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Observationso¥ Prasinoxena Monospila and Doloessa

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Observationso¥ Prasinoxena Monospila and Doloessa 8 15 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 14(1): 158-161 (2002) OBSERVATIONS O¥ PRASINOXENA MONOSPILA DOLOESSAD AN VIRIDIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) ON THE BARK OF KHAYA IVORENSIS IN MALAYSIA G. T. Lim Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Prasinoxena monospila Meyrick and Doloessa viridis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Galleriinae) wer pestw ef Khayane so foun e b o dt ivorensis (Meliaceae Wesn i ) t Malaysia, causing sever t superficiaebu l bark necrosis. Khaya ivorensis, r Africao n mahoganys ha , recently been established in several small trials in Malaysia. The impressive growth performance that this exotic species has exhibited so far indicates its potential as a plantation tree species. According to Robinson etal. (1994), P. monospila has previously been reared from Hydnocarpus wightiana (Flacourtiaceae) in West Malaysia and has also been found in Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is a species similar to P. metaleuca, which has been reared fro bare m th Lansiumsp.f ko (Meliaceae) (langsat) Thailann i frod dan m Acacia mangium (Leguminosae Wesn i ) t Malaysia. Doloessa viridis s beeha n reared from Aglaia wallichii (Meliaceae frod an )m plant detritus suc falles ha n leave flowerd coconue san th f o s t tree, Cocos nucifera (Palmae), as well as seeds of Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae). Doloessa viridis is also a pest of stored grains like rice and maize (Lim & Tan 1981). In Southeast Asia D. viridis occur n Wesi s t Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, JavSarawakd Indo-Australiaae an th n I . n region bees ha nt nortr i , recordefa Hons s h a a easr d Fijfa s gta s an d ia Kon Taiwad gan n (Robinson etal. 1994). e morphologieTh s . monospilaoP f . viridisD d an hav e been describe Robinsoy db al.t ne (1994). The adult moth of P. monospila (Figure 1) has distinctive bright green forewings d brighan t yellow hindwings. Describe speciea s da s simila metaleuca. P o t r Hampson, P. monospilahas a wing span of about 15 mm. There are faint transverse violet-grey spots in the forewing and a dark-banded speckled termen. The female labial palpus is straight and drooping whereas the male palpus is very small, with an apical segment that is turned inward and hooked. The glandular area on the underside of the male forewing is small and inconspicuous but there is a broad longitudinal band of convergent yellow scales extending from the base to three-quarters the length of the wing. The forewing cell is open. Figure 1 Adult of Prasinoxena monospila Received November 2000 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 14(1): 158-161 (2002) 159 Doloessa viridis (Figure 2), with bright green forewings and brilliant white hindwings, appears simila . astrotelesP o rt Meyrick. However dare th , k terminal forewinfascie th n ai g of the former is narrower and its pale spots have red-brown rings. The labial palpus of the femal s fullei y developed wherea e malth s e palpu modifies i s thas d a f Prasinoxenao t (Robinson et al 1994). The forewing cell is also open with a very small basal glandular area but there are no obvious forewing androconial scales. The wing span of D. viridis is variable and males are smaller than females (Robinson pers.comm.). The specimens reared from bare th k . ivorensisinofK this stud wind yha g span approximatelf so shorte; mm 5 ry1 than the 27 mm reported by Robinson et al. (1994). Figure 2 Adult of Doloessa viridis Not much is known about the life cycle of the pests. The adult female moths may oviposi smaln ti l treescrack e bare th th f kpreferenc,a o n s i e also see barn i k borers such leopare asth d moth, Zeuzerapyrina (Lepidoptera: Cossidae lessee th d r peac)an h tree borer, Synanthedon pictipes (Lepidoptera: Aegeriidae) (Metcal Metcal& f f 1993). These cracks coulresula e df b diseas o t r leaeo othee f scarsth n r O hand. t couli o ,t e d du als e ob mechanical or chemical injury since the bark of K. ivorensis was found to break up upon application of paint and on contact with metal. Points of infestation in K. ivorensis were usuall leat ya f scaralsd oan s where ther beed eha n barkinjure larvae th o .Th y t botf eo h species burrowed horizontally into the soft bark tissue immediately beneath the surface of the bark crust, eventually resulting in a ring of broken bark around the trunk of the tree. Feeding and pupation occurred under a protective covering of webbing and frass. A trip to a five-year-old stand of K. ivorensis in Sungai Chinoh Plantation, Perak Man i y 1999 reveale higda h degre pupaf eo l parasitis botmn i h pests. From th pupa7 e1 e collected, only 12% emerged as adults whereas 59% were parasitised and the remaining 29% of pupae failed to emerge. No parasitoids were recovered from the 10 larvae collected f whico x hsi , pupated. Three subsequently emerge adultss da e pupatioTh . n period ranged betwee 1d 1 an days n8 . symptome th f o e f damago sOn s raiseewa d areae trunk f th bare o sn Th ko . lifted easily fro e trunkmth , revealing frasd webbinan s g beneat d sometimean h s e insecth t itself. These bark-boring caterpillars caused serious disfiguratio bare th ko nt of infested trees (Figure 3). Feeding activity appeared to be confined to the soft bark tissue immediately beneath the dead outer bark. Cross-sections of infested trees revealed no 160 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 14(1): 158-161 (2002) damag wooe th cambiur do eo t m tissue. Therefore, although unsightly e damagth , s ewa superficia apparene th d an l t ringintreekilt e trune lth no .th d Howeverf gkdi o affectee ,th d bar raises spongkd wa dan y and, thus, tende vere b yo d t mois retainet i s ta d rain water that down treee ra e trunth nth f . ko This conditio predisposy nma e tre esecondarth o e t y infection by fungi or bacteria. Figur e3 Seriou s disfiguremen Khayaf o t ivorensis bark Robinso aLt ne (1994) suggeste generada e tha . viridislarvb e D y tth f lao ma feede n i r plant detritu t mad sbu suc o n e h mention regardin monospila.. gP laboratorye th n I , both P. monospila and D. viridis in this study continued feeding on the bark, thus, it was possible that P. monospila could also be a detritivore. The relationship between D. viridis and P. monospila theid an r examinedinteractione b o t t ye s . sha Chlorpyrifos was observed to reduce damage caused by these pests when painted on the tree trunks from which the affected bark was removed. New bark eventually grew over the damaged areas. However chemical control may not be warranted due to the superficial natur damage th f eo e cause insecte th y db . Journal of Tropical Forest Science 14(1): 158-161 (2002) 161 Acknowledgements indebtem Ia RobinsoShaffe. G M d do t ran n (British Museu Naturamf o l History, London) for their hel confirminn pi Kirto. G identite . L gth insectse n o th t (FRIM f yd o an , wel s a ) l as K. C. Khoo (UPM) for their useful comments and suggestions in the preparation of the manuscript woul.I stafe Sungaf th o fd d alsan io m Chinc lik Li than o e. t H . hkS Plantation for their kind assistance. References TAN& . LIMS , . K1981H .G , . Insect pest f storeso d product Malaysian si . 29-3Pp . Pests7n i of Stored Products. BIOTROP Special Publication No. 9. Bogor, Indonesia. METCALF METCALF& . L . 1993 . A R ,. R , . Destructive Usefuld an Insects: Their Habits Controld an editionh 5t . McGraw . HillY . N , ROBINSON, G. S., TUCK, K. R. & SHAFFER, M. 1994. A Field Guide to the Smaller Moths of Southeast Asia. Natural History Museum, London. 308 pp. 162 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 14(1) (2002) REVIEW FOREST RESTORATION RESEARCH UNIT. 2000. Tree Seed Seedlingd an s Restorinr fo s g Forest Nothern i s n Thailand. Kerby , Elliott,J. , MaxwellS. , . F.,J , Blakesley. D , & Anusarnsunthorn . (Eds)V , . Chian i UniversityMa g , Thailand. 151 pp. ISBN 9748530663. As Thailand's forest cover decreased dramatically over the recentyears, the government takes concerted efforts to restore e naturath f d reforeso lan % fores40 t t cover through conservation. This book, published by the Forest Restoration Research Unit (FORRU t Chiana ) Universiti gMa y wite hth support from Royal Thai Forest Departmen Britise th d han t Council, aim assistint sa g reforestation projects nationwide. This book consist thref so e parts. Par emphasiset1 nativf o e eus treee s th restor o st e forest ecosystems. It highlights the importance of forest and gives some historical background behind Thailand's degraded forest ecosystem addition .I lace nskilf knowledgth d k o an l e of the locals in large-scale restoration projects are also discussed. Considerable emphasis is placed on FORRU's aims and activities as the main contributor to the technical knowledge of tree planting experience .Th e gaine institute th y db e from several experiment briefls i y mentioned. The second section of Part 1 covers sketches and photos of "framework species method restoration "i n activities. This metho usee b restoro dn t dca e degraded site thao ss t it can retain the original habitat while providing resources for wildlife. A general note on seed collection, germination, growing and caring of saplings in nursery right through the plantin aftercard gan e aspect describee sar easn a follo yo dn t i w manner drawinge .Th d san sketche extremele sar y helpful.
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