................................... 10 2.2.5 Sitophilluszeamais. ............................................................................ 11 2.3 Ekologi Serangga Hama Gudang. ................................................................ 13 2.3.1 Faktor Iklim. ................................................................................................. 13 2.3.2 Faktor Makanan. ......................................................................................... 14 III PEMBAHASAN 3.1 Pengendalian Hama Gudang. ........................................................................ 16 IV KESIMPULAN DAFTAR PUSTAKA. ........................................................................................... 24 I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Selama dalam masa penyimpanan komoditi pangan dapat mengalami kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh serangan hama serangga, tungau, cendawan, burung dan tikus. Di antara hama-hama gudang tersebut, serangga hama merupakan penyebab kerusakan terbesar. Serangga hama pada gudang memiliki kemampuan cepat berkembang biak sehingga dalam setahun dapat menghasilkan beberapa generasi, dan dapat berpindah bersama-sama dengan komoditi. Selain itu serangga hama pada gudang memiliki kemampuan adaptasi yang besar terhadap keadaan kering sehingga dapat berkembang dengan baik pada kondisi komoditi yang disimpan dengan kadar air relatif rendah. Pengenalan akan jenis-jenis serangga hama gudang adalah sangat penting untuk menentukan prioritas dan cara pengendaliannya. Pada umumnya serangga hama gudang dapat dibagi menjadi hama primer dan hama sekunder. Hama primer yaitu serangga hama gudang yang mampu menyerang biji-bijian yang masih utuh, seperti Sitophilus spp. (weevil), Rhyzopherta dominica (Iesier grain borer) dan Sitotroga cerealella. (Angoumois grain moth). Sedangkan hama sekunder adalah serangga hama yang hanya mampu menyerang biji-bijian yang sudah rusak, seperti Tribolium spp. (flour beetle) dan Plodiq interpunctella (Indian meal moth) Pembagian serangga hama gudang menjadi hama primer dan sekunder tidak mengacu kepada arti pentingnya ditinjau dari segi ekonomi, melainkan hanya kepada urut-urutannya menyerang produk. Serangga hama gudang yang menyerang komoditi yang mahal dan banyak menimbulkan kerugian disebut hama ekonomi, sedangkan hama yang tidak banyak menimbulkan kerugian disebut hama non ekonomis. Pembagian serangga hama gudang/pantri berdasarkan perilaku cara makan adalah internal feeder, external feeder, scavenger dan hama sekunder. Internal Feeder. Larva dari serangga kelompok ini ada di dalam biji (kernel) komoditi yang diserang. Biasanya serangga- serangga ini menyerang biji komoditi yang masih utuh atau belum diproses. Contohnya adalah Sitophilus spp. (weevil), Rhyzopertha dominica (Iesser grainborer), Sitotroga cerealella (angumois grain moth). External Feeder. Serangga hama ini menyerang biji komoditi dari luar biji baik yang masih utuh maupun yang telah diproses. Contohnya adalah Tribolium spp, Lasioderma serricorne (tobacco beetle), Stegobium paniceum (drugstore beetle), Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle), Tenebroides mauritanicus (cadelle beetle), dan Plodia interpunctella (indian meal moth). Scavenger. Serangga hama ini hanya dapat menyerang bjian komoditi yang telah diproses atau rusak secara fisik maupun akibat serangan dari serangga hama yang lain. Contohnya adalah Oryzaephilus surinamensis (sawtootthed grain beetle) dan Anagasta kuehniella (mediterranean flour moth). Hama sekunder. Serangga hama ini hanya menyerang komoditas yang telah rusak, lembab/busuk atau telah ditumbuhi jamur/kapang. Contohnya adalah Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm) dan Alphitobius spp (lesser mealworm beetle). Dengan semakin berkembangnya industri pengendalian hama permukiman, sekarang telah dijumpai pembagian hama gudang dan pantri yang menyerang produk simpanan yang telah dikemas atau dalam kemasan. Berdasarkan cara menyerang komoditi simpanan yang telah dikemas atau produk dalam kemasan hama gudang dapat dibagi dalam dua kelompok, yaitu penetrator dan invader. Penetrator. Serangga hama mampu menyerang produk makanan dengan cara merusak kemasan. Ciri utama dari kelompok ini adalah alat mulut (mandible) yang kuat untuk merobek/merusak kemasan. Contohnya adalah Lasioderma. 1.2 Rumusan Masalah Masalah yang akan dibahas dalam makalah ini adalah sebagai berikut: 1.2.1 Serangga hama apa saja yang terutama menyerang beras dalam penyimpanan ? 1.2.2 Bagaimana ekologi serangga hama yang menyerang beras dalam penyimpanan ? 1.2.3 Bagaimana cara-cara pengendalian serangga yang menyerang beras dalam penyempanan ? 1.3 Tujuan Penulisan Penulisan makalah ini bertujuan untuk: 1.3.1 Untuk mengetahui bioekologi serangga hama yang menyerang beras dalam penyimpanan. 1.3.2 Untuk mengetahui cara-cara pengendalian hama yang menyerang beras dalam penyimpanan. II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Morfologi Serangga Hama Gudang Serangga hama gudang mempunyai ciri-ciri umum (a) Tubuhnya terbagi atas 3 bagian kepala, dada (toraks) dan perut (abdomen), (b) Bagian luar tubuh tertutup oleh kulit luar (eksoskeleton), (c) Selama hidupnya mengalami perubahan bentuk (metamorfosa) yang sempurna dan tidak sempurna dan (d) Serangga dewasa mempunyai tiga pasang kaki. Serangga hama gudang baik yang berasal dari kelompok kumbang maupun ngengat mengalami metamorfosis sempurna yaitu dari telur, larva, pupa, dan dewasa (imago). 1. Telur. Umumnya telur diletakkan di dalam atau di atas permukaan biji-bijian, pada debu-debu di atas lantai, pada celah dan retakkan gudang penyimpanan. Stadia telur berbeda-beda antara satu spesies yang satu dengan spesies lainnya. 2. Larva. Setelah beberapa lama telur menetas menjadi larva (berbentuk seperti ulat). Stadia larva adalah stadia paling merugikan, karena larva serangga hama menyerang komoditi dengan sangat rakus dan merusak. Meskipun demikian, latva merupakan stadia yang paling rentan untuk dikendalikan dengan insektisida. 3. Pupa. Pupa adalah periode istirahat dalam perkembangan perubahan larva menjadi dewasa. Selama periode ini pupa serangga hama tidak makan dan tidak bergerak. Seperti halnya stadia telur, stadia pupa merupakan stadia yang paling sulit untuk dibunuh oleh insektisida. 4. Dewasa. Fungsi utama dari serangga dewasa adalah untuk tugas reproduksi dari jenisnya. Ukuran tubuh serangga hama dari ordo Coleoptera umumnya berukuran kecil, tetapi ukuran tubuh serangga tersebut tergantung pula pada jenis makanan dimana ia hidup. Ukuran kecil sangat memudahkan serangga hama tersebut untuk menyusup pada celah yang kecil sekalipun. Ngengat sangat rapuh dan tidak dapat masuk ke dalam timbunan komoditi. 2.2 Hama Gudang yang Menyerang Beras 2.2.1 Sitophillus oryzae (L) 2.2.1.1. Klasifikasi Sitopilus oryzae L (Kalshoven 1981) Kingdom : Animalia Phyllum : Arthopoda Kelas : Insekta Ordo : Coleoptera Family : Curculionidae Genus : Sitophilus Spesies : Sitopilus oryzae (L) Gambar 2.2.1 Sitophillus oryzae (L) 2.2.1.2. Daur Hidup Sitopilus oryzae L Daur hidup kumbang beras dimulai dari peletakan sebutir telur dilubang oleh imago pada butiran beras. Selanjutnya lubang itu ditutup dengan sekresi/air liur kumbang beras yang keras. Kumbang betina dapat bertelur sampai 300 butir dalam beberapa minggu. Setelah menetas larva memakan beras tempat tinggalnya dan berkembang sampai menjadi pupa. Pupa kumbang muda keluar dari beras. Setelah menjadi dewasa kumbang memakan beras bagian luarnya
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