Suan CanNrvonsCoNSERs/ArroN
The Newsletterand Journal of the IUCN/SSC t,11t1'*1d'1j:1T speciaristcroup IUCN
Number20 April1999
SrrcrnsSunvtvel CoMMrssroN
Fanalo!c /Eupleresgo!dor,, - Photoi RotandWirrh Theproduction and distribution of thisissue has been sponsored by "BlijdorpZoo", Rotterdam, Holland, "Columbus -h Zoo",Powell, Ohio, USA "Copenhagen {*'1'" Zoo",Fredericksberg, Denmark "l\,4arwell PreservationTtust Ltd". Colden Common, UK "Royal ZoologicalSociety of Antwerp",Antwerp, Belgium and "Carnivore the Conservation& Research Trust", Knoxville, TN, USA
,,,tellii9ttrsd. 1!0 Lohll'. ht don
Sruen CenNrvoRECoNSERs/ArIoN The Newsletterand Journalof the IUCN/SSL Mustelid,Vivenid & ProcyonidSpecialist Group
Editor-in-chief: Hary VanRompacy. Edegem, Belgiunr
Associateeditor: Huw Grifliths,Hull. UnitedKingdom
Editorial board: AngelaGlatston. Rotterdam, Netherlands MichaclRiff el. Heidelberg,Germany Arnd Schreiber,Heidelberg, Gernany RolandWirth. Miinchen, Germany
The !ie$s erprersedin this publicationafe thoscol lhc rtrtln)rsand do nor necessaril)feflect thosc of rhc IUCN. Dor tlre IUCN/SSCI\,lustelid. Viverid & l'r)cyorid Sfccialisr Cr)up.
Wc {rc partictrlarlr-grrtelu1 to walter Rasmu\sentof reding thc manuscripls.trd ilDprc\,nrgrhe Bnglish st]' le.
The airn ofrhis publication is to otter ihc mcmbc* ol rhc IUCN/SSCI\,lv&PSG. xnd tholc $ho rrc concenredwith muslclids.tivcrrids. .rndproctonids. briet tapers. news itcms. rbstrrcts. lrrrdli(les of rcccnt litcrrture. All rerders are irvrted to lend matefirl to:
Small CarnivoreConservation c/o Dr. H. Van Rompaey Jan Verbeftlei,15 2650Edegem - Belgium e-mail:Harry,[email protected]
l'rinted on fccyclcd papcr lssr-l0t9-5041 Owston's Palm Civet Conservation Breeding project Cuc Phuong National Parl Vietnam
ShelaghHEARD ROSENTHAL
thc part. The pxrk authoririessubsequenily requested rhe author to caretor rnd raisethem. Approxinarely rwo weekstater. rhee (1.2)infants were confiscaied from a loggerin Kim BoaDistricr (ipproxnnare'yl0 kilomelersnorrheasi of rhepark) and also sent to the parkfor care.These aninals rhus lbrmed the basisof the Owston'sPalm Civet Conservation Breeding Project.
Theinitial reasonforraising the Crror,sdl? was toco ecr informationoD their growlh, behaviouri and basic biology, wiih an intentionto undertakeit moniioredrelease once ihey reached adulthood.Over tirnc, however. ihe decisionwas m lain theanimals captive due ro bothhuntirg pessure ar the park andhlhe need for firm evidenccthat Chft'tosale o\|sroal could be bred successtullyin caprivity.something thai had neverbeen achieved.Although Haroi Zoo hadheld severat animals for more thanlour ycars.rheiran€mprs ro breedand successfully raise this spccieshad failed, and animalskept at FrankfunZoo for rhe Intmduction periodl99l 1996also Iailed ro reproduce.Hence. mere seemeo to besome concem rhat this sp€cies night bedifficulr lo breedin Chtu oqdle owstoni Thomas. t912 is a highly range caplivity. This continuesto be the caseas SaigonZoo has rcslri.ted speciesbelieved conlincd ro northem Lros, central ro attemptedto breedCi.oroaalp withour succcss over the lasr few nonhcm Vietnam. and a smatl areaofChina bordenng Laos and years.and r privatefacilily in Laosreporred bi.ths year "vulnerable" lasi bur Vietnam. lt is listcd ar in the IUCN (1996) Red List no survivors(N. Schonwdlter.pers.com.). As the Cuc phuong ofglobally threatenedspccies, and included as a protectedspecies animalswere housed in very goodcondirions and in excellent in Vietram's own RedBook (1995).Atleast in Vietnam. the tirlle health,for conserv,ttionconcems rhis seemedlike a valuable informalion rvrilable poinrs to a patchy distribution. Nowhere opportunityio gatherfurther informatioo on the spccies'behav- doe! the species appear rbundant (especiatly as comprred to rourand reproducttun. In addition.given the limitedknowledge scveralother ci veI speciessnch $ Pagumalanata. pan loturus ot mostcivet species biology and reproduction. it washoped rhat hemaphroditus, VireticuLa in lica, tn.l vir?na.ibetha). DDeto theexperience and inlbrrnalion obtained might be relevant ro rhe rts re(ncted disriburion and low abundanceir is of high conser careand captive breeding of orhermore threarened civet species. vation concem. While appa.enrly nor rarge|edby hunring and Vielnxn's rampanrwildlifetrade. irdoes succumbto both uncon SOURCE I-OCAIE BREEDTR
Thc Owston's Palm Civet Conscnation Breeding projecl was initiated in 1995,and grew out ofa tield rcsearchprojecr on c'vets aiCuc PhuongNational Pa.k. Vietnarn.The parkis located "M in northem Vietnam, rpproximately 120 kilonet€rs sourhwesrof Nor 1996 M Hanoi. The original aim of rhe field study was to invesrigatethe ecology and behaviour of the park's several sympatric civei species,which incluJc Chtotosale ,wrrori. Cuc phuong was Vietnam's only prolected area where C/,.rrogat. was known to "M occur when thc IUCN ptan DnpeBed 9? Musrclid & Viverrid Action was "M compiled in 1989, Dnpcftd 97 a key reason for siiing the project ar Cuc "M Phuong. *M Dicd ne*born Over a three-yea.period. the licld srudy failed to sight or Untno$n rrap ChrotognLeo\|stoni at the park_The Action Plan shted &at A Y villagers .eported thar the speciesmat stilt be common in the I park. and thxt it would approachhouses in sench of kitchen waste DEd infani May lt98 M 'hi. i. nos asumed ro be cn,,neou,.Vrll:lge rnrervres, c,rn firmed rhat the speciesis uncommon in the park and tbar it has I =lnve.ile: YA = yonngaduhiA = adut!:OA= becomerarer in recentyears. In early 1995, however,rwo fresh old adutt Neonareras Ejectedbl morherlho skins wcre viewed in a village shop al the nonh end ofthe park: did "otnus€ ir. diedaft€r 16 hour I l.ianr squeezedthrongh wiE inro adjoining.age *here the rnim4ls were reponed to have been hunredin rhc park. Atso it waskilted by adultcive(t in May 1995.two infant fenale Cn.,hsdlr were confislated by park rangersfrom a local huntcr who hadhand caught them inside Table L Chrotogal" o\|sroni mainrainedrr Cuc PhuongNP Notes on husbandrv Thc cnclosurcfkxr.s lrc covcrcd bi wcekly in fresh n)resl lerl liltcr. A! the Owlion s arc lery light rooted animals. the HOUSING ground area successfullysupports live ground cover. grasscs. The tact that Owsroo s palm civets are placid. relatilely shrubsand small lrees. and seasonallythis !egelrtion becomcs .Lftfolchable and unaggressive(both towards conspecificsand quiie dense. olltring a habitit whiph varies over time. Thc lrLr rns)animals lacilitatesease in keepingften. The speciesis legetation attractsinsecrs and olher invenebrrtes lh.u scr!c !s .u'feled to be largelv solitafy in the wild. howele. rhe projecr forage. and occasionally rodents and birds will lrlso ente. rhc hrs munagedto houseseleral anjmalstogefter without incident. enclosures.Rocks andlogs areplaced ontheground lbrclirnbing, For dre lirst eighteen months of rheA lives, all tive original 3ndnume'ou\ hr:rnche,,'l \ar)inp qidrh rnd ,i,?egi\ c JJLe', ru .rninr.rl(wefe housedtogether and appearedto be a very contert all areasofthe cages.Sleeping boxes have beenplaced at r height .1,!rrrlSroup: although two nestbo\es were availablein ihe cage. ofapproximalely I - 2 net€rs, with accessto theground rnd upper .. r. J|als aiways sleptin one box |ogether.lt appearsrhat up lo reaches!ia branches.When given a choice,all animalspreferthe .,,LLr,,!re year ofage, young animalscan live rogetherveryeasily. higher sleepingboxes to thosephced on or ne.trthe ground. and .. r! \ hich socialinteractioni arecharacterised by ailo-groom- they prefer to sleepsocially ralher lhan in individual boxes(bar !. ,nre torns of play. puffing. resting togelher rather than one remporarypairing). Cagesare re-firbished w h branchesar .-.n.r.u.. ctc. Alierlhi! time.mildly agg.cssi!e interaotionI begir lc.tsronce a year. wi!h minor adjushents periodically. Shaders , .Lr,t..rr(chasing, snapping. a\oidance. elc.). Witb adrlts.u brs provided by treesand brrnboo plantcd aroundthc pcrimeter.and .. r n ..s\ to keef onetrir together(either malefemale or female/ hanrboo mats have been secufed on the foof for additional r.r.1L.r !lthough there is greatvariation in relationlhipsbetween protectionagainst wind. rair and sun.A plasticroofmat over the ,,rr\,,lull aninnls ard this is an imponanr factor in decjding areaofthe sleepingboxes provides additionalrlIin prolection-A , f,!ir r0 houselogether. large shallow plasticbowl is placedin a cornerof eachenclosurei with the addiiion of a few centimetersof watei (whi€h seems1() ll(N\ing condiiionshale expandedrnd improvcd with thc bolh irllracl lhc aninals rnd ircilitatc clcrning), the rnimals use ir,,$ rh of dreproject and breedjng success. At lhe endof 1996,the this as a permnnenttoilet sire. .,iitrr.tl\ were \plit into lwo grout! housedin a 6x6x,1 meter cage .ii(t ! 6xlix.l meter ca8e. Enclosuresnow number ten. wilh the DIET l,ire,r lddilions being tbur 6x,1x3 breeding cages. These are Testingtbr dietarypreltrerces has confi rmed that Owston s -,,r'rrDcted ot wife nreih sidesand top. \'ith concfelelbotings tbf palm cilet has a predilectionfor eanhworn\. working from the rh. Drc\h.and earthen floors. Therc arelwo clustersofcages. each susticion lhat hck of keeping successolsewhcrc may bc due relreredona largecatchcage area.lngeneral. anlmals are housed panly to a dietary problem.every effol1 hasbeen nade to include r. fJ|\ or singly,.rlthougha! mcntioncdgroups of up to |ilc r high proportion ol wild type lbods in the daily dicL. Thus. tu\.niles have been kepr togelher tbr extendedpenods. freshiydug earth\rormsare aregularfealure on the elering menu. Al leeding time the worms are scrtlered aroundthe cage so ftal lhe rnimrls must sea.chlbrthenri rheleif litter providescover for some worms so that lbraging time is prolon-ced.Another fteding lechniquehas been !r) thR)s the wonn! on t()poflhc wi.c Loppcd caSe so that they fall lhrough gradually. ltinarlaring tmlonged fbraging in the civets. Foraging time has been increasedand resting and walking tine reduced by emtk)ying such fecding
'lhe remainderof the diet has bccn worked out within lhc constrain(s of cosl, preparation time demands. rnd seasonal availabilny of tiuits and vegetables.ln addition !o sorms. the othcr daily lraplc i! a mix ol raw bcei, cooked polato and carrot. s\recl por:rlo. banana.beelrool \rhen available. and trequently egg. As Crloiogdlc hls a lery iine dcntition and theiiws do not appear patlicula y robust. it seems thc species may be more adaptcdto consumin8 lrft bodicdfood s linvertebrales,solifiuits. erc.). With ihis in mind. mosl hard or tough ingredientsin their diet arereduced |o a fairly fine consistencyin a food processorto lacilirate maslication. Grapcs arc .rlso given elery night as a staple lruil irem. Olher items. which are offered dependin-son their seasonalavrilNhilily. arc onhoplerans.snails, geckos. tad- poles.ibrestfruit!. apples.I'ears. rnd othcr cuili,va(ed lruils. Some of the animals will al$ rlkc smrll frogs. lrnd certain speciesof snall lieshwarer1ish. While deadrodents have beenrejected and no interestshown in captile domeidc mice. on. cilct did catch and consumc with great ellbrt a small wild rat which entercd thecage.Thecivelsalsotakesnall. soft shelledsnails. ortbop tefans and other insccLsthirt cn(er the cage. tn addition. they occasionally earthc g.ass and thc lcal tips of wild ginger planls illoilt.t u|t1 ,\rung (about 12 weks) ,r)th.t in a^pi'aLnursnry in the enclosurcsip.csumrbly these are consumed as an intes- Ketanine. or i combinltion ofKetamine and Romtun (0.lmLtr or 2.0 mg^g ol cach drugl also works well lhe eftects of rnrcsthesiawith theseiwo drugs is marked,srrh Zolelil cttccting Nn rncreasedheart raie and lowe. temperaturelhan lhr Rompun/ Ketaminecombinalion. With Clrorog.r/?.the Rompun/K.trmine combinationis preiernblct()Zoletil. while Zoleril\^!s seenro be vcry wcll tolemted rn species-spccificdoses with wild clughl PdtudoMrus htntturhtu itus, Pasuma La^utu, and y|e//d .ib?tha (3.5.3.0 and 4.0 mg/kg respeciively) dunng rhe field surley. it was lnore problemalic with Crr.,.o8dle. Alihough the drug took effect quickly and uneventfully with ali speciesand induced a deep mac(hcsia, Clifo/otrl/. demonstrateda long recovery. otren accompanicdby salivation. pnnting. lbol pcd dling, occasionalvomiting. and a long pc.iod (up to one hour) of disorientation.Recovery in tbc othercivet specieswas not marked by these elents. With all drug types used. lhere is also rtriking individual variation in down tines with equal doses.which is in pan likcly caured by the varying lelels 01 stcss indiyiduals expcrie.ce with handling prior to inlcctir)n.
Breeding YoungOvtton s paltn 6,4s (about l0 weeks) MATING Seleral scats wcre collected fron captivc civets which . Owston s prlrn ci lct appearsto taketwo yearsto reacblull tmporarily free-ranged(see Devlopmut, belo\ ) in botanicrl aduli sizc. with lexual maiuriry oblxined a1 approximately 18 gardensand degradedsccondary forest habitat.lnilirlanalysis of moDrhs of rge anda first breedingseason ar about2 I monthsafier a tew oflhese scrts rcvealedthat the majority ol food items taken thcir bifth. Fron obsenations made in 1997 and l!:199.oestrus were invertebralc. and they also contained l{rgc amount' of appqtrsto occur within the period end Janurry b carly February. undigestedplant nralrerand small amounF oflruit. Much of rhe Breedingoccurs onlyonce ayear. basedon the Iaclrharpairskepr plant matter was composcdof fruil calyx bracrslrom Rrrrr sp.. logcther throughoui &e year halc not bred at any other rime. Ar seeds of which wefe also lbund in the lcai indicating fruit the end of January 1997. three lemales were prcsuned ro be in ingeslior. Remnanlsof lix other plant specieswe.e alSofound. oestru! basedon rheir slight swelling ofthe rulva and incrersed but no lcrtcbrate renains were prescnt. Inle(ebraie remains intercst in the male housedadjacent. This interest was demon were prinrlrily odopterans and giant ccnripede!(Myriapodi) stratedin both sexesby uncharacteristjcpacing and tlankrubbing which can inflict a paintul bite. Other ircms found in snall along their separaling lence. incrcased scent marking on the rnDunts were Mollusca (snrils), Coleoptera.Hlrncnoprera. and adjacenl ground. and increasedvocalisation. Civcn these cues. M,rntodea(praying nan(iscs). The lcats have nol yer bcen ana thc animalswere pairedand maling occuned irnmediately.and in lysed lbr eaflhwom remrirs. butiudging lioln the eanhy, com- th€ secondweck of Febmary a fourrh female maied-Mating and pal;tednature of the scrts. thcy are likely to be presenl. brecding luccesswas 100 percent. HEALTH ISSUES The situation in 1999 involvcd fivc fcnrale! and four To date. lhe civels hrve remaioedvery heallhy with only males,and successwas mixed. Two femaleswere allematcdwith rinor problcnrs.Occasionally a fer animals have exp€rienced a male stafting the third week of January,but nothing occurred ear mites that wcrc lreatedwith oral or iniecrableIvomec. A fe$ initially. ll is presumed that the females had not yet entered ne$ anivals have canied intestinal parasite! which were also oestrusandwerethus unreceptive. Duringthe non receptivestage treatedwitb Ivomec. Minor wounds such as culs, abrasions,and leadingupto oeslrus.the femaleswere more inactive thannornal punctureshave been lell 1o hcrl naturally. or a topical oinhcnr anddisplayedlitde ornointeresi in the male. Maiing occuned on or powder applied (Negasu.l, etc.). Two deaihsrhrough illness January30d'and 3l' in one ofthese pairs,whileihe sccondfemale hale occuned: one aduh mrlc (died May 1998) developcd a was nol seen1o matc. A third pair matedas soonas rhey we.c pur mlign.tnt tumour on his neck. which surgery revealed had togctheron February5'r'and 6". Apllt ftum thee two confirmed becomeinvrsilcandcouldnotbesuccessfullyrcnoved.Autopsy matings.it is possible- but unlikely that the other three females revcalcd additional small tunours in othef major organs. A did matebul were not obsened to do so.One ofthese ibmale! wa\ secondadult male (died October 1998) died of onk lriedwithtwo nales al di iie.ent times.one ofwhom shewas very aftor a three-dayillness; poisoning or a viral infecdon is sus aggressivetowrrdsi matingdefiniely did not occur wilh one male. pected.however no othcr cilets becamei11.
Mating behaviourobserved was similar to thal repo ed by Three anjmals have requircd surgery that was perlbrmed Dang (1997). Successfulcopulations could not always be seen by skilled vcterinariani: one partial tril irmputNtion.two leg and/ordistinguished fron mere mountings(due to the densecag€ .tmpullrlion!. and one paw operarion. Borh rhe leg and paw vegetatlon),howcver as observedin 1997. mountings werc nu iDjurieswere on new,rrrivals confrscatedfiom the wildlife trade. merouswith tl to l5 bouts per night observedand possibly many rnd were nost likely suslai.ed irom hunter's traps or from an more olcutring. Copulation bouts usuaily lasted lwo 1o three injury during transporlalion.F{)r lurgery and handling requiring minutes bul occasiooallyfbur. during which lh€ fernalek)we.ed anaesthesia.animals have bccD anaesthetisedwith Zolelil 100 herselfflatand wouldoften purr. andboth male andfemle would (tcletamjne& zolazepam)aI adosaseof 7 mg,&g(or0.07nl&g). olien growl and snap imrnediatelybetbre and atier copulation. ln all four of the 1997 pairings and one from 1999,there beganto lick it Nndeat all rhe afterbirth.finishing with chewing $as lerylittle aggressionbetweenthe animals whichwould sleep down io the umbilical cord. She subsequenlly spent several rogetherin one nestbox..rlk) groom frcqrently and al tines purr. minutesrepeatedlypicking up thebaby in hermouth anddropping wirh four pairs in 1999.cohabitllion wrs characlerisedby rnore il, then aboui 30 minutes walking aroundthe cage during which growling, chasingand snappingthan usual.In rwo otherpairings, she canied it firmly. The baby was dry hy the t;me shc finally the aggrelsionand,voidrnce was much more narkcd, in onecase enlered her nesl box to setile. Anolher female cdied her two 1orhc point whcrethe malc rnd lenale slepiin ditlerent nestboxes babiesaliernately in and out ofher nest box for almosl 1.5 hours the only caseof two cilcrs nol preferring io deep togeder- ln shodly after dleir binhi it appearedshe was scdching for a new the rar€ casewhere the nale aggressivelypursued the femalc lbr place !o hide them. Despite subsequentbifhing mothers b€ing nrrting. theresuk wasollen increasedaggression liomthefenale. offered a secondnest box. did not choosc to movc thcir b,tbies Oursidethe hreedingscNson. it appdtrs that such ncharacleristic fiom lheir original boxes. t!"e.non JIninr'he' hersecnmrlr Jnd fimJle pair.. As meniioned. three females were separatedf.on their PARTURITION AND BIRTH mateswell prior to delivery. This was donc as a precautionbased Wilh the 1997 binhs. three lemales were separatedfrom on information provided by Hanoi Zoo. whercby they fcarcdthat rheir ma(esin late March. and one female was left with her nate. an aduh male would harm the young- In the 1997 breedings, t'regnanciesprogressed without any complications,weighr gxin bowever,one pair was left togetherfor the durationofpregnancy. $a\ noriceablein the iatter part ofthe pregnancyin threeanimals pa(urilion andraising of loung, withoui incident-This sane male hut not in the lburth (which had only oft oftspring). Th-roughout was matedand housedwith a diffcrcnl ltmale in 1998. and again, Iregnrncy rn cmphrsis was placed on minimising all tbrms of successfullylived with the female and young. Although in both \tr.\s for thc xnimils. lhus no weight measurementswere taken casesthere were two nestboxes in the cagc.lhe pair always slept rnd no datawcre collecledvia invasivetechniques. There were no together.h 1997 the lnale moved to a sccondnesl box the nighl ob!ious behaviouralchanges prior to paaurition, although datl bcfore tbe ftmale delivered.and back into the female's box three frtr this pcriod are yel ro be analysed.ln the two to three days days after the young werc born. In 1998 he also moved the day "bagged immediatelytreceding delivery, femalcs up", wilh the betbre delivery. but back to the female rnd young after oDly two reatsmildly elongatedand the sunoundingareaswollen. Contrary days.In both cases,his interaclionand behavioufwith the young to inlbrmation reportedby Dans (1997) no nestbuilding ensued. was very similar to the lemale's. in that he groomedthem. slept. elen though grasses.leaves. aDd other plant materials wcre playcd and cventurll] foirged wilh them. alailable. Straw placedin nestboxe! w.rspushedaside. Geshttun pertudsr.rnged belween 77 and 87 days GeeTable 2). Of the five DEVEI-OPMENT litters bom so far. three h.rve(xcuned dirring tbe night. with one The young from two lilters of longcst gcsulion periods nid-day and one early evening binh. were much norc dcleloped ar birlh (lhicker fur, with genitals, feet. and Dosesmuch lesspink. a.d more robust behaviour)and The lallerbinh ofa soleyoung was observed: fiom the tine openedtheireyesmuch earlie..It rppearsclear liom the recorded conlractionswere noticedand ihe vulvaseentobeprotruding, tbe gestatbn periodrangc(75 87 days) andensui ng developmentthat delivery tookapproximatelyone hour. The contractionsapp.ared r geshtion of 80 days is advantageous.Still hifths recordcd at to be infrequent but very strong, lasting approximateiy 30 ,15 HanoiZooo.cuncdaltergestaiionperiodsof60 70day!. indicat- seconds.Doring this lime the fenale's body was strongly arched, ing prematuredelivery of fetuscs. wiih her head tucked down. and her vagina would prolrude ext€nsively.After eachcontraction she would lick hervaginrand Thc young cilets opened their eyes between four a.d ften walk slowly around the cage. She continued to eat hcr liftcen days.the markedditlerencebeiog areflection ofthc range eveningmeal inlermittently.Oncc the heirdoflhe baby appeared of litter gestador length. In Seneral,thc young were c.tpableof al lhe vagina. it quickly progressedto aboul hallway out. then very wobbly walking r1 l0 14 dnys. At tbur to six weeks of age remainedar this siationfor aboui iwo ninutes after which time it they begant() cmcrgc frorn the nestbox. Furtherexplomtionofthe wa! expelled liom a slanding position. The mother immedialely cage began a few days larer, closoly lbllowing lhe nother who would oftentimes carry them brck 1o the box. Mothers canied their babiesin their mouths by graspingrhem aroundlhe middle. lndependentcage exploration occurred r1 rbour seventfeeks of age.Beginning at this agethe young showedonly nild inierestin the adult's food, bul did not poke or actively enell it. At 8 lo l0 wccks of age the lirst solid fbod was taken. which wcrc grapes. Wilhindays. the longestgeslation period lillers beganlo play and poke at wonns and olher ibrms ofwild food. butdid not eat them until 9 weeks.$ith lhe other young eatingwornrs at 1l weeksof age.On no occasionwas any femaleleen tocallherloungtofted, or ro take lbod to them. After about l2 to l3 weekslhey beganto catch grasshoppc.son their own. and at approximately 16 weeks begrn 1o ear the tuily beef mixture.
Thc oltspring weaned at approxinately 12. 15 and 18 weeks.and it appearedthat the solc young of one female contin- ued |o suckle occasionallyuntil 2l wecks. Crf,roadl" have fbur Fotitl tarkings: note (lonsated.fa.e suited to sroun.l irnsing mamnae. and all young have prefencd 1(rsuckle fiom the lower dnd catchine ed h||onns two tcats.which are embeddedin a more fleshy, soft arcr ofth€ even b€ganlo visii thc ft)neadult male's cage. again without incideDce.This leadto theyoung sleepingin nest boxesother firn rheir own, so ihal somcnights a motherwould hale up ro five young in her box. while others *ould have none. Several of the young would also sleep wi|h the lone adult male in his box- In 1998. however,an offspring of lhe one liuer produced (onc femaleonly was bred) was found dead in an adjoining case. presuned killed b] one or bolh of the male and fenale adult c;vets there xfter entering the cage. This was indeed in contust to the behaviour of 1997-It is sp€cu- laled lhal hrd theseadults been caring for their "parenral own young and been in mode", rhey migh! have been more tolcrant.
At about l0 weeksof agethe civets also beganto lcntu.e out of the carch cage rl dusk and into lhe surrounding grounds. returning after l0 to 20 minu.es initially, then longer periods thercafte.. At approximaiely lwenty Ovston's palm ciwt t pelage is churucterised bt rhe same weeks sone of the young stated staying oui ovemight, initially nunb.r of distinct dorsal bands (1), ho\eewr therc is greal for one night, then for severalnightsbefore rerurning to thc cage. inditnruul tliffercnrc in patt(n letuik. At about six months old they seemed1o be rcldy ro leave iheir nothers. as they werc leaving the cagc for up to a week at a rime. belly. The mosl common nursing position was with the mother Ai ihis point, the cageswere re-covcredwith smallergauge wire rc.lined on herback againsta wallofher nestbox, with the yourg to prevenl thcm dispe.singpermanen y. laying dn the stomach whilsl suckling. With rwo being the maxinum number of surviving offspring from any female.tbere Conclusionand Future Plans 'rd, iirrler^m|etilion for teat.or nur,in! po.irion. To daie the project has been very lbrtunarc with its The young civets demonstra(ean impressive array of breeding success,in so far as dll matings have resuhed in liye localisadons. From bith they are able kr pur. mew. growl and binhs. Just as imponantly, the young have been successfully '.huff. a call used b draw the mother. which wrs also used ro raised, bar one neonataldeath and one accidentalinfanr dcath. cornmuni.ate with siblings rDd r)ther civets in adjoiniDgcages. However, breedingauenpts in 1999 were mixedi although five Adults al!o useihis vocalisationto cdll to the youngand oc.asion- pairings were attempted(four ternales),it is certain ihat maring dly olher civcts. Up until sevenweels of rge. when presenred olcurred in only lwopairs. One female- who bred successfullyin wirh a frightening or thrcateningsituation. the young would not 1998' wastried with two different malesover a two weekperiod- sprt or attempi to bite, but only press themsclvesflat or rry io She was pairedfirsr wirh an older adult male, aDdwhile they gol rcrreatliom the ihrert. rnd grcwl. along well no mating occuned (this male subsequenilymaled with anolher fem!le)- She was nexr paired with one of the 1997 The young animals are also very social. With rhe 1997 captile born males, which resulted in the only caseof exrreme offspring, at 8 lo 9 weeks of age the civels discoveredthat they aggrcssionwihessed belwcen the civets to date. One suspicion corld squcczethrough their cagc wjre and enter rhe main catch for the difficulties encounieredthis ycar is rha! there were roo cage to whiah all the cages adjoincd. They were mosr likcly many paired animrls in too close quarters. which may have rtrrac(ed initially by the lbod prepararion carried out there. affectedbehavtuu.. The experiencethis year has highlighted the Within a matterofdays, it bccrme a regularappearxncc for allthe fact thai whilc successfulbreeding of Owslon's p,lm civet can be young civets to congregaleand play (nn, chase.play bi1c.chase achieved,the animals are very individual and thc relationships therr tails. jurnp on others) in fie carch cage at dusk. during betwcenthem are not all equal.It is thus ext.emely important 1o feedingtime. Sbortly thereafterthey beganb follow each other lnnq thermir. oI eachanrmrl. unJ lhe brceding proce.s '(quirc, inro diffcrent cages:all adulrslole.ared this and rhere were only very closemonitoring and managemenl1o ensure that animals are a lew minor incidencesof nild aggression(growl and snap) appropriately paired- dirccted towards strangeloung. Intefestingly, ihe young civets Anothe. possible reason for the difficulties encountered L(crh;rh dlte Ceiatio. Numb€r oi]'ounE Eycs ul)en this year is thal as the oestrusperiod is not known rccurately.the (dxy!) (days otd) mimals may havebeen prired too early or ioo late.It is not known whal triggersthe o€strus,bur ifit t1ll1t97 11 | O l5 is at all weatherrelated. ihis nay zatt)1/91 84 t.l hayebeer a lactor. In 1997and 1998.the wintersincluded typical )1t01/91 8? 2.0 spellsofcold weatherthrough January. whereas winrer this year 2atMD1 approx.ls 7.\ I:J was marked by unseasonalwarmth. In an ellitrr 10 beter under- l5l0'll9ll unknown Ll l0 sland the reproductivecycle in Owston s palm civet, the project Table 2. Birlh date,gestation and liuer sizc of sonrecaptive bom is coilecting fecal samplesfrom se!erul fen{les (from this bree- Chdogale o||stani dins seasonto thenext) in hopeofundertaking hormonal analysis. The proicct willcontinuc lo opcrrtc on a snnll scrle. with leastbeen confirmed in lonre other prctcctcd rrcas which rctain limircd captivc brceding and ongoing rcscarchand data collec good habitat.Three of theseareas Vu Quang,Pu Mat and Phong Iioo. Uoder consideralionis a plan lo urdenake a closely moni- Nha Nature Rcscrves, which all lay along the Vieham-Laos iored.limited releaseof someoflhe capli!e borninirnals Oflocrl bordcr rre largc rnd contrin !'mcrelalively undisturbedareas. genestock) in order to collect much{eeded ecologicaldata on the rnd could suppo good popul.tlions of this snall clrrnivore-In species.The projecrwill also conlinue to serveas a rescuecenlre rdditi()n, .onscrvarion iniri!tivcs to irnprove reserve mxnagc tbr the verf lew Owston s palm civers conliscated fiom the ment are underwry lrt the iirst two sites.Pu Mai in particularhas wildlife trade.Another small study |o be undertakenis an exami- beenrevealcd as good hnbilat lin lhe species:approxinately hali nation of fie generic lariabiliu wilhin the specics, hopclully ! dozcn individurls wcrc photo lrappcd rs parl ol Fauna& FIo.a including samplesfrom Laos animalsin addition ro the Vietnam- Internarionrl s l99lt brseiine biodiversity surveylor lhe "Social esenock. Dependingpanly on rhe resuhsollhis nudl. it may bc Forcsrryand Nrturc Conscrvatn)nProjecl (lunded by the Euro pernrissibleto releasewirhin the park (aller a suitrblc qulrantinc pcrn Economic Comnruniry). Thc Phong Nha Owston's palm and leterinary inspection) sorne ol the cilcts rcscucd by thc civcl sightingswcrc ofrwo animalsbci.g canied oul ol thc iorest by hunrers(R. Timrnins, pers.com).bul on the positive side this rnay be rn inrportanlsire ibr lhe speciesgiven its close proximity Maintaining the ci!et! in captivity and captive breeding lo Pu Mat. and the feserveis also begirning & feceive attention rrc lhc lc.id dcsiriblc 1('ol! ol conlcrvation. but to dde this has fiom inlernationalcorlervation organislLions. prcvided some valuable insights into the species behaviour, biolog) and reproduction.ln addition. Ihe project has also pro- Ackno$ledg€m€nts \ided reassuirncethal rhis speciesclln be captive bred success- I am parricularly indebtd to Roland Wirth. Hrrry Van lully. impo.rant knorledge should its stitus become nore pre- Ronpaey. .rDdP.tul Robinson for rheir considerableencourage carious.There is no doubt that like all mammalsin the Indochina nenl, advice.and supportibr ihe proiect overthe pastfour y€ars. .cgion. Owlton s palm ci!e! is undor thrcat frcm habitatdestruc Otherswho hale beeninstrumentalin thc trojccr's csLablishment rion. subsistencehu nting andrhe seemingly insariable de andsof includerthe Cuc PhuongNatbnal Parkaulhorilies.lhe Ninh Binh dre sildliit t.ade. While to date ihere is vituallv no eftectile lofesl ProtecdonDepallrneni. the ForestProtection l)epanment prorechon tbr natioral parks aM protected areas in Vietnam. of the Minisrry of Agriculture and Rural Developmert. particu- since rhe A.rirr I'ldn was written, Owston s palm civet has at larly Dr. Ngyuen Ba Thu. and Tilo Nadler. I renuin gratelul to stafiof the Cuc PhuongConserration Pro.lect. tadicularly Doug- las B. Hendrie.Le Trorg Datand Kate Blazeby.fortheir ongoing inlolvemenr wirh Chftrogale care and siudy. Dr. N{ike Hill undetook the scataralysi!. and along with Clairc Bealt,rll made pain(aking clli)rts to cn\urc thc animak healthand weliare. I arn cspccirlly gratcfulro thc lcliablc work olrhe civels nain keeper. Mr. Nguycn Vd Hnong,andlhank Dr. Ulrike Slreicherlbr veteri nary rssislrrce. The projec( would nor have progressedwithout rhe advice.encouragenent and commitmentofShane Rosenlhal.
Fund!insupporLoIlhi\projccrhrvecomelromtheBntish Perroleum& SratoilAlliince through ihe Cuc PhuongClolrlerva- lion Proiecl, idmi istered by Fruna and Flora lnrernat'onali PittsburghZoo s Conserlation Fund: and Thrigby Hall wildlife Gardens.ln addition. a gran! f.onr the IUCN/SSC for thc field study at Cuc PhuoDghelped f,rcililile lhe auho.s opportunityand rbility to cstablishthe capti!e researchand breedingprogfalnllle.
IUCN. 1996. Tl1. IUCN 1996 R.d List .f tltuat?n?d animals. IUCN. Cland & Canbfidge. lvlinistry of Science.Te.hnology rnd Enlironmenr. 1995. Red aook Vietnam. v,1.1 . Anmdls. Scienceand Technology Publishing House. Nguyen Xuan Dang & Pham Trong Anh. 1997.New intbrmalion on thc rcproduclion oi Owston s paln civet. Crfoidgdle dtrrrdrl,Thdna! 19i2.s:adlLCanirorc Conse^,.,16:28 29. NgLryenXLran Dadg, PhamTrcng Anh, NgoBich Nhu & Lc Chan. 1]991.Owston's palm civer, (:hntogdle o||nani. in caprit\ iry. Mustelitl & virerri.l Conset\'..1:1. Schreiber, A., Wiflh. R.. Riftel. M.. Van Rompaey. H. 1989. \letxelt, (it(ts, nnn?ooter, and theit ftlativs. An attion plan Jor th? @nsettdtit,t ol n sn'Lkls and vvrrids. IUCN/SSCIlustelidandVivenid Spcci.rlislGroup, Gland.
Note th? I?al ground tot (t thot pro|nles an ileiL tug. sulJsttrk' P.O.Box 156,Honeymoon Bay, lbr.aptiv O\slon t paltn civts. VancouverIsland, BC, CanadaVOR 1YO pretitninary report on the status, activity cycle, and ranging oI Crypnptta Ierox in the Malagasy rainforest, with implications for conservation.
LukeDOLLAR
Abstract
A preliminarysfudy of Fossa(Cryptoprotul feror\ in a v)uthcastern.ainfbrest of Madagascarexrmined their norpho- metricsand activity pattems fiom May August1996. Two fbssa. a juvenilernale and an adull mxle wcre .apturedand followed usjng .adbtelemetry.C leror in RanornafrnaNational Park {RNP) maiDtaineda cathemeralor non penodspecific activity pa(em.Tbis obscrvationof fossaactiviiy pattem is contraryto preyiouslypublished accounls. This i! the first study of the behaviorof C /./or in the rainforestof Madagascar. Intmduction
ln the absenceof addirionrl endemiccdrnivoran competi- tors, the eighl livenid and herpestidcarnivore gencra found on Madagascarmus{fill rparticularly broadrange ofniches (Wnght Fig. l.SubadultCrrptlproda Jercx with radiocoll,trin Rano- er d1., I 997). Delpite their uniqueecologicrl roles and evolution- mafanaNaiional Park, Madagascar. ary histories.the Malagasy carnivorcs (Table l) have been the subjectof lew in-deplh field (udies ,nd rhe.e is an unfbrtunare fossais the only Malagasypredrlor cxprblc of successfully paucity of data on their curfenl distributions. abundances,and preyingupon adults of all extantlemur species in Madagascar. behavturalecologies. The largestof the extant Malagasy carni- Rainforesttedtory sizeforthis soiiiarypredatorhas not yel been \orcs. Cr\ptoprotta ktux, commonly known a! the fossa(FiS. I ). conclusivelystudied and reported,but a l2 nonth projectre, displays an enigmatic conglomerationof morphological!-barac, centlycompleted in RNP(Dollar, inprep)will helpeliminalethis terlsticsthat have iacilitated some quesrioningof its taxonomic deficit.A seriesof lemur kills in RNP in 1994indicated that assignmenrbet\reen cither the Viveffidae or ihe Felidae. 11is hunlingarea is likcly toexceedfour squarekilometers (wrighi ?r generallyagreed that the fossanay resemblemodem representa al..1991). tive evideoceof a priniiivc connectinglink betweenthese two frnilics (Wozencraft. 19891.The fbssa is curcntly more com- In additionto primateprey. rhe dier of rhetbssr includes monly allied with the vivenids (Worencraft, 1989). othernamnals. birds, and repliles (Albignrc, l97l), evenother vivenids(Louvel. 1954). In a recentanalysis of C. /2.,r feces C. /./o-r is equipped with carnassial teeth and sharp, fould in ihe dry. deciduousforesl in weslcm Madagascar. semiretractableclaws (Fig. 2), making it a fornridable hunrer. The Rasoloarison.cr d?.(1995) note that 577. ofthc biomassof prey itemsin thesescals was lemurmauer. with asignificantrepresen Order Carnivora,Bowdich l82l tarionof largelemun sucha! Propithetusv?rruuL All toss.l FamilyVir€r.idae, Gny l32r fecesfbund in RNP before1996 contained matter from lemurs SUAIAM ILY CRYPTOPROCTINAE-CRAY I86,1 (Wright.,r.dl.. 1997)- grlpropra.ral.faJ, Bennettl8:llt }ossa SUBFAMN-Y F,TJPI-ERINAE, CHENU I85: FrornMry throughearly August 1996. apreliminary study ErPlprc{Bo!d,t,- DoyErel8l5i ranalouc wasconducted in rhesoutheastern rainforest of RNP,Mrdrgrscr F $zl,ru,z, (Miiller 1776)iFanalokaorMalaeasyciver to rssessthe density.ranging. and activily pattems ot C.f.ro\. SUBFAMILYVIVERRINAE. CRAY I82I Dal.rwere collected on forla morphometrics.activity. and rang- Viv/ri.uld indi.d, lDtsmtcsi 1801)iSmallIndian c,vet ing to obtain a more delailcdaccourt of rainforesta'. /€rd.r Nol endenicto Madagasctr. populationsand 10 rllbrd a more balancedview of Malagasy Fanily lt€.p6ridre, Bonqr.te 1845 rainforestecosystem dynanics. This reportrepresents the lirsl SUBFAMILY CALIDNNAE.CRAY I IJ6.1 examinationof lbssaastivity patterns in theMalagasy rainforest. Gutittioetesun!, I Ce.ffro] St.Hil.ne 1837iRing,tailed monSmsc This repon focuseson the morphologicaland activity data culittiLti Ja|iata, lAnetio t7 88): Broadit.iped mong@sc collectedin this preliminarysrudy. ln.ludcsC.,md.d & C trr@rdllne{l leparately by Ewcr(19?3). Galtintu Brunli.li.ri. \Noz.nsali 1986i GiantsdF€d mongNse Mu$an nsd...nlivda lA. Crdtidis 1867)rNmw srilEl tumgdk Studyarea and methods (19?l). IncludesM'slrJrriltu listcdscparai€ly h) E$er The lrudy was conductedfiom rhe Vatoharananrsile .!rrrz,t1 .,z,l,r (1. Getlily ;l.HilaiE 181?)rI'lalagasy bF*n mone(N (allitudeI,000 rn: Fig. 3) in RNP.which consists of4l, 000ha of lncludess.d/irz.e.l'ncd swarcly bt Eser al9?l). submontanerainforest ranging in rhirudetrom 5m-1,500rn. This site was ielectivelycut in the early 1980sand conlrins some Tuble I . C las ilication of the Malagasy atmi,oks, ||ith stientifit ;.troducedplant species. bur is relarivelyundisturbed. Avcnge an'l connLn nanes (.leriyedfton wo.en.rut'l, 19ti9). rainfallis approximately1.5(}dnm. (Overdodf. 1988). limb length. fbrefool length. ibrelinb circunference. chest cir cumlerence, neck circumfercnce. canine leogths,,rnd genital nearurements.Body lengthwas measured fron thetip oflhe nose b rhe haseof the !ail. Tail length was measuredfron the baseof the tail to the tip of the most distal bony tail segnent. Hindlimb and fo.elinb length was measuredliom the medial lbld of lhe limb to the tip of the longestponion of the fooapad.Hindfboi and fo.efoot lengthwas measuredfromthe most proximal to the most distal portion ofthe fboipad. Forelrnb circunference was meas ureda.ound the widestportion of the brachium.Hindhnb circxm ference was measuredaroung the widest ponion of ihe thigh region. Chest circunference was measuredjust inierior {o the forelinbs. Neck circumterencewas measured?t its most caudal point. Caninelengths were measuredfionr the gumline to the lips
Activity and movement pattems were monitored at llve- ninuleintervals usingclosc lomediun rxngc (25 500 m) single- receilcr radtutracking.Activit] ltate was determinedwiththeaid of the collars' aclivity sensorsand movenent patterns.
Fr-! L Semi-retraclableclaws of C /".or. Results
Selen traps were placedalong a sevenkm lranseclspan Two fbssa,an adultmale and a subadultmale. weighing ning betweenVxloharanana and lwo additionalsite! (Talatdkely 8.I kg and6-5 kg, were captured during this study. The anatomical rnd Valohoikr). Live adult chickens, canned corned beef. and raw mersuremenrstaken on thesetwo animalsare presented in Table2. pork wcrc uscd rs bait. TraF were chelked at least twice daily. Daily path lengthsranged from 2->5 krl/day. Home ranges Trapped fossa wcre tranquiiized while still in lhe rap, using overlappedby approximatelythirty percent. a: k/d-! travelpaths Telazol and the Pneu-dan bbwpipc system. Once adequately exlrapolatedfr)m radiotrackingindicate hervy use of mrn made rrxDquiUzcd.fossa were .emoved from the trap for colteciion of truil systen! whentravellinS for exiendedperiods of time. anatomi€almeasurements and attachmen(of a speciallydesigned Telonic! MOD'365 mdiocollar equippedwith an activity sensor. The ovem acnvitycycle fbr bothfbssa is presenedin Fig. 4. Atieranatomical neasurementsand cbllar attachmeniwere com Both individualsnaintained a calhemeralaclivity pauem,with tlete. the tbssa were returned to their traps and locaiions of activity levelshighest rhrough rhe late night hoursbui always crplu.c. monitded until free from drug efiects, and released. complementedby severalhours of daytimeactivity.
Anatomicalmeasurements jncluded body length. tail lergd\ The lubadult nrale in this study was kjlled by local hindtimb length, hindfoot length, hindlimb circumftrcnce, lbre villagers in late July I996.
Vetoharanana
Fig. 3.Map of Madagascarnoting the locatio.s of severalNatunal Parks,with RanomafanaNational Park enldged- The study site tor this project was Vatoharanana,in the sourhernparcel of the Park. Discussion Adultmale Subadultmale Bodysize of C Jelor rnalesis feportedto rangefrom 7 kg Weight 8.1Kg 6.5K9 (Kiihncke& t,eonhardr.1986) to > 12kg (Albignac,1973). The Tail-crownlength 64.8cm 53.6cm adullmale in thisstudyweighs in thelighterponion ofthis range. Taillength 67.7 cm 63.1 Additional animalscaptured during a 1997 pr{ecr in RNP cm (Dollar.in prep)also tall in this smallersize range. There are Hindlimblength 33.4cm 3'1.5cm severalreasons why fossainhabiring the dense Malagasy rainfor- Hindlimbcircumf erence 25.8cm 19.8cm cst lnay be smallrelatile to otberreports ol sizes.It hasbeen Hindfootlength 13,3cm 17.2cn arguedthat carnivoresinhabiting open spaces may be la.gerfor Forelimblength 24.6cn 23.3cm prcdatordefense reasons (Cittleman. 1985). As C /eror is therop prcdatd in the Malagasyi(Dd chain(wright er dl, 1997).thh is ForelimbCirc. 17.3cm 15.0cm prchablynot areason why rainforestfbssa mighl be smallerthan Forefootlength 9.0cm 7.8cm rhencounterparts elsewhere in Madagascar. Chestcircumference 35.6cm 28.5cm Neckcircumference 24.5cn 20.?.n Orherreaso.s for smallerbody sizenighi be a needfbr caly movementthrougb dense rainforest foliagc or Jorpursuir of RlJpperCanine length 16,81mm 14.97mm arborealprey in terminalbranches (Clunon Brock & Harvey, RlowerCanine length 16.34mm 14.17mm 1977).11 the fossa ii. in fact.a primatesp€cialisl (Wrigh(, 1995), reduccdhody sizewould cenainlybe beneficialin pursuitof Table 2. Anatoni.al neasurement; oJ two C. ferox males cap primrtcprey, as all speciesof lemurin RNPare arboreal. Other tured in thk pilot prcjed. $ork. however.indicates rhar fossa may be a nore generalist tredator.Goodman et. al. (1997)discovered , wide rangeof Displacementofthe fossaftom ihe fbod chain would have !errcbratepreyin c. JArr-rfeccs collecred from rhe summital zone signilicanr shon- and long tem effecls on lemurs and their of the AndringitraMassit ln addiiion.prclininary analysisof ecosysiem.Lffgc p.edato|Splay a k€ysronerolein their balanced Crlptopro.la fecal conbnts lron Ankarafrntsika National Prrk ecosystemsby keeping prey populationswith a rcproductiveor in WestcmMadagascar indicrtes .t wide rangeot' prey rcross compelilive advantagein check.In thc short te.m, lossofthis top manytroprc levels may be takenby fossain this area(Dollal & carnivore would.esuk in signiticant increascs in population Goodman,in prep.).Gittleman (1985) nolcs that largercarni density of lheir conmon prey. including lemurs. Long term loresrnusl mrintain flexible dietelic preferences so as toincrease repercussionsstemming from loss ol lhis tr)p carnivore and rheabsolute number ol potentialfoods available ro $em." Simi- subsequentincrease in densities of their more compedrively larly,Goodman ?r. .r/ (1997)suggest tha. the discrepancy ofprey successiul seed-predaiingor seeddisp€rsing ex,prey may include lclectivitybetween tbssa at la.bus !itesprobably folklws differ dirninishedand/or increased rxtes ofvarious seedlingand sapling cnccsin preyconnnunily structure. replcnishment.Lorg-term ramificarions molr ce(ainly include an lnnatural restructuringof the enrire foresl e.osystem. This Anotherimponant unique observation on rhebehavior of nuy be detrimental 1o those populaiions dependenlon prelent (1./.,/or ]n RNP,is theircontbrmation to a cathermeralor non botanical speciesdensities and distributions. pcriodepecific activity patlern.chdracterized by I flucruaring combinntionolboth nocturnaland diumalactivity. This norion is The actual density of fossa wirhin most of Madagascar's contrarytopreviously published rccounrs. in whichfossa activiry fbresisis not known. lfdensities ofC /e.or ffc narurallylow. as pallernshave been described as [email protected] of crepuscular ha! been suggeslcd(MacDonald, 1984:Dollarerdl.. 1997).even (Albignac,1973). Civen conclusions by Coodnanzr al (1997) minimal amounlsolhumln interferencewithin lbssapopulations menlioDcdabove. it seemsreasonablc that Ranomalana fossamry may ha!e unfonunateeftlcts upon theecoslsrcm as.rwhole. Low belemur specialists. No otherpltrk in Madgascarboasts a grcater densilies of C /?/o.r can likely be allribuled ro past human lemurspecies richness than RNP (Mittermeier€r dl.. 1994).and encroachmenton their habitat and home range.Such cncro.ch, rll lbssafeces from this areaanalyzed to dare(n=ii) havecon, rnenl manifestsitself in the lbrm of humanffossaencounlers in tainedmatter liom thc largerdiurnalor cathemerrllemur species whichthefossa hasbeen killed out of revengefor raidedlilesrock (wright ct dl., I 997).Ongoing analysis of additn)nalfeces from o. tear broughi about by cr.oneousfolklore regardingthc legen (-: /p/o.rin RNP (Dourr & Goodman,in prep.)appear to support dary ferocity of C. /"/or. rhislrend. fully half of the lemurspecies in RNPare diumrl or "vulnerable calhemcral.These lemurs are also notably larger than thcir Tbe lbssa, listed as by the IUCN, is thoughr nocturnalcounterpans. It is possiblethat fbssa'snon uniform to be reasonablywidesprcad throughout Madagascar,except in aclivitl patternsin Ranomaianamay be optimizedto copewith the central higb plateau regioo, b t this speciesis largeied for thewide range ol lhe variedactivitypatterns in its largeprefeffed persesutionby indigenoushuman populationsand continucs to preymxa. decline (pers. obs.i Baillie & Groombridge, 1996). C. fercr populationshale been idcntified in more than twenty prorectcd Implicationsfor conservation areas throughout Madagascar(Albignac, 1973i Kijhncke and Leonhardt. 1986). bu1most of these populationshave not been a'./"r,r is thc 1opcarniyore within the Madagascarfood monilored for almost thin! yerrs. Recent and cuffent derailed chrin (Wright. I 995). Large predato.s.however. are ofren thefirst investigalionsof fossapopularions in Madrgrscar are limited to specresto succumb to human encroachmenlon their habilai lessthan five si(€s.An isllnd wide suNey is currenlly underway (Terborgh& Wright. 1994).Owing to ils low densitiesand large to more accurat€ly asses\fie cuiient diitribution. abundancc, home ranges (Dollar .r r/.. 1997). fte fossa is pa.ticularly bchavioralecology. and genetic \ ariabilityofcarn ivore popularions scnsitjveio any pe{urbations in RNP environmem. tlroughoul Madagascar. o,8
! [-adriin
0.3
0.2
0 q y;xE;5;-<;E;!Naaee e s PP e I aA3333 33 3 8 3 83 3 3
Fi8. 1. Overall aclivity patternof C /e/o.r in RanomafanaNalional Pafk, May Augult 1996.
llemmer,Il l9?8 Theerolulnmary syslemrlics ol theliving Felidae: E.Rahila, Z Fos ard,B Andriamihaia.A. Dunham.C. Hawkins, presentslarus and curenr problens.Camnrrc, lrTl 79. F Kctridec.J. Ciltlcman-D. Simberlofl,S. Pnnm-and P. wright Kajhncke,M. & l,eonhardt-K. 19116Crlptop()cta letux. Ma,sn. pro!idedlrluable advice.informilion, logislicalasrstance. or com Stc.i?J, 25.r:l 5. "F(*sr.'Bull. nrcnt\ in thc courscof this pre.jeoand the produclionol thrsrepon Louler. M.- 1954.Quelgues obseNatn)ns sur le Au.l- Pcrmitsro clry olt thisongoing research hale beengraciously granted Y,/8r' r' V I rl4s-46 b)_the MadrgascarANCAP and Eauel Foret Agenciesand Depart- MacDonald.D., 198.1.CiveLs and Geners. ln 1h?EnLrLlqedia 4 ment\.Funding was prolided by the DouroucouliFound{tun of Los Man als. t16I45. Equinox.Oxford. AnCeles.nd the C.rnivoreCons.nltion and Rcsca.chTrust. DUPC Mirtcmcycr. R.A. et al. 1994.L.rru6 .t Maddadr.ar washington, D(lr omservalionlLem. fte\s. OlerdodT,D. J. 1988.P.elininary report on rheaclility cvcleand diet of rhe rcd belliedlcnu lkhut ltbrivenkt) in Madagascd. A lbignac.R. r97 1. Inz,r le Marlasaaltt. vol. 36.Motnillt4 cntr Atut. J. Priru ol..16:143 153. ',{p\ ORSIo\'l-aNRSP"n. er Annrarari.. Rasoloarnon.R. M.. Rosolonandrasana.B. P. N.. G.nzhofn.J. U. & tsrillie..f.& GtuonbndSe,B .eds. t996.tUCN R.d lin dtltuukned Goodmrn,S. M 1995.Predarion on vctlcbralcsin thc Kirindy d,indli. Cland& CambridSe:IUCN. Forcsl-scslcrn Mada€a\clr E.oiopi.a |:59-65. Beaumont,G. 1964.Remarques sur ld clasificatnln des Felidae. Terborgh.J. & wrighr. S J. 1994.Effecrs of marmalian hertrivoreson plair E.aloste AeoLHelret.- 51:437 415. rcctuihcnt in two neotropicallorests. E,L,8) 75r11129-1831. ClutronBrock. T. H. & HNey. P. H. 1977.Primlte ecolo-qy and socill vcrcn. C. 1995.La position slstdnalique de Cn,'r?/aral"rd (CamL oryxniz^rk,n.J. Zd. (Lantl.).l83l 19. vora).Analyse cl.disdque des cdacLrcs morphologiquesdes ClutronBrock,T. H. &HlNcy. P. H. 1983.Thc iunctioral signiilcance cmivorcs Aeluruid@lctuels e! lossiles.M/mzlia, 59:551'582. of lrriation in bodysize .tnong mamnnls. In ^drdr.?i t' In. woz.ncraft, w. C. 1989.Thc phylogenyor rhe recentcamilora. In StudrolMunhaliun Beharkt SpecidlPublicdtk,n ho.7. cd.L Ca ircre behotio\ e.olosr.drd e,,l!,n ,, ed.J. L. Gir eman, F. EisenbergaDd D. C. Kleimln, 632 658.t-awrcncc. Kanus: 2?9-.149.(lhrpnan & HaU.London. Anerican Societyof Mannalogists. wrighl. P. C 1995. Detnographyand life hismt' of frcc rungin8 Dolltu. L. J.. in prep.LonS rerm studyof C^plopro.rd ,/arar lctivitr lnd Propnhc.rt diadenaedvarzii in RdnomafadaNational Pdt. rdging panernsin RmonEibna Nlnonal Pdk. Madagascd. Maddgascar./rt J. Ptinabl, t6:835-851. I)ollxr. L. J. & Dunhan, A.E.. in piep. Sysiemariclurk recapture W.ight.P. C.. Hecksher, K. & Dunham.A. E. I 997.Predation on Milne su^c) of camrvorcpoputarions in RanonafanaNational Park, Edward'sSifata (P/,,'idrd.us lia.lertd ..ledrd!i) by he foss^ IcD^ptoptoctdle rct) in rhetli n lorest of nn'rheanem Madagas- Dollar.L. J. & Goodman.S M.. in prep.Food habns of Cf.lptopro.rd c^t. Folid Prihatol.. 68:31-13. ?r,J frcnr differert pfotccredlfcas and fo.cst lypcs thfoughout Duke UniversityPrimate Center, 2705 Old Erwin DoUd. L. J.. forsard, Z. A. & WriShr.P. C. 1997.Fir( studvof Crrplopra.tu letu\ in the mintbrcsts of M!d!g!scar. ,4a. ./' Road,Durham, North Carolina27705, USA. Prr. A,rnl,p,/., Suppl.24:103 lO4. E-mail: [email protected] Giuleman.J. L., 1985.Clmivore bodysire: Fxological and taxonomrc corelales.Oc.dlogn? 67: 540 55:1. Goodman.S. M..Lderand.O. & RasoloDandrasln!,B. P. N. 1997.The & DepartmentofEcology and Evolutionary Biology, foodhabits of C^?topru.rdteror in thc highmounhin 4ne of Universityof Tbnnesseeat Knoxville,Knoxville, thc ,^ndringnraMrssif. Madagds.d(Cdmilord. Vneddre). TN 37996,USA Mtnnaliu, 6\:la5 192. Iu A note on the Thinguencivet - a new speciesof viverrid frorr Vietnan (llvena taingumsis Sokolov Rozhnov & Pham Trong Anh, 197)
ViatcheslavV ROZHNOV and PHAM TRONGANH
Intmduction Dilferencesbetween rhese mainland species are numerous andsignificant lt shouldbe noredth.i all speciesofgenus Vlv?/rd Until recentlyfour speciesof gerus ynerrd Linnaeus. have beendescnbed on the basisofexlemal morphologicaltrairs, y- 1758(Carnivora. Vivcnidae) were known: .irerid Linnaeus. mainly coloufation. Sone of these.in the casesof L .ibeda and y. 1758.the Largc Indian c ivet. nasdvtlaBlyth, 1862.the Large V. npsdiplld. are noled by Pocock {1939). Lekagul & McNeely spottedcivei, V. tangalungaG.d"y. 1832. the Malayan€ivei and (1977)and Corbet & Hill (1992). y. ht?gdrpilahas a significantly v. .l!,rrrifu Blyih. 1862,the Malabarcivel. Two of them, y. shortertajl than y. :rr.ri.: no more than a halfofthe body length .ibethda V. n"8a.?ild, arc disaibutedonly on the mainland (30-509. veruus55-6070). y. n€sd?i/a differs in the anangement and xre syrnpatric(Tate. 1947tWenrel & Halrenorth.1972j of the rings on the tail and by their reduced nurnbcr: 3 ,1 rings Corbet& Hill. 1992:Wozencraft. 1993). Now anothermainland closer b the tailbase versus 5 6 rings over the enrirc rail. V. spcciesof the genusytverld hasheen described - L rdingr?rrtr ,r?gdrpil" has larger spots ananged in fivc rows on each flank. Sokolov.Rozhnov &Pham T.ong Anh. 1997,rhe Tainguen civer. whereasy .i6crta has smaller, less djsrjnct spots sparselyover Thissp€cies was originally described fiom thc no(h ofTainguen the entire body. The claws on the 3.d and 4th fingersare covcred Plateau(Vieham) ltndnamed afier this geogftphicallocation. with sheathsin y. fl?gdrpiL! bur not in y. .ibclrd. There is w€ak deveiopmentof the postorbital processcsin y. megaspiLa^nd V. tainsuenskis known from Vieham (Sokolover al., their strong developmenrin V. .ibetha is the most imponant 1997.1999). where V. .ibetha ar'd.V. needtptL,are disaibured craniometric feaiure. loo (PharnTrong Anh. 1992;DangHuy Huynhet at.. 1994).A1l rhrecspecies dre quite similff and arecharacterised as folbws: Malerial and method The fur of ail thesespecies is shortbut flufty; theirgcne.al coat paucmis dark grayor graywith whiteand black spols or stripes. We haveexamined 7 specirnensof y. tainguentisfrom A blackbnsdycrest runs overthe back. rising when the aninnlis Vietnam(lisl seebehw) andfor comparison46 specimersof y. agrrated.The tail hasdislincr lighr anddark rings. Thcre are no .ibed?"fron differentregions oi Vietnan (12 from Tonkin, 12 spotson the snout.There are three lighl (differenirints ofwhire) from North Annan, 11 from CentralAnnarn, 7 from Sourh andddrk (black or blackbrown) transversal stnpcs on thethioar Annam:for 4 specimensoi unknownprovenance) and ,l speci andthe flanksof thc neck. mensfrom China.2 specimensof y. /r.?dspild fiom Viernan (SouthAnnam). and 8 specimensof V. tangalunsa I frcm Sumalra,I from Java.3 frornBomeo. 2 from Moluccas(Temare lsland)and I from Philippines(Luzon kland). All specinensare sioredin Russianand Viern.lnese Museums (lisr seebellow).
Exxminedspecimens of V. tain?uensisfrom Vietnarn: Tonkin: L male ad.,2.lX 1964,Langson Prcvince. Huulung, Yenbinh(21'29'N, 106'20 8) (ZMUV: M373. skull.skin); 2. temalead., I8.III 1968,Habak kovince, Shondong(21"20 N. 106'51 E) (ZMIEBR:28,siuffcd) (paratype)i North Amam:3. sex?,,rd., 27.X1 1961, Nghean Pro!ince (ZMUV: M371. skin)i 4. sex?,ad.,27.XI 1961.Nghean tuovince (ZMUV| M372. skin): CentralAruam: 5. malesubad., 17.X 1986, Gialai Province,75 km N of Ankhe C;ty (14'34' N. 108'35 8), 700 800 m ASL (ZMMU: S 144515.lkull. skin) (holorype),collecred by V.V. Rozhnov& G.V. Kuznetsov:South Anmm: 6. sex?,ad.. 1996, Dacllc Province(IHEH: withoutnumber, stuffed)i 7. sex?,ad., 1958,plale of caprureunknown (ZMUV: M550,skin).
Thefollowing lbbreviations fof thecollections (wberethe materialsare slored) afe used:Zoological Museurn of Moscow Stale Unilersity ZMMU; ZoologicalMuseum of Narional UniversityofVietnam (Hanoi) - ZMUV: ZoologicrlMuseun of theInstitute ofEcology rnd Bnnogi.alResou.ces of theNational Cenlrefor NaturalSciences xnd Technologiesof Vieinam(Ha noi) - ZMIEBR; Instituteof Hygieneand Epidemiology of the High Plateaux(Buonmarhuot) IHEH.
The exlemalmeasuremenrs used are slxndard: L - body Fig- L Colouration of y. tainsueasis(a - specimenfrom IHEH: length(from the lip ofthe \nou(lo rheanus). C - tail length(from b'specimen S'14-4515. ZMMU, hobtype). theroor ofthe tail ro rhetip. not includinSany terminal pencilof
1l hiirs). PL - hind foot (from the extremity ofthe heet behind the Skull neasuremenls s-144515 M373 os calcis to the exlremity of the longest digir, nol including thc (ZMMU) (ZMUV) rlawt. Au ear (from the lower bordef ofthe extemal audliory nale s-an mde an nreatusto the tip of the pinna). CBI- 103.5 132.5 The followjng measurementswere taken from examined BAL t27.4 skulls. CBL condybbasal length(from the exoccipitalcondyle GTL r08.5 138.2 to thc anteriu exiremity of the premaxilla)i RAL ' basic length LFC 51.2 68.6 ( fr om lhe anterior margin of the oc€ipital foramen to the arterior LBC 6l.1 rJ0.rJ .\trcmity ofthe premaxilla): GTI- g.eatestlength (the greatest PL 19.6 66.1 rnlen) posterior diameter of lhe skull. taken from the mosi ZB 16.5 62.0 point at each extrenity): LFC ' length of facial case trojectin-! MBFUM 29.1 rriom the ljne. going through the postorbital processesto ihe IC 11.' 1 22.I lnt.rior extremity ofthe prenaxilla)i LBC length ofbraincase PC l9.l 18.7 rliom the exolcipital condyle ro the line. going througlr the BPP 2t.o posrorbualprocesses PL - palatallength (fiom thelip ol palrline ); MAXT 33.4 53.9 rc the posterioralveolar margin ofthe first upper incisive);ZB - MANL 13.1 93.4 rlgonaric bread(h greatesl widlh ol-lhe skull icross the the HMCP 22.6 32.5 zlgomalic nrches,regardless ofwhere this point is situatedakrng thelengthofthearches):MRFUMmaxillabrcadthinfirstupper Table L Skull measurements(in mm) ofexamined specimensof nDlaA (the width of the nraxilla acrcss the external alveolar Yirer.a taina,?,rir liom Viemam mrrgins ofthe first upp€r molars for S 144515in D!. for M373 in M ). lC - interorbitalconsiriction (ihe narrowestwidrh across brcadlh;D poskrbital processes(grealesl width acrols the Lhcinterorbitalregion)i PC poslorbitalconstriction (the narrow- postorbital processes);MAXT - maxillary toothrow (from lbe esrwidrh of the constricrionbehind the postorbilalprocest; BPP frontofthe uppercdnineto lhe backofthe crown ofthe lastupper molar'fbr S'1,14515dC'Da. for M373 C-Mr): MANL - mandible length (ftom the condyl of the mandible to its most anterior projectin-! point). HMCP - height of tnandible in coronoid p.ocess(greatelt height of the mandible in coronoid process).
Description
All spccimcnsof y. rdtrslrtrsir cxamiDcdhavc the char- rcterisric colouration of ihc pchs (Fig. l). Ccncrrl ba.kground colouralion is light brown,.rlmost sandy. and gra] in lhe nlp€ 'area.Well-developed. senitunar. dark spotsopening caudallyar€ dispersedover the light brown backgroundof the body. A ligbr brown nripe with lighl brown edging slans Irom the rib area behind the shoulders.rising to the back, ihen sharyly bends caudally and runs parallel to the bnsdy €rest.This stipe may be interrupted somewherein sinilaFcoloured ;dged spots. which are mofe or less elongated.This stnpe. or chain, finishes with a clear spol in laleral part of the tailbase.This stripe. or chain. is separatedfiomtheblack brisdy crestby a narrow,lighr gray field startingfrom the nape and running betwcenthe stripe chain and rhe brislly crcst, xnd joining Lheligbl nng at the lailbase. The second,similar but lesscontrasting stripe runs below andcaudally from the stripe chain. Breast and belly are light gray. Fo.elegs (areaofthe forearn and below) and fiird fcct (bcbw the region ofbasipodium) arebrownish grayr a nanow.lighl gray stripewilh clea.. dark. almosl black spols or siripes runs over lheir trontal part alnost t0 the digits.
We have noted (Sokolov e! al.. 1997)thal thc quitc stable characte.sofcoloumtion aretypical for v. :tbrlrd. The samecan be noted for y. rdins,r€ru,r. Wedl vaiation in extcmal morphology is typical for all speciesof genusvivdf.d (Corbet& Hill, 1992).
Claws on the 3rd and ,lrh front digits (imponant specific characters,see Corbet & H111,1992)of v. tainguensirar€ covered wilh sheathsas in y- n?Adspila.b nor as inV..ihetho.
Fig. 2.Skull of V. tii|guensis (specimen5-1,14515. ZMMU. The body sizes of y. rdtu8u"trrir ibllow Sokolov et dl. hobtype)- (1999): specinen 5-1,14515(ZMMU): L=600 nm. C=312 mm.
t2 1080E diffcrs in its srnallerbody, smxllcr sizcofspots, their a.rangem€nt 240N on thc body (the spols do not folm reguhr rows) and in the Chtnr y. 0 300lT presenceof 6 rings over the rail (V. n?e6pila ar.d (itettnu haveonly 3-4 ringspositioned closer to therailbase ). V. r.tr.qr.rris hasa smallernunberofrings aroundthetail asdlfs v. rd,8dl,r8a (10 and nore in v. /.nsa1,nsd) anda semilunnrspot shapeon thc body (rhey are .ounded in V. tangulungu). Distribution
DistribLrtionof v- rdtasldzriJ is shown on Fig. 3. Previ ously this spccicswls known from 1wolocaliiies (Sokolov et al., 1997), i-c. Gillai Provincc. T5 km N of Ankhe City (14'3.1'N, 108'35'E)andHnbakProvince.Shondong(21'20N. 106"51 E). The dala on the collecdon spots fbr ihe examined specimens pemits characterilationof this species'area in morc dctail- v Vletnam ratngxe"stsis known from the provjncesof Langson,Bacgiang (fomerHabak). Nghean,Gialai andDaclac.So. this species'area isexpandedin vietnam tiom Tonkin in the nonh to South Annam Thdl.nd in ihe south.
wiihout the data on the collection spot! I have received from Dr. Rainesh Boonratanaand Fauna & Flora lniernational (FFI) ' tndochina Programme a photo of vil,e/rd sp. taken 4th October 1998in Ndrng Nxlure Reserve.Tuyenquang Province, appruximately22'21'N. 105'22'8, 900 m ASL (Fig-4). Al1 colour characterisricsof the phok)trappedanimrl arc cxpressed vcry wcll and testiiy thal il is y. tdinarensis.This is a new record of lhis speciesin Vietnam.
Habitat and habits
As in V. .ibetha. ll rdingr?nsir is a tereltrial. nocturnal species.ltwas collectedfrom the moist primary tropicalforest in the valley ofsmall brxlk at 0,1.20h (Sokolov cr al., 1977).Thcse dalx areconfirned by photoirappingby Dr. RameshBoonraiana. Fig. S.Localitie! where y. rdl,rg&errir has been collected in \ rirnam{rhe drerr. rorre,pond ro rhr\e lrnm rhe lr\r ol examined specimenli I Langshon. 2 Habak. 3 .1 N-qean.5 Zialai. 6 Daclak:the locality 7 Tuyenquang. Nahang Nature Reserve after phob hy Dr. Ramesh t'l=100 mm. Au=45 mm. body weight 3,000 g: lpecimen Ml73 (ZMUV); L=71i0mm. C=1'10nxn, Pl=l30 mm. Au=55 mm. body weisht 7.500 si specinen from IHEH - L=790 n n. C=,120mn (rhe measurementswere taken fion the srulfed specimen).
In the skuUof y. tai"s!?nrir the postorbitalprocesses are weakly devebl]ed (l,ig. 2). lhey arc bcated fronrally tu)m thc middle of the total lkull length. Nasal boncs b()adcr than in v. :ir"rra. Upper deciduousprenolar Dadiffers significantly in its shapefron that in v. .lr.rrd ofsinilarage: its inner bladei! much brorder and more rounded.The skull measurementsofexamined sFcirncns of V. zr,tr8uenrirffe presentedin the Table 1.
So, v r{ria8lerriJdit h frcm anotherspecies of the genus yl!,?/.d by the nnbwing: v. rdi,8re,riJ is smallcr in body sizc lhnn v.;ir?/r.ri it has a relaiively short tail (52'56t versu! 55 60'/. \n V. . ibetha).a conldl$ting colour pauem (presenceol wcll cxpressedsenilunar spols).the colourationon the tuontlegs (area of the lbrearn ind below) and hind leet (below the region of Fig. 4. v.ld)rgle"rn inlhe s ild rn NahangNature RcsNc, Tuyen basipodium).and presenceof sheathscovering lhe claws ofthe quang Province. Phoro by Dr. RNmcshBoonrltana and 3fd and.l* fiont digits.Frcm V. n.gdspiLd^nl V..irettina;r Faun! & Flo.a lnlcm{rbnal (FFI ) - lndochinaProgranne.
t3 Acknowl€dgements Sokolov,V.E., Rozhnov. V.V. & PhamTrong Anh. 1997.New I am very tbankful1o Dr. RameshBoonratana and Fauna speciesof viverridsof tbe genusyir"/r, (Mamrnalia. & Flora lnternational(FFl) - lndochinaProgramne fbr two Camiyora)fron Vietnam..Russian J. Zool.,1(2). 2(A-201. photosof yi!?rfd sp-.taken in thewild (NahangNaiure Reserve, Tranllatedfrom TnologicheskiiZhurnaL 1991.76(5): vietnamdnd Nakai Plateau, Laos). and to Will Duckworthwho 585589. tindly sentme lhesephotos. Sokolov.v.E.. Rozhnov.V.V. & PhamTrong Anh. 1999.New data on the virpl.d ,aing,r?rrtr Sokolov.Rozhnov et References Pham Trons Anh. 1997(Mammalia, Carniyora) from Corber,G.B. & Hill. J.E. 1992.The nunndls d theIndonulalan Vieinam.Zodt Zr., 78 (in press). rcgion: a s)"stemathr.fie){ Oxford:Oxford University Tarc,C.H.H. 1947.Manmals of Easten Artd. New York: The MacmillanConpany. I)ang Huy HuyDh(ed.), Dao Van Tien. Cao Van Sung,Pham Wenzel.E. & Haltenoth.M. 1972.System der Schleichlatzen Trong Anh & Hoang Minh Knien. 1994.Checklist ol (v ivenidae).Saugetie*. Mitt., 20tll0-121. Mdtntals in Vietnan.Ha Noi: Publ.House "Science and Wozencrafl,W.C. I 993-Order Carn ivora. In: Mdnn aLspe. i.s of Technicr'.(ln Vietnanese) the world. A taxonomicatul geogruphi. rcfercnce.Second L.kagul. B. & McNeely. J.A. 1917.Manmals of ThaiLand. e/.. ed. D- E. Wilsonand D. M. Reeder,279 348.Wash, Bangkok:Assoc. Conserv. Wildlile. ingtonand London: Smiihsonian Insiirution ftess. Phlm Trong Anh. 1992-Camivorous mammals of Nonh Viet- n:am.In Zoological iwestigations in Vietnan. Moscow: A.N. SevertsovInstitute of Ecologr and NaukaPubl. Pp. 8l-132. (ln Russian) Po{ock.R.l. 1939.?r? /aunaol BritishIndia, includitryCe.\)lon Evolution, RussianAcaderny of Sciences, and Rurnn. Mamnalia, VoL L Prindtes and Cu fion LeninskyProsp,, 33, Moscowll707l Russia (Felilae and Virertidae).London: Taylor & Francis,Ltd.
Observations on two sympatric, diumal herpestids in the BetamponaNR, eastern Madagascar
Two diumalherpesrid species occur sympat.ically in the Botb specieshavebeen observed singly. in adutt pairsand 2.228ha BetanporaNatural Reserve (17'15 - 17"55'S; in presumedlamily groups (2 adults and 1 infant or juvenile)- 49"12' 49"15'E): Galidiaelesans and Salanoia concolor (s\b- lnlants are obse ed accompanyingtheir parentsin November/ famill Galidiinae).Both arefrequently sighted by personnelof ProjectBetampona and are known lo.ally as Vontsira' and "Vontsira boko".Despile being of sinilltl bodysize and pelage Cdlidrd areextremely curious and bold, utteringa rangeof colour.they are easily dislinguishable as GaliTiatails have dark whistling calls when foraging. When alxrmcd they emit a low- bandsand areslightly longer- pil(heJ !m$l ur a high-pirched squeul Sd/dr.rd .eem more nervousand typically react to humansby erectjngthe hair on the No quantitativ€studies of populat;onsizes have been tail. producing low pitched growls and fleeing rapidly. Both conduct€d,bul bothspecies appear to be fairly comnon anda.e specieshave been observedto stand upright on then hind legs. reproducingsuccessfully. Ii is estimatedlhal family groups L(f,al people claim that Sdldroid usesthis postureto assessan occupytenitories of around20 ha. Approximately50 9. of the animal as potential prey: if lhe Sa/azoi. is taller, when standing rese e is relalivel, undisturbedpnnary rainforest(i.e.. l.l14 up.ight, than an animal it encounters.it will attackl?! ha)-Thus it ispossible that 50 fami ly groupsof eachspeciescould occurat Betampona,although this is mostlikely an overesti- More detailed sludiesof theserwo sympalric speciesare required to deterrnine differences in their behavioural ecology that enable them 1() co exist in lowland primary rainfbrest. Both speciesexhibit a Feference lbr primary rainfbrest, Anyone inleresledin canyingoulsuch work al B€larnponashould althoughcdlidd bavebeen occasionally observed in secondary contact the aulhor by e-mail al
AnwaruddinCHOUDHURY
Thethree nonhern districr! ofWesr Bengal in easternIndia ll usuallyoccuh above1.000 m ASL althoughin winler 'nortlr ir mry are popularly known rs Bengxl. These dislricts are comedown a iiiile lou'er.PaItofits populationis protectedin rhe Dafjeeling.Jalpaiguri. and Koch Bihdr. During licld tripstonorrh NeoraValley NP. ShingalilaNP. and SenchaiSanctuary. Bengalin JuneJuly. Oclobcr November 1995. and Augusl Sep, rember.December 1996, data on the curent disiribulionsand Siberian ncaselj ,'tu xtur! sirirrird lrntusof smallcamivorcs (ailurid, muslelids, vivenids. rnd her, A highelevalion species occurring only ir the mountains pestids)werccollected. The drra include dnecr sightings in ihewild, of Darjeeiingdistdci. It is ret rhanMunela kdthidr. Sinceil rnd recordsof wild-caughtanindls held as cnptives. The exami occursmostly above 2,.100 rn ASL.iis distribulbnalrange is very nationsof deadspecinens included preserved skins and reporrs limited.Protecled areas having rhis spccies are ihe NeoraValley lrom experiencedhunte.s. forest oflicial! and orherobservers. NP. ShingalilaNP. andSenchal Sancruary. tinfbllunarely.as thesefamilics of small camivorcsare otien overlookedduring field surveys(which are limed primarilyrt Back-striped weasel,Mrrstela strigidorca largerma'nmals and birds) so manyofthe observarlonswcre nor Foundin thehigher hills (usually above 1.0O0 nr and beiow documentcdin deiail-Therc is liule publishedinformation on the 2,000n ASL). especiallyin the middleranges of the easrern \tatusand abundance of theseaninals (lnglis sr al.. l9t9), although Himalayas(Dade€ling disricl). This speciesis alsor.rcr than starus.epots on the smallcarnivores of Assamand Arunachal Mustela l{ltthinh brll ils possibleoccurrence in rhe hiily areasof Pradeshha!e been publi sbed recenrly (Choudhu.y, I 991 a, t991c). Buxa Tiger Reserveof Jalpaiguridisrrict is nol ruled out. tts Accountsof lhe smallcarnivores ol Aslam canalso be foundin occurercein northBengal is mentbncdby ZSI (1992). Choudhury(1994. 1997b).No specificfield studylolely con- .ernedwiththcse small carnivorcs has been undenaken in thearea Beech marten, Manes foina !o tar. but genemlinformation on rhesegroups crn be foundin Foundin D{rjeelingdistrict. only occuningin the rniddle $me synopticworks, notably tbose ofP.ater(t948), Etterman & andhigher ranges oithe easternHimalayrs (usually above 1,500 \'loffison-Sco11( I 95I ). Co'be( & Hill (1992)andZSI (1992). m ASL).Prolected areas having rhis species areNeoraValley Np (Ghose.1985), Shingalila NP. and ScnchalSanctuary. Thjs Thethre€districtsolnonh Bengal(25.55' 27.15'N,tiS'00 89'55 8) coveran areaof 12.500kmr and form part of a nch biogeographicunit thar represents one ofthe wo.ld'sbiodiversjty Yeflow-throated 'Hotspots' mara€q Maftes flavigula (Mye.s. 1988,1991). The disricl of Darjeelinsis Comrnonall over Darjeelingand rhe norihemdeas of mostlyhilly and mountainousbeing palt of rheerslem Himala- Jalpaiguridistrict. however, its distriburion is restricted to lbrestcd \.rs.Nonhem areas ofJalpaiguri disrrici are also hitty and are parr rreas (bolh tropicaland subtropical)and henceits continued ofrhe Hirnalayanibolhills. The bulk of I alpajguriand ati ol Koch presenccin KochBihar districr is doubtfuland in dll probability Bihar are f'lat plains.The highen areas.especially in rhe th€ rt is extinclhere. It is veryrare in thesouthem areas ofJalpaiguri ShiDgalilaandNeora Valley experience heavy snowfall in winter. district.Usually seen singly although rwo animalsnre rlso en, countered.Occurs frcm nearthe edgcof the hills ro the higher Nonh Bengalhas one speciesof ailurid, ll speciesof mounlxins.In theless disturbed fbresrs. such as Neo.a Valley and nrustelid.7 !iver.ids.and 3 hcrpestids(Choudhury, unpubl.). In Mahananda.i{ canbe seenduring the daytime also. rhis paperI p.esentthe infbrmadonar presenlavailable on thc Honey bsdg€r or raael, Msllivoru capensit Very rare. Found in the southernareas of Darjeeling Speciesnotes disrricland in Jalpaiguridistrict. tts present(aru,j in KochBihff is not known.but consideringthe lack of hrbiratin rhe area,it AILURIDAE mighl be eitherextincl or pe.hapsonly srrayanimds are lefi_ R.edpand^, Ailurus fulgens Usuallyan animal of drierenvironments and norknown ro occur Foundonly in thc higher areasof Darjeelingdislncr. rnnorih-eastemlndia(Prater,l94SrCorberr&Hill, 1992)theZSl Knownpopulation!.re confined ro Shingaliiaand Neora Valley {199?) has recordedir in Jalpaiguridisrricr. Prote€ted areas \ationalPdrksonly- It hasaheady vanished from the forests neal havingpolenlial habitat include Buxa Tiger Reserve.Jaldapara I).rjeelingincluding Senchal Sancturry. Alrhough rare it is srill Sancluary,Gorumara NP. and MahanandaSrnctuary. not uncommonin suirablelocrliries inside ihese two nationat p.rks. lt occursabove 2000 ln ASL in subrropicaland moist }Ioe-badger, Arcto V co ais lemperatefbrests \r,iih bamboos, and also in subalpineforcsr_ Not uncommon.this sp€ciesis widely disrributcdin the forestsas well as in well-w(x)dedpans of the counlrysidein MUSTELIDAE Darieeling,Jalpaiguri rnd Koch Bihar disrricls.Most recordi Y€llow-beffi€d weasel,Mxstela kathiah wereof loneanimals. Both commonand widespreadin the hils of Da.jeeling drstfict.and il might also occw in the hilly Buxa Fort and Large-toothedf€rret-badger or Burm€seferret-badger, M"ro- Chunabhatiareas of BuxaTiger Reserveof Jalpaiguridistricr. galepe^onata Thishill dwellingspecies couldbe seen duringthe day time also. Occursin the fborhillsand grasslandsof Da4eelingand
l5 Jalpriguri dislricts.Observarion is very difficult due to irs noctur the foothillsand hills. This speciesis alsofound in manyof the nal hlbils. There ffe specific records fron JaldaparaSancluary protectedareas such as Mahanandr and SenchalSanctuanes, ard fiom Hasimara(ZSI, 1992).Potenlial habitat is in Gorurnara laldaparaSanctuary (northern areas near Totoparr),Neora NP. MahanandaSanctuary. Chap.anari Sanctu{ry. md Buxa Vallcy NP, xnd BuxaTiger Reserve. Tiger Reserve. Binturong or bear-cat, Arctictis binturong Small-tooahcd fr.ret-badger o. Chin€se f€rr€t-bzdger, Melo- No recordfiom north Bengalexists.so fltr (ZSI, 1992). However,its recordsfrorn adjacentareas of Sikkimand Bhulao occurs but exact statusis uncle.r. Not recorded by ZSI suggcslthxl smal1numbers do occurin theNeora Valley NP and 1| 992). however. a deadrpccimen (road-kill) was lbund nearthe alsoperhaps tu the Buxa Tiger Rese.!c.It is an animxlof the rord side in Buxa Tiger Reservein 1995.As in Melo3alr pedo lbolhil1sand hills wilh goodlree-cover. trdrd.observation is very difiicult. Smafl-toolh€d palm civ€t, Arctogstidit tivirgata Common otte. or Eudsi^n otte\ Lutrd lutra Its presencein the area needs furthcr inlcsligation. Its Not uncommon.especially in the hillsrcams including the knowndishbution in nonh-easternIndia is in thc southbank of larger nvers such as the Teesta.Mahananda. Jaldhaka. Neora, theBrahnrputra Rivcr which suggesis lhai il is unlikelyto occur Raidak.and Torsa.Occurs in the nountains also (above2,5G, m in nonh Bengal-However. Sclater (1891) mentions the lpecies ASI-). Also recordcdfromwctlands of the plainsof Jalpaiguriand fron Darjeelingdistrict. There Nre no orher specimen records thus Koch Bihar. Seensingly. in twos ( en prirs) or snall groups. far (ZSl. 1992).
Smooth-coated otter, tztra pe^pitillata HTRPTSTIDAT Common and familir. this speciesis also well disiributed Small Indian mongoose,Herpestes anoputtctatus in the hills and plains dffecting rivers, lake!. marshes,pools. Very commonnll overnorth Bengal inhabiting almost all ponds. and elen road sidc ditches, in all three districts. Seen typesofhabitatsranging fron forelts.scrubjungle. and grassland singly or in small groups.Thn speciesis usually not found in rhe 1othe viciniryol humanhnbilations (iowns and villages). higher hills and mountains. fndian grey mongoose,/'?.pestes edN'a sii Short:xlawed ott€r, AorJx cin€r?d Also lcry commonall over north 8en8al, inhabiting Not uncomnlon in wetiands including rilers, but lcss almosral11tpes ofhabitats ranging fron forests,scruhjungleand numerousrhan Luttu perspidllatu- Found mainly in the pla'ns grrsslandto the vicinity ol bumanhabitations (iowns and vil- and foothills including JaldapnraSanctuary and Corumara NP. ragesl.
VIVERRIDAE Crab-cating mong(x)se,Ilel/€!.ss zrvd Large hdir'] ci\et, Vite.ra zibettul Not uncommonin forestedarcas. borh plains and hills of Comrnon.rndwidespread all over north Bengal. Found in Darjeelingand Jalpaisuri districts. This species inhabits wetlands lhe plains as well as the hill forests.plantations. scrubjunglc. as andforest slreams. Not obseryednear human habirrtions. How- well as in the vicinily of villages. Usually seensingly. cvcr,sightings are rure. The species is lessa-sile than the olhe.two speciesand vanishes anongst undergrolvth whenever allerled by Sm tt rndi^n ei\et, Vivenicula indica rhcprcscncc ol xnt humanbeing. Usually leen in groupsof twos Very common all over north Bengal except fof the high or more.Thcrc rrc alsopasl records fiom Darjeelingand Jalpai- mounlains.ll prelersthe vicinity ofhuman habitationsand rcgu guri districts(Wroughron. 1916). lrd) rrle' don,r.rk chiclenr rnJ,lu.|.t. It i' (ummun.\en in busy towns such as Siliguri and Jalpaiguri. Discussion
Spotted linssng, ld{,nodon pa licolor There is an urgentneed tounderake'base line'sludies on The ra.estofalllhe small crmivores coveredby rhispaper. lhe smalt carnivoresin biodiversily rich rrcas like north Bengal. Observationis very difficult andlherc,rc no rccordsol specnnens As in the case of Assan and Arunachal Pradcsh(Choudhury, liom nonh Bengal.although their occurence in AssamandNepal 1997a. 1997c). potential researcherslend not to show much suggelts their presencein the drcr. (unconfirmed reports have inrerestin rheseanimals. Nocturnal, shy, lnd lillle known, the bccn receiled iion MahanandaSanctuary and Buxa Tiger Re small carnivoresNre yct to gcncrate curiosity (o a greatextent!) scrve).11 is likely to occur in someother protectedareas such a! among the studentsand scicnlisls. Neora valley and Shinsalila NPs, xnd the Jaldaparaand Senchal Sanctuaries.but in very srnall numbers.This speciesis rare all The exacl status of mrny species is slill unclear (e.9. over IIS range. Mustetu strisirlorso. M?logtiLe spp., awl Pri.nndon pt litolot\. Morcovcr fie occunence of Arctictis binturong ts yt:r to lx Common palm civet or todd! cta, Pdradoturus hennaphroditus confinned but its presencecannot be rulcd oul in the extreme Very colnnon dl over. including within tb.estsand well nonhern areas becauseof records fron the adjacent areas of wo(xtedvillages and lowns.Il is a familiar and well'known killer Sikkim and Bhulan. Considering fte large'scale deforestdtion of donestic poultry. here,fbrest-dwelling species such asthered pandaandlhe sponed linsdng are peftaps becorning rarer day by day. The main rea\ons Mask€d palm civet, Paguma lanabl of defbrestationare felling and encroachrncnl.Unlik€ other pans Also common. but less abundanl than the Loddycar. 11 ol nonh-eisem tndia,Jhlrl or slash and bum shilting cullivation occursall over Darjeelingdistrict andin the hilly ltrersof no(hern is not rhere.Butthere areproblems frcm lhe ornngecultivators i0 Jalpaigundisdcr, especiallyin lhe fbrestsand light woodlandsot Buxa Tiger Reservc (Chunabhdi and Foft areas) who have destroyedgood tropical tbresl. Large fo., est areaswere also convened into rea and 2 Okn crnlhona plantationsin the past.
Most of the mustelids. vivenids. ,.,'"-'-'6', and herpestidsare .onsidered ediblc b)r ti;'|""1i1';';o $me of the tribal groups including the tea teeraD t] Fidetity and core area in the spaceand resourceuse system of the Pine m +er., Mar|t-rsmartes E. PULLIAINEN.A. KARUSALMI,P OLLINMAKI AND P.TUNKKARI Introduction We will considerhere thc data afisi.g fron intensive rackingofthe pinemarten during ihree successive win(ers: 1993/ The spaceand system of ihe Pine manen, 9,1-1995/96.The lengthsof the trackingsfor thesethree winters Vdrtes Durtes, has been studiedconlinuously fo. successive22 were676.1.5&.9, and 1312.7kibmetles. respectivety {inters in Finnish Foresl Laphnd by organizing t.Ncking of i ndi\ idurlly recognizabLe animals for ca. 18,600 km (Pullixinen, Panuwas trapped lbr lhefirst tirne in aholhw, deadspruce l98llt. 1981b.1982, 1984. Pullirinen & Ollinmiiki.1996) The on 12 Novembcr 1993 and was weighed,.adiocollared and da1,robliined so far allo\t us toanalyseaspecis such as long-t€rm rcleasedinro the samehollow spruc€.The radio collar was changes in thc composition of the diet of this opportunistic repl.redwith a newone on 20 Novembcr1994. and lgain on 3 physicxlcondition predator lPulliainen l98lai Pulliainen & ollinmaki 1996). rhe Delember1995 and,lDecember 1996. Panu's general charrcleristics of its space and resource use system wasdetemined by weighingin connectn)nwith eachchange of (Pulliairen. l98ib, 1984).aDd the behaviourof individuals the radioc\)llar. The trackingfinished in November1997. when wiftin (heir home .anges(Pulliaincn, 1982). Panudied in an accident. Our siudies(Pulliainen. l98lb. 1984) as well as those of The coordinatesof all thc restinglites weredetermined Mech & Rogers(1977). forexample. show tha(although the pine rnd thc corearea (the smallestafea that cortained6{)% of the marten is not a |errirorial species,sPatio-lemporal scprration of restingsiies) and home range (959. ofthe reslingsites. excluding hone mnges occurs. Pulliainen (l98lb) called this sprce and occasionalexploratory excursiont were estimrledusing lhe system of certain solitarily rnoving predxtors Rangesvprogram. A fixedkernel eltimrlor with a0.5 h,, smooth- ing parametervalue wrs used(cf. Wonon 1995) The rest sil€ selectionfrom yeaFto yeu wastested using the Gr test(Sokal & One Intcrenrngdel!rl In our proje(th,,s been lo \(uJ) the Rolf l98l). iidelity ("Onsbeue") ofmartelist;c pine martensand thenature of the polsible core arca in their home ranges.An answerto lhese Results quesiiors w.rs obrained by radb-tracking one mrle individual (crlled "Panu") for three successivctlinters. The purposeofthe Pb'sical condition. When captured for the first time in presentpaper is to provide recordsof lhese sludies Novenber 1993.Panu was one ofthe heaviestPine martensever weighed in our long-iernr study. wi|h a body nass of 1,610g Material and methods Thereafterthc body inassdecreased gfadually year by yeJr, b€ing only 1.3,f0g in Nov€mber 1997.lt is worth nenlioning that there The areaconcemcd, amounting lo rpproximately 80 km:, was quite a low populaiior denlity olsnall mrnmals in the area Iiesin EastemFinnish ForeslLapland. westof theViriii Suharctic durinr rhe'e)ear' {Pulli ncn,r d/. unpubl RcsearchStation (67',15 N.29'3?'E). The afea is mainly in a virgin smte and is dominatedby maiure spruceand mixed taiga Useof the hoite ranse.The daily rhythm ofa pinc rnarten forestswith ! lmge number of slanding and fxllen dead trunks was cleu: the aninralwas active by night and spentrhe daylighl Some of the lbrests hrvc been felled. The areais also characrcr- (rnd twilight) times itresting siteswhich mainly were below the ized by stonyhills. openbogs.some solitary fells and smaltrivers surtac€of the winter snow.Only in 6.4'l ofcasesdid il reslabove the surlac€ of the snow (Table l). When Panu succeededin calching a large prey item. e. g- a Mountain hare or Wiilow grousc,il sometimesspent severalsuc€essive dals in the same Restinssite 1993-94 1994-951995-96 restingsile without leavingii. The yenr_to-yearlhangesin its resl site seleciionwere not significant (Gr test. ns). Underthe snow 91.6 90 1 91.8 (erms Undcrr fallentree 5'1.9 181 16 6 Panu rppeared to be a good conservative in of Uoderthe rootsof a tree 9.3 0 0 I l bcb:rviourshowing renarkablc fidelity by occupyrng the same Amongrocks 264 ll4 139 area from one winter to anolher,and elen the size ol lhe home (between Fig Squinel'snest 0.0 23 1.9 range varied within nanow linits 62 and 69 km'; Hollow iree/holein a tree 5.0 l 8 6.3 l). Eeing a large malc. it had a widc home mngc Others 1.4 38 00 Sttucturc of th? hone rdnqe. As mentioned abole. the Total number of restingsites. 140 132 158 decisionto go rc a particularresting sile is a purposefolone' and whichof difter€nt> 75 91 96 rt least repedled use of the same resting site is elidence of residence.Both the core area (60 7.) and hone rxnge (95 %) Table1. R€rrttrs sncr r/ Panu"e\prcssed as Percentages du ng within Panu's liling areaare depictedin Fig l The lize of the three suc..ssiw \|inters,1993/91, 199$5 anl l995E6 The co.c areavaried belween 1.893 and 1.970 ha, and ihal of ihe 95 numberoJ r.Jlinssnesn.ans siles situatedondifreren! 1A) r 100 9. arcabetween 6,168 and 6,938 ha-There were 5-6 fragmenrsof core areapicces within thc 95 7. area l8 -f, :-i ,# Fis.t.Honennqesof'Panu durinsthree sucessiye winters, t99jt94 (A), t99s95 (B) and t995D6(C). Thenap sho*sboth the a/., ,orc arcas(60 shdded)andthe home rung? proper (95 E , solri line).O = Viirrio SubaftticResearch Stution. a = (:?ntreof hone ru ge, + = rctting site- Discussion neighbouringpacks are minimized and prey survile in the bufter zone. The general appearanccof the structure of Prnu's home Allhough il would be very casy for an opportunistic range wrs very srmilarto thal ofa wolfpack, with a buffer zone predalor with a diet that may comprise borh animals and easiiy at the edgesand a corc areain the mlddle (Mlrch, 1994).There is digestibleberries and mushrooms(Pulliainen. l98la; Pulliainen one lundamental difference, however: the home ranges of & Ollinmnki. 1996) to rnove fairly freely liom one place io martelisticpine manenscan partly or l(nally overlap (Pulliaincn, rnolher within a vastpartly protectedlbrest area,rhe pine mdcn 1981b. 1984) and thus the prey at the edge zonesot' the hone insteadpreferred to show rcnarkable fidelity ("Ortsireue").This rangesmay be exploited in a similar mannerro ihar in thc core conscrlat'vepattern must enrailceftainbenefits.elative to a free Acknowl€dgements The pine maflen ', ver) purpo,efulin it, urienta|lon. We would like b expressour gralitude to rhe sraff of rhe Although it moves in the darknessoflhc night it knows ils exact Varriii SubarcticReseaich Srrln)n for rheir help in rhc field. This .oordinatestrilhin its home range.11 is ablero usethe scentma*s paper consiitutesRepon No. 364 of V:irriit SubarcticResearcb left by itself 1o iind its way to the resting site it intends to use Station, University of Helsinki. du.jog the next day, using a route thal lvoids areas with no 'victimization' overhead cover to avoid (Pulliainen. 1981b, Referenc€s t9ll.l). Baker,R. R. 1978.The etulutionaryecalop ol aninat nierction. Hodde.and Stoughton.t ndon. Since Panu did not leave his hom€ range,rhat area rnust Mech,L. D. 199.r.Bufter zones of leribries of grcy wolvesas regions halc offercd enoughfoGl for it from winlerio winter. alrhoughit of intraspecifi.s1life. 1 Mann.,75t99-21j2. Mech.L.D. & Roger, L. L. 1977. srs cvidertthat the abundrnceofrhe popularionsofrmallrodenrs Sbtus,distriburion. and novements ofmamns in nodheasbmMinnesor.. USDA F,r S.i ies. Pzp. \aned to somc extent.We musr rcmember.however. that Panu s Nc-143:l7. honrerange was always large and rhat $ere may b€ some horne PuUiaincn.E. 1974:SeN)nal movemenrs of noose in Europe.Narrr rrnges of pine man.ns which are less than one ienth of rhis Can.. l0l:379 392. I'ulliainen, 1984).It is ofthe samemagnirude as the largestone Pulliainen,E. l98la. F@d and fecdi.s habitsof the pine narren in ,ecordedso far (82 km: Pulliainen, 1984). in rhe mcasuringof f_innishFoesr tnpland in winre.. Worldwide f_urbcarerConfer $hich more edges were taken into account. Thus ir is wor.h ence ProccedingsAugust l-11, 1980.Frosrburg, Maryland roniinuing thesestudies in order to ascerrainwhal the siretenaciry USA.Vol. 1,580598. ,rle is when the home rangeco!crs only a few squarekilometres Pulliainen.E. l98lb. winrer hdbilarseleclion, home range. and movc mentsof thepine mdnen in Finnish .ec Pulliajnen, 1984),od how tar the Pine ma(en wandersif it ForcstLaphnd. worldwide FurbearerConference Proceedings Augusr 3, 1| L.ales ,Is r'ome range. , | 980.Frosrburg, MurylandUSA. Vol. ll:1068 1087. o'"'"'1'lou;#i';,:::l'.TJiljltl]l,ij,1?\:;:;|,y['";I1];;, rr is€asy ro irnagine rhe bene'rls to beobtained ',,. " hmiliar area.asgovernsthe seasonalreturrmigralory lysten of Pulliainen.E. 1984:use of hoDe ranSeby pi.e mdtens (Mdr?s Jrranyanimals (seePulliainen. 1974:Baker. 1978)-In the caseof ftdrt?i, A.ta Tjot Fenn.t7t:271-274. rhepin€ rnarten,an individual mry even preler particula. resting Pulliainen.E. & Ollinmaki.P. 1996 A Long teln studyof the pinc ,rtes. to which il repeatedlyretums di.ecdy, even ln complere mnen (M/rc\ ,,/rcr Linnf) nr Finrish ForesrLapland.,{.la l'&u/ 4l-rr1{:2 ..,rkne*Hose!er.qh) Juocca,ronrttrip,,,uroflhr,coreaicJ ^ . . re8l aioftet^ Freenan.san Fransisco ,ccur'trhey mry simply be exploratoryin nature,bu r u\ua lr pine l:l:L*^o:1.5:-'t:I.' just *'"'";i.'o '#1,)fTH,:::$"rfS"J nanensare ,rackinsprey or they re tookingro. r*j ,ir", i]:: )'lj L:'ffi":::T Jetecling promising scents- Thebenefits of thedivision ofarerirory aspracrised by a Verriii SubarcticResearch Station, $01fpack are apparcDt: unnecessary (fatal) confrontarions wilh Linnanmaa.FIN-90570 Oulu. Finland l9 On the status of MarEs foina bunrtresBate, 1905 Amd SCHREIBER The Appendix3 of theIUCN ConservalionAction Planfor Neither is there llny explanalion fbr the scatteredoccur- lrlusrelidsand viverrids (Schreiber?rdl.. 1989) providesa lisl of renceof the Aegaeanmarten on some,bul not on all islxndsofthe r large number of species and subspecies,some of which of Cyklades and SporadesArchipelagos (Douma-Petridou.1984). questionabletaxonomic val;dity, which.rre endernic io snall This irregular mosaicof inhabitedishnds. and islandsfbr which drstributionalranges. e.g. one o. a few islrnds onlt. Alrhough there is no record of M. /o/ra, although they seeminglydo not 'htus information was absent or insuffi.icnt for assigning a difter in their habitat spectrum,could bc cxplainedeither by an detinite category of thre to $ese 1 a, small insular ranges inadequate knowledge of the marlen's range. or reflect the mighr imply rdrity and a high risk of cxlinction. Nanowly human-aidedand therefo.estoch$tic colonization of some.but cndemic trxa are clearly candidatesfor a closer look into their norallsiter in thcAegaeanarchip€lagos. ll is evenunknown ifthe consenalion status. Aegaeannarten lives a synanthropi!+ life, as is typical of M. /rind /oim in CcnrralEurope. Within Crete.the publishedrecords Among theseiaxa, the Aegaeanor Cretan beechmanen. rif M. L bunitet giving errct origins reler to the western and Martesfoina bunites,h^s becn recommendedto the atention of centralpal1 ofthe isllnd. including only Chania (Barrett-Hamil- conservationistsbccause il is endernic1() islands in |he Aegaean ron. 1899: Bate, 1905).thc White Mountains and the lda range Sea. Greece. Apan from the 8,729 km' -sizedisland of Crete (Zimmermann. I 952). ,nd the Katharohigh plateau(Bate. 1905). (Barrett-Hamilion.1899i Bate. 1905i ZimnermanD, 1952; Thus the literalure suggeststhe occurrenccin the more hurnid Niethammer& Nie$rmrner. 1967), it bxsbeen reported liom the portions ofCrete. and a p.eference ibr higher allitudes. Nielharnmer muchsmaller islands of Skopelos,Naxos, Erimom ilor, K.rphathos, & Nictharnrner(1967)furtber obtainedfurs from a lradcr in Sitia. SannnhrNkc.Seriphos. and Kythnos (Koller, 1928i de Beaux, 1929i Wcttstcin. l9,l2i Ondrias. 1965). Rbodes is said to be Schreiber er dl. (l9il9) recommendedthe collection of inhabitedby r differem subspecie!.M.r',dr/ol'd 'trllleri (Festa, statusdalaon tbe Aegaeanbeechmanen, notthe leastbecause all l9l4). whoses€paration from the Aegaeanma(en hasnever been Creirn wildlite is subject to heavy perscculnrn. and several val;drlcd (Ondrias, 1965). vefebrat€ spccicshrve been lost fron this island during the last decades(Sfikas. 1998).Formerly denselyfbrested, Crete nowa- The most conspicuousdistinguishing character of M.l days rctains a mere 2 loE forest cover. which becamereplaced b,ldt?r is the variability ofrhe largelyreduced white tbroat patch. by vast tracts of overbrowscdand eroded phrygana scrub and which ha.dly ever reachesthe eltent observedin the nominate garigue (Jahn & Schdnfelder.1995). The late ofthe lbiza beech beechmrtcn, Malr"s,At"a &ina, fiom continentalEurope (in marten.r prcsumablydistinctalthough taxonomically undescribed cluding mainland Greece. the PeloponnesusPeninsula. and al Mediterranean island population. which wxs reported to the lcast Kortu ofTthe lonian islands).h someCretln spe!imens,the Aclio. Pknning CommitGe as having been cxtermrnatedre- throat patch is reducedro two whilc lateral stripesor small spol cenily (Schreiberd dl.. 1989).scrves as an additional warning. marks (Niethammer& Niethammer, 1967i Kumerloeve, 1970). Throal patch variability. and a kend to the reductionofthis mark. During a joumey in the easternthird of Crctc from 3lst is also lypical of beech martens from the Turkish mainland Augu(-lzlth September 1998. five rcad killcd Crelan beech (Kumerloeve, 1970). as well as of popularions.M.rrrer foiua nartens werefbund in thecoastal plain andin low hills ofthe more intermedia. livir,g in lran. Afghanistan. Kashnir. Tienshan. arid castcm part of the island. incuding ecobgically rather MongoliN and Chinese Turkestan (Hepiner & Naumov. 197,1). degradcd,and even suburban.habiiats. It is ooncludedthat the Njethamner & Niethanmer ( 1967)concluded thrt thepopulations Cretan beech manen is .rble to copc successfullywiih habitats on the AegaeanIs landsrepresenled x marginallydistdbuled relict createdby humaneconomic aclivilies. Manens ofthis population stock wilh Asian affinities. They should havc persined as insular do not avoid the proximity of human selllements.and may even isolatesfiom a period in eanh history whcn rl lex( the souihen prove synanthropic.fn any .^se, M. f bunitesr^,l,Ees through the Aegaeanislandarcwas a mountainouslandbridge connected with most widespread and exlcnsive habilat type of Crete, i.e. Asia Minor (and wifi mainlandGreece). The evolution on Crctc ovcrbrowsedphrygana. With less ceftainty. bu1still wilh some ofnot lessthan eighl subspeciesand one true speciesofendcmic plausibiliry. one could concludethat this subspeciesrs commoo. mamnals confirm the long standing isolalion of this island; geologicaldataagree (o suggeslthe int€nuplion ofa land connec Onc marten carcass was found on the road ftom Jeripetia tion wirh Asia already in pre Pleistocenetirnes (Sfikas, 1998). to Gorirniain the foothills offte Oris Thripiisrange.in a relatively However. the geologicalevidence dates the most rcccnl connec- well-wateredarea used by traditional Mediterraneanagricultur€ tion of the ancientsouthern Aegaean landrnass wilb Asia minor al (olive tree groves.orchards, rnd small fields surroundedby dry sone 5 million yeltrsbefore present (Jahn & Scnonfelde..1995). walls piled up fron loose stonet. The area was tralersed by a Suchan drly daleofinsular isolationis difficult to recon!ile wilh surnmer-drywatercourse fringed with giantreeds,and was dotted the divergenceofthe isolrled martenstock merely at the subspe' with singlefarmhouses.Thesecond manen hadbeen killed on the highway like nationalroadN 90 fron Agios Nikolaosto Hemklion, A modern revision ofthc geographicvariarion of ,trller /bt"d is unavailable(Heptner & Nruno!, 1974; Slubbe, 1993). Kumerloeve(1970) doubted if thc Aegrean. Turkish and south- * lynanthropic: liling in or nearhuman habitations, iogether with west Asian populalionswere subsp€cilicallydistinct at all. 20 .rt n)rne I krn SE ol Neapoli r('!n. This spccimen.like fie rhrrd graph. is said to be Jahn. R. & Schijnfelder. P. 1995. })kur.\ionsflorc fitr Krda. The\e c.rrcalles $ere seer while driving some 800 knr Eugen Ulmer, Sluttgrrt. thiolgh the easrcrnthird ol Crctc, i.c. lhc rcgion r)ughly hei*een Koller. O. 1928.Zur verbreirung lon M.rrnr,Ilallps. ZooL.A ... Ilcrdkh)n.Jcrll'crrr. and Sirir. However.!t least50'l.of this 75:l l,l. Ji\trncc wrs trrv.llcd on wirding rnd rlther narow and some Kumerloeve.H. 1970.Zur Kehlileck-Variabilitil bei tiirkischen Lrnr(! bump) nrountain rclds. vrnc of them without asthalt Steinmardern.M.ll/r.,J.lbina lF, teben.ttll). Sdug?ti?/k. .o\er. whererhe lo\\' mnxlorun driling spccdis bclicled to nrake Mir.. l8:278279. .olli\r)ns wiLhcrossing rnartcns unlik.ll. Not unexpectedly.all Niethan ner. G. & Niethamner. J. lt)61. Zt\t variabililat der .rrc.rsses of C.elan marleo\ land of donestic cals loo) werc Kch lrcichnungbeim Steinmtrrder.M.r//( '/orr..r (Err leben. ,,h.r\cd cxclusi!ely on ihe nlodernizednational foad N 90 rr the 1111). Z. Si.iusetie ., 32:185-19'7. rLirhem coaltal tlair and the adjacenrlow hills. or or irs najor Ondrias. J. C. 1965. Die SnugcriereGriechenlinds. -Sa!selte*. hrlnch to dre south coast c'ty of Jefipetra. Mit.. l3:1O9121. Schreiber.A.. wirth. R.. Riflel. M.. & Van Rompaey.H. 1989. Considering rhe state ol decomposilion in thc Crelan W?avk, .irctt, nong.osct, |nd th?ir tulati|es. An i.tion .uJrnrrerheal. nonc ol thc fivc nilrLcn\ is bcliclcd t() ha\e heen pldn for the ':onser|dtiott oI nust.litls and ,rerrids. . led mofe than a feu days. at nost. before theseobserratjons. IUCN, Cland. ..ir.l rhc bcst prcscrlcd. prcstrn bly trcshl) killcd specimenhad Sfikas.G. 1998.alr.t dnd nannals ol Crck'.Efrrarhiadi,sGto\tp, ...n collectcd by prsscrs bf withh r few hours of delectionhl ). ruthor. Onc might coDcludcthat ii\c dcNdCrctln martens Stubbe.\'1. 1993.M.rr?i rolrd Haus', Steinmarder.Pp.12l 119 ..fre\enr rhe nrinimum rratlic monaLU on lhe N 90 wnhin r ftw in M. Stubbcrnd F. Krapp...is. Hdndbuchdet Stiugetiere .r\ \ only. On tbis ()ad. bccch manenss,ere killed as comnronly Europu\. Banl 5. Icil 1. Aula'Verlag. Wiesbaden. . Nercdomestrc.als. \ errnern.O. \on. 1,,41Dre 5;uperrerqelr der qgitl l(b.r erner Rcli\ion des Rassenkreise!\on Erina(us cunpa s. N;tcl In his bookletalrdr dnd nannak oI c rct?.G. S]nkas Ann. Ndtuthin. lvus. Wien 52:245 218. L.)9il) presents r colour phoro showing the dorsaliur ol a Creran Zimmcnnann. K. 1952.Dic Crrnilorr von Krcrr. Z. Sausetierk.. r en. The bLickish-brownlegs ofrhis o(herwisebulT colourcd l7:5865. ,h\Fcies afe clearly evidenr. Stlkas (1998) does nor pro!ide '. rl.J J-r.r, nnrmJr.'n c\\. fj rct.,||rr :.!\c' ol Lhclocrl n ncn potulalion in the protecledSamada Zoologischeslnstitutl,UniversitiitHeidelberg, ,,rge Nalure Reser\e. ln anotherchapter, rhe Cretan manen is runr.ratcdamong other nranrmal!laid to have been decinated Im NeuenheirnerFeld, 230, '. rhe actire persecuriorof most wildlile specieson Crere. B\' D-69120Heidelberg, Germany ,rrrrnn.the endenric Creti brdger. M(le\ ,leles aft1nus. ot hi.h a moLroledspecinren is depictedby a good colour phoro- E-mail: [email protected] 2nd InternationalWildlife ManagementCongress lr. lrd lnlemationrlWildlile Man:rgenrentalongress: "Wildlite, For inlb.mrlion contNcl: .,, .nndPeople:PrioririeslbrrheIlsrCenlur),. willbcorganized Thc Wildlifc Soci€ty. Gijd,lll6.Hungary.:r dre Uoiversirr- ofAgnc'rltural Science! (19 5.110Grosvenor L!nc. Bcth.!d!. Marlhnd :081,1.USA '\ .'.r 'I ll,J,,l..r i.rn llne ) lul) o,., E mail: tws@-'wildliie.ors Http:/A!$ s.wildlite.org 2l How to identify mustelid tracks Vrdim E. SIDOROVICH Sriill ,n identilring rhe signs ol n'u\Lelidr.ririries is \er] or line aircd snow rrn orl differendy So. in pol.car (Fie. 6a) and irilorrrnr nr researchon rhe!€ species.II is especirUy importanr Io Eu.opernlri'rk (Fig.6b). rhc arc! of r loorPrinlit'llcd by rhcprinrs of r ie the di\tingui\hing fearure! of the n'uslelid rra.ks Io use rhele diSnaland interdigital pids) Iurs oul lo bc consdcmbl)ldrycr rhrn in 'lill\ ii !uv!r.king. for{irte.cdr$'s lnd durire !n} otb.fiicld$o* thc Ani.rican $i'rk (!ie 6cl. Al$, cllu print\ in p.lccat t.acksarc nn'c .ni)Led {hile rhs prin|sii n'inl f.cks (Fig.6l .re shorrerrnd nlidy nraighr.Anolhcr impoirnr tiarurc in thc tra.ts oJ min\ and ln rhi\ hrcfFper, desc.iplr{)nsol the di\tingui\hing liatues ol poleclri\ lhe *a! in $hich lixnpinL\ rre groupedin $en succesion rh. N\r .olrplicat.d siru.tiors ro ditcrcniialc mlsrclid t.acks such as (Frg t) Foottrint\ of theEtrnrpean nrint usurlll lie in pairs(Fig 7a) rhf'c ,,f l,uopcanmjfk. Ame.icanmink a.drolecrlor scasela.dsrout Nirhin the trns tuorpri.t! fe n'rinlt, locrlcd rl rn inclir.. The Jrc sr\cn rrknrg inro accounl!har the \imple \ituaLionsin idcnLiNing the Anericrn minlt'srrdil .oi\ists of |oorltriirsroups ofeilher tao o.fbur. Duncld rfucks.c.g. tracks ofoltcr and badger-bldger aid I'ne mancn hut I pa.Licula.rr!c[ p]rLerii\ nrinrunred1or r rarherlong disran.e ct r.c *cll Inosr Nl).co\er. slch previous kno*lcd8e is ea\il, got Oler r di\rure of l00 m ir \houldbe morerhan 80'7 of $e p.nicular lio rhe dan\ field gnides ..d lileranue or muslelid ecoloer. \.!.r p!ftcm of ibolprirt ercupire.$ hcrcasthc tn)N.hon oI t{os trrd |)urs rhelcn. rlpicrl piclurc\ of rhc tfacks oi Nll nNsrclkl spccic\ occumng ,. polccarnlct\ !ariesherseen lo rnd 60? (Fig.?.r. FootpriiL!ii Lhe in thc loresr rone oJ Eu.ol)e nre presenled(l-rgs. I lJ). gn)up!of rherfuil of rheAmeric.n niink .r. locltcd dr rn irclinc as in thetrack\ ol LheErn)pern rrink The lionl liotpriils in rheng.oups on Oue' rrlcks (l-ig l) rre ianly \pecilic. and ir is ea(l r,) r polecrasrail aremaiily locrledor r lin. {hich i\ pcfpcndicularro diflercnrirte rhen toii the rrd.[\ of riy orher multelid species.The] thednedion of lrorelrerr Snch. p.rrcmoftiotprnrt eroupnrgshould a.e 6.5'11.5 cm loi-{ b} 5.5-? cn wide for rhe hind footFinr rnd 5 5 9 berecorded in morerhar in 807 casesof r ]00 nr luil.In rui\ of nink b! 6 clr ld rhe fore foorprinr (adulrt. .nd polecars[id. un'alll \'!rics bct*ccn ](lto ialeragecr..10 cnr). lso-an inrponantltature ro \eprrrrelhe fack! ofnrnk ind polecati\ Radger Lra.li\ rre rlso \pecific (Fig. 2) rnd u\unllr .bout 6 cn' tbfl pole.drsiormrll) do norcrlch.quaric prcy ii lhc rir rcDrpcrlture lon.eby 5 cD \ride lor rhe hind foolprnrt drd lbour 6 br 5.5 cnr 1or rhc rire liorpdnr (adulrt. l here are very ldtg and solid .la$s. especiall! on the forepa{s. The tacks are brold in rchrion to lheir len8th dnd tI. foolprrn! ot iduh indi\ nlu!\ oi Lhesn'rLl n'u\Lelid\ (l'is. 8) are tbfc tbolpdnr is largcr rhrn thc hiNi loorprint smlllcr rh{n Lhelirnprint\ ol mink r.d polec.LSloar lracks a.e 2I5 cnrlo.S bt I .1'l 8 side tur Lhehind nxnpdil rrd 1.82 b\ aboul1.5 crn I. FLg\I 5.1hc nlncns-track\ re \hosn. In *rnter lhe Prne lor the inre liorp nr in rdulrs Rel.Iively slos speedmo!!ne. (oar! i en s loorprintsare larger thrn in rhe s.n! se.lonr usuallv 4.5 6 cll glve r'lils in rqos. 1,1l0 cm rp!n. A high \pceilbound c,cates a lrail loneb) 3.5.1cn wid. vcsu\.1 5 by I I5 cm. Thc si/c ofldult stone co.\i\ting ol JaotprinGrn !.roup\ol liur anh a srrideol 1070 crn mrflen tuoerinrsdoesnor ch..ge durine rbeyea., and lr is si'rihr ro rl. (!!cr!rc er.50 cml Wc!\cllr!.ts arel-1.7 rm krngbt rboutI cm :i/e ol Lheprne marten s laotprinL\ rn sundrer. ln $e $ side. Sfti.r foorprinrsafe 'ron ovdl. cspc.ialll the hi'rd one\. $hile is ini']y diificulr Io distineuishrb. tncks ofpinc madcn ifig. -ll lnd rhc lonpn.r! or ve!\els are neull r)und (l'ig 8a & b) We.sel raih sronc nrncn (li.g. 5)- shcrc!\ u\uall) Lhe.eis no problc t,) diflcren co.\i\t oi li)otprinGin groupsof r{o. !$rall} $ilh l2 .10cm bclwee. tidtc berseen them in *inter ln rhecold sea{)n. all lhe padsof the pine mtrnen a.e olergros. by hair. lherelore, insrerd of rhe normrl pxd prinN rheie are rhe l.rgef h.ir prinls {ilh underr cdecs (Fie. .1).f!,ny Thc ltoni |otprint\ ol thesrort \ fail ire nurnlr_loc.Ied ar.n oJien ir i\ in,possibler,) find any {,ch prims on rhe $inrer foorprinrsof i.cline. qhereasioorpfinrs lf pairr ol$clscl track\aru mainlt l)caled pinc m!trcns ln th. cold \€ason,lhe Lracksol \tone martensld)l like on r line *hich is perpendicularro rhednciion of nr)vcmcnl Some' rhc oncs in \unrnrcr (Fig. 51. Thc rclatilcly sl()w bounding grrr oi Limes.a tn,l mr.k is re.ofuledii rails of rbc rnrll mlslclids-shich raensgire! rnils in rvos.30 60onap.rt. Ahieh speedbound crcarcs look\ vcry diilircnt rn thc t.lcks 01slorl\ dd *ersels(Figs. 8c & d) - a I.!r1 dul consistsol ibolprirts in eroups ol eithcr 1so or lour $ilh ! rherail of lhe \l.dl is longerr.d sider rlnn a {.!s.1 s. II couldbe aho nideof5090.m Il a n'anenwilks, rhe lail consistsof scp!r!t. !n impondnllirturc b scparrlerhc lrack\ of the lMll mustelids. liiorprinrs locared on fie li.e oi ltoveDent sift r sridc of 5 10 lnr Srdr. mancni $rlk morc ol1cn than fine m!tuns. Also. lhe llpe of Somedifti.ulties nia\ arir io dinireui\hin8 rrler\ of ltmrle hrbilrr crn indicrre LheDrne. specieswhose r.cks are obsetaedthcrc nrin\ andborh rcrc\ ol slort, r\ scll r\ Ilmdle polecrr.nd bo$ sexe\ \o.null\. In thc tcmpcrlte tnre\t rone. ne mdens inhrbiL loresl ofnoar. lhe appearanceoirhe p.d frint\ lFig\ 6 & 8) lnd theloorprinr *hcr.a\ \rofc nrarlcn\ onl! live in ope. landsrapes,especirllt in rnd linn (tuorpriirsof lrink ord sroatia\c !n olal 1n.nr,Nhrie polccar firnd !illages. Neverrheless.i]r mainly open.ncf vllteys. liagncnrcd nrc\\ arc u,nde,l cln be u\elnl lor rl'i\ tn qinrer rheuse of aquatic troods .nd parks. fie l.lcks of both nutlcn spccicsndy bc obscNcd. cnlironnrenhro catchprer i\. good enouehiillLu. Io dcntily $. Footpriils ofadulr mink (Fig. 6b & c) havelcss srz. thin nlncn li)orprints un,ally :l .1..1.m long bv 2 2.6 cn {'id.. Altbou.sh thc European nlnk is chatunc|izcd br a rmallcr {7e than the Amcricrn I anr !tulelLn i) Dr W Jedr/€jes\L, to' his nschl .ommcna abod m,nk, both minl specieshrle neady equal foorpri.r sizes shich tuc recogniion of\m!ll mu{clrd txct\ xn,t !r S.r!.iSalul sho also trclpedro drte .nl).llhl) J l "rcrr'' flJ|" .'J.m,.. P.,...il."ipnr. Irr.... Fig: | 3 rln'unrhd rrrL\dd trik. lrc r)undcr: u\uallt 1.5-l8 cnr long b! 2 1.6 wide. The.e rre se\eral idportanr fe.rures of rhe lborpdnrs thlt alb$ idcnriilcrtiof when Institute of Zoology, exaniniig the pads in dr. l.ct ofbolh mink spccicsand lhe polecal. il NationalAcademy ofSciences of Belarus, easily crn be ioticed IhiI the Eurcpern mink and polecirc hrlc relili\ ell largepads. \rhile rhe Alrcrican nink has consid.mbl! $nlucr The VertebratePredation Unit, oncs.Thc dillcrcnccs !,e pan,cula.ly conrincing $hen indi\iduals iirh AcademicheskayaStreet, 27, Minsk -220072,Relarus apprcxinxLely equrl dinensions and *eighls..e examined.Duc ro tbc \pecilic characterol fte loot \ conjrucliod. dren tacls od sofr soDd E-mail: mustbel@ mustbel.belpak.minsk.by 22 (ht.t.lootptuxs Fig. |. triRht=ti'!ht hin.lpar. ttti= ri?ti f.)r.rJa\ ) FiE.). tia.lgcr Joatrinn (tishl=risht hindtlatt, t.!i=ri\ht tt,.rd\ t 2l Ft!.3. Li)trtprintsol pi,rc nnt1.n i th( nnrn i.trro, tright=right huLdpd\, l4i= irhttorcttd\) .l Fig 1. Foonints oJin. nunen in *i 1(r (right= right hnitipdi, l(ft= riqli forepar) lii'i.ji- FiE.5. Footptintsol sttrle,tdrt.r ltiSht= ri8hl hindpar. a b flm c i> F)8.6 (a) Footrints pole&t, (.) of lb) L.urcpednmink, An?rican nink (right=risht hit.tpdjt. teft=tisht Ioftpa, a b c Fig.1. Tfpi.al trails of(a) Europeannink, (b) Aneti.in nink, (t) pole&l 26 ,ffi l; ,ris$l ft ". .:$ t .- -r' liacks of smal nuneli.ls: (a) stoot lbatprtnts, (h) \|easeL footptintt (above=tisht lorc pan, be lov= risht hindpaw ), ( c) ta(k Btoup of weasel, ( tt ) tack gtoup of stoat lSth Mustelid Colloquium,16-19 September 1999, Schloss Zeillern, Austria Thisycar the Auslrians are organizing the mustelidcollo- Languages .m. The 1999program will presentcontibutions from the German and English (translationnot prolided) letield ofinvestigations on muslelids(morphology, genetics. .rology.ethology. ecobgy. hunling and rapping...)-Oral ..nrarionsshould deal wiih plannedprojects or "work in Accommodation :re\i: posiersshould present already finished studies. ln the convenlioncenter or a nearbyguesthouse. Singl€, doubleor tbree-bedrooms (all with showerand WC). Fult In roundtables and a plannedpanel discussion there will board(with a choicefrorn threemenus). . rrphasison fte topic "do our resultshave any intluen.eon .LJtlonor the prlcticc of coDservationand hunting". Expected costs "All inclusive"(conftrence fee.3 nights accommodation As an excursiona hike acrossrolling rneadowswith includingfull board.welcome and farewell pany, excursions) ..trdsof old appletrees in the adjacent'cider country"(a approx.ATS 2.100/ DM 300or EUR 155. ...,' Jnd'are rlpe ol landscapelli' planned. Conferencefee only = ATS 500,DM 70. EUR 40. :trtes Pre-registration ..pt 16rWclcome reception Before15 March. .Jpr 17:Scient;fic program \.tt lli: Scientificprogran, ercursion and farewell meeting ..pr l9: Conclusions.depa(urc. For further information contact Dr. JohannaSieber,KLIW Sxvoyensrasseia. A-l l60Wien. .ration Austria. Tel: +,llI ,18621 21. Fax:+431 486 21 21 28 ,)n\entioncenter "Schoss Zeillern ' E-mail: [email protected] 21 The colonisation by badgers (Mele mele) of Coney Island, Co Sligo, Ireland PaddySLEEMAN, David O'LEARY', andRobert CUSSEN Introduction Colonisation is .r key element in undcrsrandingwild mamrnalpopularions. lhc trocess ofcolonisatn)nby namnals of these islands (Bfitain & Ireland). in generrl. and lfeland in particular. hrs been fie subject of much debate (e.8.. :j:::i Yalden1982. Slecman er al.. 1986).One of the problcmsis that it is not possibleio re-createthe prst. However observrtions *....- crn be made on colonisationas it occurs lti "".:o'f todry. An exanple is thc colonisationof t";#,rfa I Coney lsland. Co. Sligo. by badgers. \O;,f'',1 -l nae<,r''""": which hasbeenobservedby residents and process of i- the island. The @' hunters on colonisation. of recolonisation. in this speciesis ofcentral imponanceto strate gic planning of tuberculosiscontrol (Cheeseman./ dl., 1993) both in Ircland and Britain. Il may also be rclcvanl to ittenptstore inroducebadgersrndolher The island Coney Island lies in Sligo Bay in NonhWestlreland(Fig. l).ll is connected to the mainland by a 2.5 km causeway which i s exposedat k)w tide.There are I 4 stonepillrrs that mark the cruseway.The islandn 1.6km'( 197acres). ibe.e,s a !ilhge al the nofthcm end wilh only onc rcsident fanrily, most of the islandcrs having left in thc 1950 s. The rc( ofthe nofthcm halfofthe ishnd is pastureand the i)uthern half is sand dune. known ,ta, locally as thc banks where rabbits are regulafly hunted. The island s badgers o, have been noted lbr rnany years hy both residentsand huntcrs.and some who are Fig. I Coneylsland We beganto study the populat'on in ]997. we haveeslablished territories by feedingplaslic pellets Chair, an unusual rock tbrmalion found on the illand, today and peanurs.and population density by crprure recaptureand known as Elder se(. lt is of intercst that theselwo setts.which direcl enuneration.The badge$ on the island aresmallcr. both in werc the firsr notedto be occupiedare the only two permanenlly length md weight, thxn badger! found on the Inainland,and all. occufied mrin setlsonthe idand today.and theonly No atwhich excepl one. have whire noses(Fig. 2). breedingoccurs at regularly. Settsto the crst: Johnsand School, wcre occupied in or around 1985. as were setts to fie west: Donnans and Pump (Fig. l). Finally it is only in the last three Colonisation 'bankJ. ycrrs (cilca 1996)thrl badgeractivity beennoled on the Two brdgers wefe seenby Mr. Frank Carteroo a moon lit the sanddune area al rhesoulhem cnd of the illand The totaladult night crossinglhe crusewayin or a.ound 197L After this x badger badgcr population of the Island hday is estimated x1 lwenty serrwas noted near the Lalke,this today know as Bishop's setl individuals. Most of thcse (17) occur in the northern hllf oi the (Fig.1).Cubswerenoredplaying]tthissettinthe 1980'sbylocal island,oDly 3 adultsare rcsident in the dunes.lf the densily of the residents. The next sett lo be occupied wls near St Patrick s northernhalf is takenalone. it is approximately I 7 adultsper k m'. 28 Discussion Acknowl€dgements It would appexr likely that badgerswere presenton thc We wish io thank ProfessorMairc F. Mulcahy for \lrgo coast in sufficient numbersin rhe late 1970'sto causethis encouragementand slxffof rhe lrish DepartrnentofAgriculture in ,,lonisarion.This. and the iow hunan populationdensily on rhe paticuiar Michael Shcridan dnd lain O'Boylc lor all sons of .l,rnd. must hrvc prompted the colonisation. Badgers are nor assistance.Also SandrineLesellier. Angela Southeyand several 'tr'!iously recordedon Nny Irish islandsor in rreas ot' sanddunc memhers of Sligo Dislrict Veterinary office. in paflicular Jim \i l-alnhna. 1979i Feore. 1994: Smrl, 1995 ). Such island Foley fo. sterling suppon and cheertul assistance.Also John, ,,puiationshold considerablepronisc forstudiesofrhis specjes, MargaretMccowen and fanily for much supporlwhile we areon .pe!iauy in attemptsro vaccinatebadgers against bovine tuber- rhe island, and Don Cotlo. for guiddnce. ,rlosis.It also showsthat it takesa long time to colonisexn i]rca. panicular poor habirat such as sand dune. which it to)k References t\proximately18 yedrs for the badgcrsro occupy (Fig. l). Cheeseman.C.L, Mallinson,P. J.. Ryan.J. & Wilesmith,J.w. Our knowlcdgeof how badgersreacr ro variouslandscapcs 1993. Recolonisrtion by badgersin clouccsrershire.ln . largely speculative(Harris & Wollard 1990).Howcvcrthere is The Badg?r, ed. T.l. Hayden. Dublin: Royal lrjsh Acad i0ch publishcd material whjch gives opinions. on for erampte f$ rapidly badgerscolo.ise. or how rhey are .tssumedro have Feorc.S.M. 1994. ft. /tstribution auJ abundanceof the ba.lgel 'r.n 'religlon' introduced.b] man to Ireland.due k) for cxample Meks neLe! L. in Nofthen lreland. Ph.D ihesis,Queens I \rch & Hrlden 1993j Lynch 1994, Lynch pers.conm.). Il is University, Belfast. .rr fron this exurple that badgerscan crxs tidal strerchesof Hanis. S. & wollffd, T- 1990. The disp€rsal of rnammals in . rtre to coloniseislands and rhis makesir more likely that they agricultural habitrts iD Britain. ln Speci?sdispersal in '. 'nalural a native member of thc l.i!,h fauna. aEicultunl habitats. eds. R. c. H. Bunce and D. C. Howard. London: Belhaver. Lynch, J. M. 1994.Mo.phometric !'ffiarioD in the badeer(Meles ,zel"r): Clinal variation in cranial siTe and shapeacross Eurasia.5)n ll Cdrnirore Conserr., 10.6-1. Lynch. J.M. & Hayden.T. J. 1993.Multivariate morphomerics and thc btugeographyoflrish mustelids.In aiogeograpr_L of helanti; pdst presentad rllru. No 2: 25,34. eds M. J. Costello and K. S. Kelly. Ni Lamhna. E. 1919.Provisional distribution itLts of Anphib- ians, Reptilesuntl Manhdk /n.lr.ldrd. Dublin: An Foras Sleeman,D. P.. Devoy. R. J.. & Woodman, P.C..eds. 1986.Thc Posrglacialcolon isation co fierence. Ocasional Publ. I rish Bioseogrcph. sbc. Numb. L Smal. C. M. 1995. Thc badger anl huhitat sun1. D\tblin: Govcmment Publications. Yilden, D.W. 1982.when did thc mammal fauna of lhe Brilish Isles anive? M.rrrm R"r., l2:l 57 Departmentof Zoologyand Animal Ecology, UniversilyCollege, Cork, lreland 'Departmentof Biochemistry, 1 \vhit?.nowli bo.lser found .lead on pasture UniversityCollege, Cork, Ireland, Rooker'sbadser blunder .\\on, T. I 999.Rooker's badger blunder. aac wildly';,17(2):3 L The killing had beeunin Devon lhar very day, with dozens of badgersbeing trappedin cagesand shot through the head.But Agricultureminister (UK) Jcff Rookerdid not know the Rookerpromprly decidedtocany on culling becaulethe conven- ller wasa proLcctedspecies in Europcwhen he approveda tior is nol legally binding .renriliccull, ofup |o 20,000of thelnlasi year. Jusl a month -r. Britainalone absmined from suppoting a morionat the Bem High lcvelsources repon ftrr MinistryofAgriculnue (MAFF) n\cntjons annualstanding committee meeting. calling on rhe officialsregard the wildliL con,ren n Ns 29 Notice of Euplars goudotii in the rainforest of southeastem lvladagascar. LukeDOLLAR vorcpopulalions within Ranomafana National Park (RNP). Two oihersightings have been reported tu the Park(Fig. 2), whena visitorbrieflyvideotaped a ianabuc near the Talatakely Research Stationin December.l99l (Chapple.pers. obs.) and when a primateresearcher encountered one individualrunning along a trail southol thc Vatoharananaresearch site in Junc 1998(8. Erha.t.pers. comm.). RNPoonsists of41,000 hectares ofsubmontane rainforest rangingin altitudeliom 500,1500n(Wright "r aa. 1997).Only one event involvingEupleres occt.I c.l during a multiple-sile camivoretrapping proiecl in RNP (Dollar "r dl., in prep).A tanaloucpassed rhrough aT.ailmaster TMl500 active-bearntrail monitorequipped with a TM 35camera assembly al23.28 hours onJuly 23. 1997.This event occuned on a trailwithin the norrhem poriionof RNP'SVaNhdrunana region (Fig. 2). Elevaltunofthe site is 1.043m and annualrainfail j! approximately2,500 rnm (Overdor , 1988).This reponprovides ihe iirsl publishedevi- Fig. L Phototrap image of Euplercs goudotii rcar ttr€ Varoharananr denceof rrpl?fes in RanomafanaNational Park, a newconfirmed latellite camp area of RanomafanaNational Park, June I 997 locattunfor the sp€cies. The camivoresof Mad.galcar display a particularly high HereIJJJrc\. rhreequenron. rega'ding thc behu\iorJ degree of endcmism among nodem taxlt as seven of its eighr ecologl,of t"?lpres dnectlyrelating 1o fanabuc social behavior camlvoran g€nerahave no e)(tantrepresentatives anywherc else ands€asonal aclivity pattems. Firsi. the fanalouc has been said ro in lhe world. Despitetheir uniqueecologies andenigmaric €volu- live eitheralone lMacdonald, 1984) or in familygmups (Nowak Iionary hishries. Madagascar's€amivores have been the subject erdl., I 983).This pho(ocapture involving j ustone individual mry ofrelati!ely few field siudiesand thereis apaucity ofdara on their indicatethat a solitarylifestlle couldbe mo.e likely in t"pl"/er- current dislributions, abundances.and behavbral ecologies. Thisidea is supponedby a recenlsighting recorded by coodman (1996) in the rclatively nearby RdserveNaiurelle Int6grale The Fanalouc.Eupleres goudotii, has been ranked a top d'Andringitraand by bothsighrings of trple'€r in RNP. conservatronpriority amongthe Malagasycamivores and is listed "endangered" as by the IUCN (1996). Although distribured Second,,tlpler€r hasbeen said to adhereto a nocturnal widely in Mad,gascar.there is no localiiy where the fanalouc is aclivilycycle(Albignac.1974). However, rhe l99l viedorecording believed lo be abundant(Albignac. 1973). In additrcn to being andthe 1998sighting of activefanaloucs occuned afte. 10.30 and actively hunted 1br its mcat by humans(Albignac. 198,1).other l2.00hoursrespectively, well afte.dawn.This may indicale that reasonsfor the fanalouc's rariiy may include predationby dogs the activitycycle of rhefanalouc rnighr be rnorecathemeral or and competition with the non-endernic Smrll Indian civer. non periodspecific in nature:like thal of otherMalagasy carni- Viw rricula indica ( Albigntc, 1973). vorcs (e.9.,Cryptoprocta F/or Dollar. in review)previously thoughtto adhereto crepuscularor nocturnalaciivity cycles. Gresory & Hellmrn (1919)suggested placing the lanabuc 'n its own fanily. Euple.idae, based on denial and skeletal Third.although thefanalouc has been known to storeup to autapomorphies,but it is now generallyallied with the vivenids 800g of lat in its mil duringthe cold wintermonths from July- owinS 1o similar auditory characleristics(Wozencraft, 1989). August,it may not usethese reserves 1() hibemate during this Wi(hin the Vivenidae. f,lplel"s had previously be€nassigned to p€riod(Albignac. 1973). Rather, it seemsthrl lhis fat helpsthem the subfamily Hemigalinae (Anderson sr al., 1984) bascd on survivea periodin whichtheirprimary food source, earthworms, denlal characters(Ewer. 1973), but it is now assignediis own is scarce(Albignac. 1984). The July 1997photo capture event srbfamily, Euplerinae, by Woz€ncraft (1989) and others (e.g., and June 1998 sighdng lend supportto the non-hibemaiion MacDonald, 1984). Two distinct populations,possibly subspe hypothesisof fanaloucactivity patterns. cies. have been not€d w;thin the genus E'lpleldr. These are. Euplercs gou.lotii godorit inhabiting eastern coastal regions. Acknowl€dgements rainforestsand marshes.and Euplercssoudotii major;nhabiriry Invrluablelogistical help and field assislanccwas facili- undisturbedforests and wedands in nofthwestem Madagascar tatedby the lnsiituiefor ihe Conscrvalionof TropicalEnviron- (Albignac, 1973). ments(United States and Madagascar).A. Dunham,E. Erhart, and D. Simberloffcomrnented on efilier draftsof this report. A single Eupler"s specimenwas photographedby acame Fundingwas providedby the DouroucouliFoundation and the ra trap (Fig. l) during a 1997cnmivore trapping survey conductcd Ca.nivoreConservation and Research Trust. DUrc publication lo dctermjnethe density. diversiry, and abundanceof rhe carni number681. 30 Albignac.R. 198.1.The C.ffiiyorc,,.In Ker EnrironnentsMadt gdr.da €d.A. Jolly,P. Oberle,and R. Albignac.IUCN & PergamonPress. Oxford. Dollar,L. J. 1999.Preliminary r€pon on thestatus, activitycycle, dndranging of Crylrr,rro.rdf"rdr in theMalagasy rainfor, est;with implicationsfbr co er!^tion.SnaU Camircrc Consen,.,2O:1-t0. Dollar,L. J.& Dunham.A. E.lnpr€p.Systenaticmark recapture surveyof carnivorepopulations in RanornafanaNational Park, Madagascar. Ewe\ R. l9'73. TheCarnirrrer. Comell Univ. Press,Ithaca, NY. Goodman,S.M. 1996.A floraland faunal inventory of theeastern slopesof the RiserveNalurelle Inldgrale d'And.ingitra. Madagascarwith referenceto elevaiionalvarialion. Fie ldiana Zoo 1., 85 :298 -292. Gregory.w. K. & Hellman,M. 1939.On theevolution and major classificationof the civets(Viverridae) and allied fossil andrece.l CamivorarPhylogenetic study ofthe skulland .left;rnrn.Proc. An?r. Phildr. So.., 8l:309-392. MacDonald,D. 1984.Civets and Genets. lnThe Encyclopediaof Mammals.136 145.Equinox. Oxford. Nowat R. M. & Paradiso.J. L. 1983.walket s nunnuts o1the ' worl.l, lth e.lition.The JohnHopkins University Press. Baltimoreand London. Overdorff.D.J. 1988.Preliminaryrepo on the activity cycle and -!.2.Map of RanomafanaNational Park with the southern dietof thered-bellied lernv (Lenw tubrivnter)ii Mada- pa.cel enlarged to show t,z?"fes sighling locations gas.aLAneL J. Pindtol.. l6tl43 153. (* Tahtakely ResearchSlation: l. VatohaftnanaSatellite Wozencrati.W. C. 1989.The phylogeny ofrhe recentCarnivora. CarnptI tzt'ler€r Sighting Locations) l. Caniwre behaio\ ecolosy,an l ewlution,e<1. L L. Gitdeman,279-349. Chapman & Hall, London. Wnght P.C.. Hecksher.K. & Dunham,A. E- 1997.Predalion on inderson,S. & Jones,J. K.1984. Onlets and Janilies oJ rcrcnt Milne-Edtlard'sSifaka (Pnpithecus diadema e.l\ra si) nannals of the worl.l. JohnWiley and Sons,Toronkr. by the foss! (Crrptoptocta feror) in the rain forest of \lbignrc. R. 1973.Farn? ds Madagasu. VoL 36. Mannijares southeastcmMadagascar. Folia Prinatol., 68.31-43. .zrntyol"r. ORSTOM-CNRS. Paris et Antananarivo. .lhignac. R. 1974. Obserlations dco 6thologiquessur le genre Duke University Primate Center, flpler"s, vivenidd de Madagzsc^t. Tefte y ie 28:321-351 . 2705Old Erwin Road,Durham, NC 27705,USA 8th International African Small Mammal Symposium Thenexl lntcmrtional Symposium on African Small Mam An internet siie is available ar: rl! will beorg.nized in Paris,at th€ auditoriumof lhe G/dnd€ hnp://www.mnhn-ti/meo/asm/and all information requestscan ,tl.ie d€I'EroLution ofthe Musdenational d'histoire n urellc, be made via E-mail at: [email protected] -rseenthe 4th and9tb ofJuly, 1999. Fa\ or rcgular nail to: Chtistiane D?nJs or laurcnt The deadlinefbr receiptof registration,communication Gtunjon, Iaborutone nanniftrc, & ois?aw, MNHN, 55, ne lposals andregistration ndr the lst of March 1999. Bul.Jon,75005 Puris, Frun.e. |'a\: +33(0) I 10 79 30 6.1 4th International Conferenceon Environmental Enrichment The 4th InternationalConference on Environnenlal En- workshops.posters. and discussions.Everyone involved in en .hmenlwillbeheldin Edinburgh,Scotl.nd frcm 29 August- 3 Sep- riching the Iives ofcaptive animals.ihrough their theorelicaland/ TI.€al 999. The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland will host the or practical work, is welcomc ro attend. {rterence, which will take place at the Univenity of Edinburgh. Futther infomation: Ihe main aim ofthis conferenc€is 1oprovide a forum for Conleftn e Lt1., l'R Rrotshtoh Steet lt1ne, LAinburgh EHI 3Ly, ,.ussion betweenthe theory-basedscientist and the practical Scotlan.l.Tel. 44 (0) l3l 556 9215. FtLt. 11 (O) 13l 556 963u. -plication of the zookeeper.There will be oral presenlations, E nail: [email protected] ll Black-footedferret reproductionand reintroductionin 1998 The black-fboted fetTet(ttlustcla ,isr?.r) of the Grert now hls sufficicnrcapacity toprecondition all ferretstargetedfor Plainsof Nortb Anrerica.ras thoughl to bc cxtinct in lhe 1970's. A snlall populationwas discoverednear Meteetsee, wyoming in 1981. Four yeals later, this populatlon succumbed to canine News rcgarding lerret production in the wild in 1998 are distemperand sylvatic plague.In an effon to sa!'c the species,1lt also highly encouraging.Of 56 aduk fencts (25.26. 5 sex unde- surviving wild black-footed feffets (ferrets) were captured 1() lcnnined) found during spring surveys in South Dakota, more initiatc r captive breeding program. Propagationeffons h.rve rhan 60 k;ts hale bcen obierted. Of 25 adults(5.20) locatedlast bccn successl-uland. 1()date. more than 2600 kits have beenborn spring in Montana.at leasl 35 difterent kits have been detected. in captilny. Presendy.there are sevenfaciUties involved in an So tar. iI appearsftat litler size! are al$ lNrgerthrn pasl years. sSP program.The ferrei SSPreached its geneticanddemographic Betweenbolh SoulhDakola andMontdna over l0 litters irndmorc goalsin l996. and it now rnanages240 (90.150= 90 male and 150 than 100 wild bom young may brve been producedin 1998. fcmale)brecders. Ferrers in excessofSSP needsare available for reintroduction inlo suitable hNbitats. Significant progres! in the rrca ol on-sire breeding was also achieved this past spfinS in Arirona. In rddition to the 1998Recovery update brcedingsuccess experienced ar SSPfacilities. the ArizonaCanc and Fish Departneot produced26 kits (of which 18 survived)in In 1998,the productionof black footed ferrets from Spe 1998.This marks ihe first time that fcrcN were producedin on- cies SurvivxlPlan (SSP)crpiive breedinghcilties (six zoos and lite pens al irn cxisting reintroductionarca. A ponion of thc kits one governnenr breedingc€nter) far surpassedallp.evious yea.s will be releasedfrom their pensdirectly to rhc wild while others with a total of 425 bom and 32I fenet kils surviving ai the time willbe retainedfor future breedingeffolls. of final allocation for field and caplive bEeding ettbrts. The largest contribution of ferets camc from the U.S. Fish and Although field surlcys and reintroductioneftbns ate still wildlite Service s, Nalionll Black-fooled Fenet Conservation o.goingatthctimc of thisrepon,1998can beconsideredto bethe Centerwhe.e249 kits wercborn and 191have survived.Remark mosrsucccssful yearin lhe history oftheferret recove.yprogrrm. able productionwas also expe.ienceda1fic PhoenixZoo and the Considering all the black fu)ted tenets reinlroduced in 1998. Toronto Zoo. Higher birth rrtes resulted,in largepart, lrom the thercare prcscntly more terrelsir the wild that thereare in theSSP discovery by the ConservationReseffch Cente. of thc Nrlionxl cnptive breeding program. Capti!e brceding and reintroduction Zoo of a principal causeoffalse pregnancyin ferretsrr problcm cnpabiliiiescontinue to steadilyimpro!c. However,liltl€ progress thar has long affected captive breeding effofts (Howard et dl.. has been accomplishedto ensurerhc proteclion of prairie dog 1998:wolf.r al.. 1998).ln 1998.thc dcleclion ofxspernic nales habitat.tlree.osystem upon which black-fbotedlenets depend.A via elect.oejaculatbn dccrcasedthe number of pseudopreSnant re.ent elaluation by the Serviceindicated thalonly ten silcscxist fenales at FCC by 20%. This techniquewiil be implementedas in all of Nonh Amcricr ihat heve prairie dog complexes of a prognm widc mrnagement tool at SSP faciiities stating in suiiicjenl size and density to support viablc ierrel populations. 1999. lhe m,^r ',rmi,llhh (h:lllenpeno$ tacrnr teler rer'afr) i' wbethersuiiahle prlirie dog habilatcan be securedto achievethe A total of 2l? kirs wcrc xllocxted fbr reintroductionand ob.jectivesof cst.rblishingmultiple. self sust{ining fcr.et field brccdins progitrns in 1998. Ninety'four (59.35) terer kits populadonsin the wild. were provided to the Conata Basin/Brdhnds N.rtional Park re- iniroducrionarea in Soulh Dakota.Sevenly selen icncl kits trere Refcr€nces allocatedtotwo separatcrulcascsiles on a Montanaexperimental BiggiN. D.. Codbcy,J., Haneburt.L.. Marinari.P.. Mltchclt R., & reintroduction rrcar 55 kirs (35.20) to the Ft. Belknap Indian va.gd\. A. 1998.Snnilal of Black f@ted FireLs ./. willl. Manae... 61:613653. Reservationand 12 kits (l1.1 I ) to theCharles M. RussellNational Anderson. wildlife Refuge.Finally,29 kirs (18.11)were serl to AriTona. Howard,J C.. woll. K. N.. Mrnndi. P. E.. Krccecr-J. 5 , T. R.. Vargxs.A. & Wildl, D. Il 1998.Delayed onsel ol sperm someofwhich havebeen released while so'nehave been rctaincd productionin l-year old malebhck fooredfcrcts. Pro. .to.. ior on-sire breeding effol1s in 1999. Ferers rre also being Stud\Rerrot1.. suprl.,58: 121. (,1.3) providcd ro lwo new field breedingprojects. Seven kits will Vareas,A.. Lockn!fl.M.- Marinari, P. & Gober.P. 1996.Thc Rciniroduc- be transfeffedto a New Mcxico breediogfacilily corstructed by rtunP.oce$ Blacktbolcd fcrc1s a\ aCrseStudy. Pp.829 814 theTurner EndangeredSpecies Fund: and l0 kits (5.5) willbc sent nr hoccedings:American Zoo and Aqulfium Associ!tbnwest- ro a breedingtrojecton rn experimentalreintroduction area in the em ReelonalConbrence, Md! 15 19.1996, Denvct. Coloado. Colorado-Umh border. Wolf. K. N.. wildt, D E., vargas.A.. M.rinari- P.. william{rn- l-., Otlingcr.M. A. & Howdd. J. G. 1998 CompR)mnedrepn)duc- As was rhecase lastyea.. allfenet kitsdcstincd ibrrelease riveefficiency in malcBlack-tuoted taren. J. Anl.,l.s-t 1998 "prccondi(ioning in rhe wild in 1998 have received adequlte : SuPPl.:4'r. extendedexposurc lo ouldoor pens that have naturalisticprairie dog bunows. rnd in which developingkits a.e cxposcd1(] prairie Astrid Vargas,Mike Lockhart, Paul Marinari (Vargas dog prey er d1.. 1996). Preconditioning significantl] and PeteGober enhancesthe survivrlof icrrersreleasedto the wild (Biggins d.1.. 1998).with conslrucrionof 24 on-site preconditioningpcns by NationalBlack-footed Ferret ConservationCenter lhe ForestService in South Dakotair 1997.thc nalional program 410Grand Ave.,ste 315, Laramie WY 82070,USA 32 Age dynamics in body weight and physiological indices in somerrustelid species(Mustelidae) l.L. TUMANOVand E.A. SORINA The study of adaptive reactions, which show differenr In this paper data on age dynamics in body weighr and ..ls of inlensity in different systems of organs. gives rhe ecobgical physiologicalindices are generalisedbased on obser ,.\ibillly 1() reveal the combined, compensarorycharacter of vations madc on cubs of various mustelid speciesduring ihe \. reactions, and xlro provides gcneral direcrions for rhe summer se.$onsof 1975 I 986. Most of the resear.h was under :\elopment ol neasures lbr providing a srable Dumber ol takenat the experimenlalstarjonolthe BiologicNl Insrituleofthc -,,nomically valuable animals when environmenralconditions Sibcrian l)epartmentofthe AcademyofScienccs ofrhe USSR in 'r.ursc. Definition offie confidencelimirs ofecologicnl physio theyears 1975. 1976,and1979. with the dired paflicipationof D. ,r'crl pamneters in thcse allows us to usethe daia obrainedas V. Ter.olsky dnd Yu. G. Temoyskaya-scientists specialising in Jrcesofthe rnimals normal srate,and this needsto be conside- the captivebreeding ofsnall musteUds;the authorsexpress rheir J in the industnal"breeding offurunimals, especiallymusielids. sincerethanks to rhesescientisrs. Besides, thi\ papercontain s drla obtained ar ihe vivariun of thc West Department ol VNII of Thennometrical dNta, fesearch on her( aDd resp;rtion Huming Economy and Fur Fam. r.!. have an imponrnt place in the asscssmentof the tuncrional ndrtbn ofyoung animals.They do nor only define compcnsa Torally I l3 cubsofdiffcrent iex and agewere considered. r\ possibilities. but can also indicare energeric metabotism These included young Europcd mll*i{. Mustela luteoLa (L.. ,lrnsoD& cessaman, 1973i Pauls. 1980: Sokolov er dl., 198,1: I761) (20 males.l4lemrlet. Europeanpolecals,,'l-l. putoriusL., . ,lolov, 1990) lnformrlion on age-basedchanges in rhe main 1758(l I rnales.ll females)and Steppepolecars, M rf.rundrt r\ 'ioiogical prrametersin reprcsentativesof naruratpopulations Lcsson. 1827 (11 mNles. l.l females).For comparisonwe used \nnl1mustelidspeciesishighlyfragnlentary,however(Slonin. original d?taon developmentofsome physjologicalfuncrions in ,il: Ilcrsen. 1972:T rnrnov & Levin, l97,li Segat,1975r cubsof Ferre{s.M. prlorilrl".o L.. 1758( ll males,l0 fcmnles). ,\ey & Crsey. 11)79:Tumanov ?/ a/.. 1982).This facr can be Pine tnarten,ir'drkJ 'drler L.. 1758 (:t males, 2 females, and ,plained b) thc species n ural rarity, and rhc difficulries Snble.M..ibellinaL.,1758 (l nale. I ltm!lc). Therotal nnrnbcr \olved in the caprure. maintenanceand caprile breeding ot of adull animals fron which certain physiological parameters ha\'e bcen taken. are prcsentedin ihe correspondingtables. ! l'2 ' J; r5 '-T:1 "l Oailyr?i! galn: Fig l.49. changosin bodyweigft and daily weight grin A - in Fig. 2. Ag. chang€ in bodywlighr dd drity sebln gainA - in Eurcp.anand B - in n.ppe polectts Europ..nnint.ndB.hturo 3l The..ubsbom in caplivitywere weighed a( an inGrvalof One-dayold cubs of Steppeand Europeanpolecats weigh file days.dnd their body temperaturc \{'as measurcd, and pulse. on average8.0 9.5 g, Europeanmink and feffet weigh 9.0 ll.8 g. nspirationand electrocardiogram (ECG) were registered. At first alld sableand manen weigh 2.7 2.9 g. By the end of the second thcy wereweighed on pharmaceuti€alscales, then on technical week the body weight of lhe Europ€annink and Europeanand scrles.In order to obtaincomparaiive data. all measurementsStepp€polecats was mo.e than 7.3 8.6 tines the body weight of wcreconducled in themoming hours and during the same period one-dayold cubs. and in the feret, mancn. and sableit was 6.3 ' in May-July. Body temperalurewas measuredrectally by medicat In the smallestrepreseniatives ofMustelidae onc day old electrolhermometer(TEMP-60). environnent temperature was nale and fenale cubs of the Least weasel, Stoai, and Alpine 22 26'C. For ECG recordsand heart rate registrationa one- weaselcannot be differentiatedby body weigbt (Tumanov er aL, channelink wrilingelectrocardiograph (ELKAR-6) with "cutf - 1982). ln conlrasl. male polecats and mink of this age ,re tlp. lamellarelectrodes was used.ECG measurementswere noliceably bigger than femaler, although this difference is nol JUndu(redrn ,randdrdexcur.ron. trom lhe errremrue\ Jr r upe always essential.The .eliable differencesliom ihis tesr can b€ mechanisrnveloci(y of 50 mdsec and an apparatusworking tracedvery early - ar l0 l2 daysofage. whilst in small mustelids regine of I mV=10 IIun. While decipheringECG (in ftc 2nd ir is at the end of the first month of age (when their eyes open). ex!.ursion)we fblbwed fte scienrificwork of N. G. Nikulin (1956)and G. L. Lempen(1963). Sometimes we useda two On the whole. fbr cubs of the carnivore speciesunder channelelectrocardiograph that besides the ECG recorded at thc consideration,an equai and sufticieni increasein daily weight srme iime registeredthe respiratoryrate of carnivoresunder gain in the period from birth to the openingofthe eyesis lypicat consideration.In this casewe usedan electronicscheme which (Fig! I & 2). During and afier thc compleleopening of the eyes includedan electrothermomet€r (TEMP'60) and nicroresistance (at 28 35 day! of age)daily weightgrin essentiallyincreases. This from measuringbridge, allowing us b catchthe temperature is apparentlyconnected with more frequent excursionsfrom the overfallsduring the inhalationand expiraiionof the animals ne.lb) rhe(ub\ (rc'e ch rcacrion').incred'es jn movingacrivil) (Galanlse!& Korotetskova,1980).It should be noted also thai lhe and consumption of suppleme'ta.y food. If before this period measurementof allphysiologicalp.rarneters in youngand adult daily the weighl gain ofcubs ofdifferent sexesis approximately individualswas conductedwithout the useof nlllcosis,and in equal, afrer the opening of ihe eyes it increasesmore in mrles, naturalcondition of tbei. body(Ternovsky ct rl.. 1981). rlthough rhe generalgrowth rareof temalesin the fimt month of their tife is noiiceably higher. Thus. the body weight of females Body weight by the age of rwo mdnths (with respectto definitive level) was equalto 67.87. in the Steppepolecat.5l.27. ir) the Europeanmink The generalgrowth of a mammalcan be characterisedby and Europeanpolecat, and 46..1s6in the feffet. At the sametime rh. J) namn\^f rhc"eighr !han!(, rhdrrnd'care rrs onrogene c in males this indcx conesponded1o 41.2%. 36.19.. and 37.57.. developmenr.Such indicrtors as daily weightgain give the nosi obviousidea abourthis process.During a study of the age A sinilrr picture of changesin body weight growth rate dynamicsof bodyweight in polecatsand European mink, daily can alsobe tracedin young sablesand manens.Ac!.ording 1() ou. weightgain was calculatedby the formula: A=(y2-vlyt. whereA observalionsin the lirst month of their life tbe daily weight gain is dd y weightgain in grdms,!2 vl is the differencein body fluctuatedin the limiis of 8.2 10.6 g. Later, after the opening of weigh(in gramsduring a certaintime interval. andt is theduration the eyes,in cubs of2-3 monthsof age it increasedand was equal oi fie periodof lime in days. to 10.822.7 g in a day. 'C Ag. dyn.ni6 of tlE bodt t mpdtor. of pol.qtt rd Ewp..n Dinh (Min) (6) 2a,o!1J,9 (4) 26,Ei,9 (6) 26,31!,r (2) 26,0 (5) 29,210,6 (2't 29.5 (2' 28,1 5 (3) 32,8r0,3 (5) 31,810,6 (3) 31,310,4 Q) 32,04,3 (10) 32,510,4 (9) 32.0!1),7 (2' 32,7 lo (3) (5) 32,?iO,5 o0) 13,110,3 <12t 32.1!4,5 (lo) 33,210,2 (9) 33,5a{,3 (2) 32,2 I5 (3) (4) 34,qlo,3 (r0) t4,2io,l <13)34,4t4,2 (io) 31,9!0,5 (9) 32,7a43 (2) 32,1 20 (3) 34,510,3 (4' 34,4!!,2 (10) 34,610,2 (r3) 14,3a0,3 (7) 34,C1O,3 (7) r5,lro,2 Q) )4,4 25 (3) 34,5!1J,2 (4) 34,610,4 (r0) 14,Er0,2(r3) 15,04,2 (2) 34,5 (3) 35,2t0,1 (2J 34,1 30 (3) l5,3ro,04 (4) 35,410,2 (4) 35,4i0,4 (6) 35,5iO,5 (2) 35,4 (3) 35,510,2 (2) 35,5 35 (4) 36,11:l,l (4) 36,sa0,7 (3) 35,010,1 (5) 35,110,3 (2) J5,o (3) r5,2io,4 (2) 3s,2 (3) t5,5!0,1 (2> 36,3 (2) 35,4 (r) 35,2 (3)36,2!n.7 (2' 36,7 (2) 35,7 . (r) r5,4 50 (3) l6,Ojo3 12) 36,3 - - (?) )7,O (3) 16,110,8 (2) 35.8 (3) 16,110,2 (2) 36.4 (2) 16,5 (3) 36,2L1,3 (2\ 36,2. (3) 36,110,3 65 (3) 36,510,4 7o - (l) 36,4!1,4 (2) 36,8 (6) 36,510,4 75 (l) 36,6!4,2 (3) 16,810,3 (5) 3?,810,3 (4) 17,6i0,6 {8) 36.910,5 (ul.io*,t (8) :)6.9d,4 (5) 36,710,5 (8) 37,O1O,2 Note: In tables I 3 the number of animals under researchis sbown in b.ackets l4 Thevalue ol rclrtivegrowth gain is thehighest in thefirst Respiration rate ,n weeksof the poltnatalontogeny of mustelids.and rhen the . \.1 of thi! indexstarrs ro decrease.In the first rhreemonrh! of Registrationof externalrespiration of the polecaisunder .rr life anintensive growrh ofyoung animals is observed.then considerationdemorsrates a inversedependence ofns rarefrom .lowsdown.In this age rhe lengrhs of rhecubs xre equal to 907. thc bodyweight and age ofanimal(Table 2).ln thefirst daysthe : rheparents lengfi rlthoughtheir body weight reaches lhe level cubs respirationis veryliequenr and shalkrw. because the plane ' rhenprents only by 6-7 monthsof age. ofdisposilionofthe.ibs and a reladvelybig iiverrcstrict aphrenic componentof the act of respirarion.Wirh age.it is noredthat llody temperature respiratorymoyements became noticeably less often and deeper. whichincreascs lung venlilation. Srnall camivorcs are attributed 1() immature parturiared rnals.lhc body temperatureofwhich, in thefirsrdays oflife in Thus.in comparisonwirh the fifth day of age.by rheend .n) cnsesis dcfined by environmental temperatures.In that of thefirst monthof agetbe lrequency ofrcspiration decreases in rnod they had rec{al lcmpe.aturesclose to ambient when they theEuropean polecatby 28,29E. and in rheSteppcpolecatby 30- Jre taken iiom the ncs1.In oneday old cnbs of rhe European 32E. Theyreached a definitivelevel in rbisrcst tu 2.5 3.5nonihs rnk. Srcppepolecat, and Europeanpolecat it was practically of age. Slow respirationrate in adult Steppepolecals when .tL'al:26.0 28.3'C (Table 1).In l.rger cubsof feffersofthe same comparedwith Europeanpolecats also attractsour attention, re the body iemperiturc wasj on average. ( more. ln the first weck reprelentatives ' all snall camivorcs grow quickly and Iable 2 '.ir lemperatureincreasc is very clear. By . a-qeof five days rectal temperatureis Age chrngerof rerpir.tion r.te (in I min) in pol€crtsrnd tu.r1 to l1.l 12.8'C. In conneciion wilh Europern minb (Mlm) ,nltant growth of body weight and size, -.\clopment ofhair and inclusion ofchemi Aee European .,1 themoregulation mechanisrns.further mink 1^yth ofthis indexcan be lraced.It reached 5 (2)84 (2)72 (2)66 < 0 16.7'C in polecatsandminkby the age l0 (5)6413,9 (5)70112,4 (3)77!12,6 ' I 1.5 months.lt is interestingthat in the 15 (6)6318,s (8)5015,3 (3) 9016,3 ,rnerge young sableand pine mxnen hada 20 (6)6014,3 (8)5716,4 (3)9018,3 . .nl tempcratureequdl to 36.l -37.ltoc,wbich (6)7118,1 (8)6116,4 (2)e2 rparcntly can be explained by their high 30 (6)601s,0 (7)4914,8 (3)90+7,6 Jicesof body weight (hencc,smallerheat 35 (6)63!6,4 (2)rOs ,rd'ation) and the hent exchangelevel. A 40 (2r12 (2) 86 nila. differenceis clearlytnccable in adult 45 (s) 64!7,l (3)s118,7 lrmals ofthese species.Thus, ifat 2-3 years Adults (r6)s5t3,8 (8)3216,7 (18)4812,8 : rgc malesofpolecats and Europeanmink ' 'ly tempemturcs were equdl to 36.9-37.8'C, r'\e in Sable and martensrverage 39.3'C. Table3 On the whole. in the iirst months of Agc dynlmicsof hcart ratc (h€rrtb€rts/nin)in Europernmink rnd polecats \rnatal ontogenesisthe body temperltures ' rhe cubs of sn.rll camivores increase Age, Steppe ,npararively tluenlly. A noticeablejump, hrch is cxpressedas temperatureincreas I (s) 26018,3 (7)251+4,5 (4) 2401r6,9 -,-on average b] 0.7-0.8'C. is iraceable 5 (5) 30Gt25,7 (17' 219!63 (15)30617,8 rl\ during the opering of lhe eyes, i.c. in l0 (4) 42011,5 (t7\ 299+4,2 (r 5) 33r16,2 I pcriod of 28-35 days of age. In this 15 (1r372+18,2 (19)32213,8 (15)36418.3 .'riod, which is accompaniedin cubs by 20 (3)3s0117,8 (14)36519,8 (15)39314.6 -inlbrcement of locomolion functions and 25 (3\ 420!7,6 (2) 4SO (15)40416,9 . an increase of energy expenses for 30 (2) 453 (3) 46518,6 (8r42s!6,2 \rdativc metabolism.ihe level of oxygcn 35 (2) 41J (2) 44O (2)375 nsunption and also the body tempera- 40 (2)4s0 (2) 44O (r) 363112,6 rrcs of the animals change disrinctly 45 (2) 450 (3) 430!12,1 (2)358 lumanov.1993). 50 (3) 44318,6 (3) 422!7,6 (3) 34Cr9,7 55 (3) 44011s,8 (3) 39018,6 (3) 34518,6 At the age of 2 2.5 months young 60 (3) 15s!25,2 (3)1761l],1 (2) 340 ,,lecatsandminkand,atl,lmonthsof age 65 Qr 42017,s (2)130 .'nensand sables, have a body temperature 70 (8) 409119,9 (3) 375 9,3 ,lilarro ihat oftheadult!.It shouldalso b€ 75 (8) 386112,5 (2) 345 ,ted thNttherewereno esseniialsex differ EO (3) 35rt6r,0 (2) 330 r.cs in the indices of re€ial temperature. Adults (t3) 222!12,6 (ll) 282125,6 lnyrri'0,, :,pirrlion lnd heart rates in snall cami {es in the first 3 4 monthi of their life. 35 which agreeswith the biggerabsoluteand relalive lung weightof The characlerof agechangcs in the nain elementsofECG Stcppc polecats (Temovsky, 1977). This probably can be ex- is practically similar. Cardiac cyclc duralion (R-R) is inversely plained by intensive fossorial activity and by pemaDent stay of dependentfron the heart rate. lls decelerationwas accompanied Steppepolecats in condilionsofdifficult respiration i.e. in deep by an incre$e in the cardiaccycle size.These changes took place bunows. which they peretrate in searchof rcdents. maisly through lariadon in (he phaseof heart rest or ils diastole (inte.val T P). rnd in a lesserdegree by the active ventricular ln co.nast to the polecars.in Europcrn rnink in the early sysiole (QRST conptex): the duration of the auricle ventriculdr stagesof postnatalontogenesi! reinforcement of rcspirationlirkcs conducrance(inrerval P-Q) did noi changeessentialiy. place.and this continuesurtil 1.5-2 nonths of age.Then. at the period of enerSetic developnent connectod wiih changcs in To assessthe lunctional state of cdrdiac muscle such leedingregime. behaviour forms. and foraging rctivity which. in indicat{)rsas thc percentageratio of ventricularsystole to cardiac seniaquadcanimals. is accompaniedby increasesin lung weight cycle. or sysblic index I(Q'T)/(R-R) x l00c.l . and ratlo of all (and hencevolume) the respirationof young mink becomesless systolesizc 1odiastole, or tensenessindex L(P'T)/(T'P) x l007ol otien and deep. ltre used.Their level determinesthe intensity of cardi{c muscle work (Nikulin, 1956: Fogelson.1957). An analysisofquantities During thc lirst month of age the respirationrate ofcubs under considefaiion showed an esscntial difterence between incrcascdby 36 599., ihen further.for ihe periodof l'1 .5 nonihs young and.dult animals on tbis test. The intensity of cardiac ofage to one year. it dccreascdbl45 54S. (Table 2). Apparently aclivity in young individuals was reliably hiSher than in dult notedage changes in thercspiratory rate oflhe young mink, which ones.For €xample,in 1 to 6 month old cubsof theEuropean mink, havebeguntolive actiyely and independendydue ro their.rquatic Sleppe polecal and European polecat the systolic index, on node of life. can have a trend t{) reinfo.cc vcntilation oi lheir rverage.was equal to 52-637.. andlhe tensenessindex was clual respiratoryofgans. to250-4607..In aduli individualsthele indiceshad a lcsserlalue: ,ll ,197.and 170 290q., respectively. Heart rate Researchshowed that in the prGess ofpostnatal ontogen- lndicesof heartactivity havean ;mpoftantpla.e in asscss esis the voltage of basic dent! of the ECG in rn stelidschanges menr of functional state of an organism: in many respectsthcy negligibly.except fbr the positivedents R xnd T oilhc ventriculff detine its compensatorypossibilities. In the pr@essofindividual complex QRST. In the period of intensive cub growth and developmentofsmall camivores,dcpcndcncc of bcartbealrateon increasein body weight rhelolrage ofdent Rincreasedessentiatly theirbody weight and age is noted.Fofcubs ofthe speciesunder noticeably-lt charactefisesspreading ofr wave ofexcilations on considerariona sufficicntly liequent pulse is characterislic.rela- the cdrdiac mulclc and servesas ao indicaior of age changesof tilely consrantfbr each age heari rate. Dynamics ofthese trans cardiac muscle and |he funclional state of {n orgaDismin the formrlions are shown very clearly and in generalare similar to *hole (Meyerson, 1986). thosc oi other:inimrls- (Arshavsky, 1967: Galantsev& Tattar. 1971t Roschevsky,1972. 1978t Pauls, 1980: Sokolov. 1990). According.o our data.in m{les ofpolecar.rnink. sableand manen, fbr lhe period from fivc days to one monih of age. the One-dayold cubshave a rcldtively spa.sehea.t rr1c, which vohageofdent R increased,on alcrage, fiom 5.5 mm to 8.7 mm- is close (in fiequcncyl 1o rdult indjviduals (Table 3). F'romthe ln 1.5months old cubs this index was equal to I I I I mm. and at lirst daysafter birth the heartrute constand y increases.Thus, il in puben) it nucluaredin Ihe lirn;lr"l l6-20 mm. one-day old polecals and ninks it was equal to 223 268 hclrt beats/min.then by the fifth day of age heaftrate increlscd ro 273 At the age of 3 4 months young musielids (especially 326 heanbeats/min,and by thc 201h day of .rge 1{r 332-398 females)arc sinrilarto adu1t5in the indicesof heartrate. duration of inlenals and the voltagesof the basic dentsoi lhe ECG. But the final coincidenceof the ECG elerncntsof young and adult In the mostpal1 forthe cubsunder research the eyeopening inJi\idual. in Ji'rc'fnr .pecre.oLcur' in J lller time period( 28 35 daysof age)was xccompanied by an increaseof rhe level of physiological paramete.s:body temperxlure,heart and Conclusion respiratior rates, which are also chrractristic for olher small carnivores(Melkina, I966r Scsal, 1975t Tunanov et al.. 1982). Noted agecha.ces ot ftermoregulation,hean and respira- tion r.ucs in the processof postnalalontogcncs( demonsrale a During eye opening the hean rate in polecatsrnd nrink clcar inlerrelationberween physiological functbns and lhe mor- was, on average. 1-10220 hedbcirls/min higber than those of pbologicalfeatures ofwcigh! growth in the animals.The charac' newborn! or,tdulrs.The increaseof their heartrate finishe! by the ter ofage changesof the ECG is tracedvery clearly and it has a ageof i.5-2 months.after thal it dccrdses, and on both lhe EKG direciion on the economicalguaranteeing ofhoneostasi! in adult and respiraiionrecords arrhythmia appears. which is characteris- aninals. A quickenedpulsewith r lesserphaseof heartre!t. ahigh tic lbr adult animals. level of tensenessindcx of heart work and systolic index, all indicrtc more inEnsily in bioelectric proccssesin the cardiac Similar dynamics ot' the hea( rate are also nrceable in nuscle of young individuals in comp.rrisonwith lheir parents. youngmanens and sablcs. Forexanple, in l0day-age sablemales Hence. fo. young aninals n lessereconomic regimc ol work of it va! equal lo 260 270 hearlbeais/min.By the age ofone month cardiacmuscle and more energyexpendilure ofan organismare heartrate reached,on averagc.175 beaflbeals/min.by.15 days of nore characteristicfian in adult animals. Appdre.dy, in unfa age 405. Then heatbeat rate dccrcases.and al ltn ige of 4-5 voumble conditnlns. this can be an important facto. thar deter months the heaft rate of cubs (330 350 heartbeals/min)was mines .r high dcgrce of narural elimination of l,oung mustclids apprcximltely equal ro lhe heart rates of adult males. from lhe naruralenlironment. t6 .,r.1\.1 A 1967Errdrr d d3criNir/rAr Moscoq.,175pp. (In Ru\\ian) SeEal.A. N. l9l5 Crosth. metabolNm.ndthrmorceularioi ni tostnatalon, \ T V &Catey-K.K.lqT9.ThemoreaulationolAr.ri.s€a\el\ Ptr,/ toaenesisofnoar. E ,r{i. | 38 4-1(Ii Ru*irn) 7,,/ 5::l5l 16.1 Sloninr.A D 1952. ,4"tu / /lad andh: rtgulatbn in ntt .rgannn .[ oninnk. - \rr.l I 1957('li,r.dl.7..r?.2/drrgla/h\ Iloscoe. l53pt.lInRu$,nn) Acad Sci.USSSR. Moscow Lcnrngrad l27pp. (Ii Russian) d.t\ V P & Koruret\kovr.L. V 1980.Abour dynaDi.s of heanand Sokolo\.A. Ya. 1990.Hean ratc oiRcirdccrRd,ltirrrz,r/^ rn thc.ondnr)n\ re\Intut.itutcinpo\tnrrlonr,gene\l\olhazeldormousc(,ltvzn,r\ .llreebehr!iour,r.t!./. r,,.r.r. Pfrr,,l.l6:132.134.(InRDsslxn) t\(1lunu.iu:J.Z.ol J.59:l5lll l5:15.rIn Rusjm) Sokolo! A Yr. Zrdllsky. S V. Zhirn. O Yr & Ci.echllna.L l. 198,1. , rrf 1.V.P.&Tanar.A.V l97l lnicirclalonbctwccnbodt*crghrandheln ljtrci!.!.al coi nl dillirdil |n'ns ol behav$urin Reindeerin lhe Jcri\nlinnus[bearerirp.{natalotrtolcicns.Z,tirtia.trrl]56:lll sunnndand$iitcr. Pt i llrn Rit)tn?ry.1i.:unl tlEmollrnani.s oJ ll8 (lrrRu$ian) h,i,g nv.,^ No\olibnsk.(ln Ru$ian) ..d.l.,\ 1972 Brsrl ener!)-rnelrbolnm of muielids. J. anmr. Prli,/ Ternov\k'.D v 1971.hial.BroJni6l.htlt.Pr6l Nruha',\olosibnsr.:80m. !i S F & Ges\rmxn.J A l9l:l An elaluationofhean xs.n rnd1rc.r Temo\sky.DV.Tunrino!.l.L, liJnorskal'..Yu.G l98l !.ologi.3l.o.dn,o fliritor ofh.c liling en€rgrmetrb.lnm Pp 14 5.1]nP. Loaan.lir. mliryof herdldivil) lnVusrelidael.Jrrltorl. I 61 69 (lnRrssirtr) It)gnnI.r.t!.|kt ol h|ne.th.m. Tumano!.lL.l99l.E.ol()gicrldercrmlnrtioiolrhelerelofcnergynretaix,lnm .jr.i G I- 196:l I hppru.iles .f .1..trc.atu1iDtl4hr.Moscotr ll7 pt. rn\ome nuselids lrlz,/d lilT 2l Tunanor. L L & Levin.V C. l9l.l. Agc dd scasonal.hatrgcsin \orr phyn .r^!n.F.Z. 1986.Thebasi.re.!nlariricsofindi!idualadaflrtronPp l0 6sin oloeral ndi..s 01Mxr!1, ,nrl^ |. xn.lMunth ?min l. V.enik Phr\n)ba,"t,l utlupnnionuI pro.. r cr. NtoscoB. Zi,o/.2:2530. (In Russian) In,r A N ,66 The reguhrniesof srowthand cncrecric nietrbol,sm in Tunanor.l.L.lernovsky.D V.&Tcrnovskayr.Yu.G. l9lt2 Poimrrl.hange! lro{naralonrogene\is olAmericatr nrink Anrorcf Kxid. Dns P€ro/a ofbodyseiSht. bod! rcmpciarure.and h.aftiarc in snall.afrivde\ rJ). \od\r 25 pp lln Russian) 162-\17in Pht:i.1.(iLrtndle 4.tu' unntulsrntl rdt\.t n\ rcsutatu,r. .trlLn.N G 1956 Th. p\n.tpl.s dnd tc.hrique .l zkrtnnuli.srrph\ Moscoe.204pp. (In Ru::irn) ..R w l9ll0 Hcaitratcas r. inder ol€.erg! erpendirurein redsquirels ResearchInstitute for Nature Conservation llinnid3.irrut hutl!,ti(us). aan?. Bnxh?rt Phr\iol.61:5)5514. -h.\sliy. M P 197) Eroluti,ra\ electarordralof). L€nnrerad.250 pp. of the Arctic and the North, NaberezhnayaChornoy Rechki, 8, Ap. 40, \h.v\fy. M. F. 1918.ZTarr,.uzlirl.$ ol ng tu? aninnl\ IdinlqL 167 pp. St.Petersburg 197183. Russia Mustelidsin Belarus Sidorovi.h,v. E. t991.Mu cli.ls ir lranmalsifteleeding\imila.ityofslonemartenandpolecatinvillagcs; Be I u rus.L. wn u tij nat t- e. ob 8r,.1ono - andlhe feedinghrbns of rhebrdgd in mired lire\ts oi Belarus. s ru p a' atut int. r \p e ciJi. rela I i on s h i p s. Minsk: Zolotoyuley publisher. Chlpter 5 gives rhe cuftenr sure of srudiesof rhe Lrophic 263pp. l3 photograthsin col,,ur structureof lhe vertebratepredaLrtr .odmuniLy and slatus of mustelids in fte pedatorelationship!. lt conLainstrbles *ith daLaof venebrale Althoughrhe book n chiefly in prcy anddiet similarilytee dirsramsfor.arnivoes andtirds olprey. Russian.dl the chaplerscontlin Dorc of lc$ cxtcnsiveEnglish sumlfuies. Chapter6: Deltographyof rhe seniaquxti.mustelids: Repro- ductilc rcAulrtionand decline. slrucrur of overexploiredpopulatioi, ChaplerI desuibesnerhods cxlinction.This parr givesan analysisoi the ioi-clclic b.eedingof and samplesizes ib. lhe sttrdy of ottcrsin relationto preyabnndanceand availability, rhe denog.aphy ot spatialstncture ol nu\telid popul!- overexploiredpopularions ofoue^. rhepld\ti.iLy and decline of rep.o dons.diers and inte*pecific relarnln- ductionin the Americxnmin[. the variaLn in structureofexphited \hrP.. a\ sell a ne'hud\ '. JLJJ Ane.ic.n minkpopulations. ind a dicus\nJnofhypotheses and original !(.hd carcxsses.Drawings of nuslelid hclmintbs from Eurcpe .re ideason thediuppearancc of the Europeanmink. .n)mpanicdby idcntificarionkeys. unlor0narely only in Russian Chapkr 7 deals$i1h tbe helninlh dilebity in populationsof Chapter2 giver !n ullysis of inlflpopulationva.ialion and oLter,Europcan mink, Ameficanmink. polecal,and pine ma.len. 'rerpopulalionmctric and non nrerricdifferences in orcrs. (lhatre. 8 gires analyscsof nunelid populalionsin reladonro Chxprer3 dells wnh mustelidhabitat divcrsity and density in hdbitaLpollution, 1rc!ts thc Chernobylf!1lout, he!vy netals. lrLarus.rhe disriburion olDusrelids as a funcrtunol envirormcnl,and organochlorinepeslicides, ard pollunt concenl.atn)nsin theEu.opcan r. lictors of habilalcarryin8 capacity. mink andrives wirh inpljcationslir rhed&line ol its popularion,n ChapGr.lderls exlensively *i1h thcdict of ottersand America. ,nk, with a shonno1e on the dier of Europeanmink. Othersubject\ Chapler9 giles hbler with conpa.ariveanalyses of lracc .aredin grealerderail are: dicr olcflap and rcsou.ce competidon in the elemenlconcentrations in mustelids. rrrian dusLetidguildi compararivcanllyses of feedinehabns of pine rnen and polecdr;habitat sepdaljon of thc gcneralistmusrelids in Tbc book is a (Dusr' for Rusia. speakingzoologisls con' {estsi rhehrgh dietary sinilarily andhlbilat scpdationof sto.t .nd cemedwitb mustelidsbut, due ro ex(ensivcsummarics, equ.lly of .r\elr ecologicalsepar.tion ln fte musrelidguild preling on small intcreslto lheir Englishspeaking colleagucs. 31 Recentliterature foE$an. K. R & Pexrn'n.D. E. 1998.Comprrison of proposedsuney prce dure! for dete.tionoi fore$ camivor*. J tviLll MoM3...614211 1226 Ahe.io.N. 1998.Spni! hom ranee.spalial organiladrn and activity oi $oats lMate: anuiLanu,Ll. p.nnonti.Gul.' gul.) M,!./d?,cain!Southkla.dN,.rol"n!sfo.esl.New&!ldd E.4/a,tb Callasher,J.. Monies. R. Gavierwiden. M & Rnle.R. 1998.Role orinllcred. I l: l3 l.l non-dkeasedbadseBin $enarhoecncsis oftuberculosis in rhebadger v.r Altern,.N.Moller.H.&Ratz.lll998.Movenen6andhabitaruseof leralhoule cd \ F?/i' . /,,r. *oa6 M,sr./d ./ni,.? rnd l€ftcs Mrt.lalrr,. in 8ra$lrnd co.zalcz.C.A.ddL 1998Fieldnnnrobllizationof Prgn]:lotedskDnksfron \Lnound g Yellos eyed penetin M\udrpt?s antipod.s breedi0greas in Mexico.J. Willl. /)ir.l1:186 189. \tring. anrl Ci,rrd^., 83:18?19.1. coodrich.J.M.&Burlirl,s.w.l99S.Spacinaandecologyof NonhAnencar Andclr.w b.&Beck.T D. l998.EtTecrofBlac*t@ted rdrdr odo6 ot behavror badgea(Lrir?a r.r/r) in a pranied,A (C],drlr /.r.rrrt) conll€r J atrdreproductionolpraniedo8s..\,trhtsr./nNdr.43:344 15l Mrnn.79:l1l-119 Bary\hi,kov.6. }, & Abramov,K. v 1998.Struclurc ofbaculun (ospenn)1n Gree.e.T. C. & Fraser-J R. 1998.Sex fttion or N.nh lslandkaka (I.tof Mu\telidae(Mafrnllir. Csnivora)- Connudical,on2 Lbl.2h..11:231 noi.liuuli s.lehtionali),w rihahaEcological Area, Pureo.a F.r.n Park N.r ZenlardJ h .1..27:l l 16 l Munelacmitteu) Bcn-David,M. 1998 Delaled inpla.ratlonin the MarbledNlecat, vor,?/d Creen$ood,R J..PictruszeNsti. D. C &Cr$lnrd.R.D 1998.Effect!orfir pr..fd,a rr_/ra.d(Cahivora, Murclidae) Evidencefton m.ng, pdufl_ supplemenhrn.i dcprcdationofduclne{s i. uplatd habitat.wi/dl So.. rion.and pon'naral grcsth Mtnnalh 61:269-24J. Biancardi.C.M. & Rined, L. 1995.U n sinrpaliconlmni r€tudei nosri boschi: Criftirh\.H L&Thomas.D.H 1998Ii.on!t'rrtiDh.l 1oecii.a'1u hlairtau ll tasso./l Xodi 8:?li 85. d F!f,,2 (Mclesneles ). Sarv.Ba/r' dc tu Idrz No.90. Si&sblurCi coun.il Bian.ardi.C. M & Rinerli-L 1998 Disribnzionedei sistenudi lanxdi Tasso (Mel.rn?r1, L.. 1758)nell Allo Lulnese(Provinciadi Vdese, Lonbardia. Hancox.M 1998.Carrle TB .nsrl Huma.inplicatnms Rzr,'. Metl..92:990-991 . Iralia)(Mlmnaria,Muncridae) Atr S,.. ttai S.i. Nu1.Mus. stona Nat. Hdncoi. M. l998.Cattle TB crisis?Hunan implicarions. I..r ,4ppl Mirnhnn , Black.D.w..Re!di.g.j E.&Sava8e,li.C. 1998 Archeoloeicalrccordsorlhe 26:1614.t'1. lM?les meles) exrinctSea Mink. M^rstu nd./,r,n (Camivora.Mu{elidacl,liom Clnada. Hlncox.M. 1998.Of Boume,badge^. rnd a bovireTB alen.fc\tt Metl,93:12' Cnn Fitltl Not..ll2:15 19. Blacknln. s 1999.Polecaf s prosre$ aBC widl? I 7(l):28. Ha.cox.M. 1998.Of B.urne.bxdgcF and bovineTB. Lr. n|l/ Mi.roriol. Bo$man.J C. & R.bnarllc,J.-F. 1997. Winterhabfut usc ofAne.ican nranen 21:1a1.l.Melesn l.s) Mdt r dn?tdna {nhir scco.d-Crowrhiorest in Ontd,o, CanadatviTdt Hidaka,s. ?rll. 1998.Morphology lnd 'n.rphonelryofikullt ot nccm. dogs, Nt.krcuk\ pn,:ron.nles. ^rd ba.lEett-Mtl?t heles J y.t M..l S.i. Bnrhier,B.?ral.l996.Epiddniosu'veillanc.d€larageenBelgique:Bilanl995. Ann.Mtd Vtt., \40:341 351. (Me|"s nel.3) ytua.T. N. er dr 1c9.1.values ol thianine exchangcin mink in difierent BNkhuizcn, S. & Miisken\-G 1998.Nieure kansenvoor de Bmnndcr? physiologicarpen.ds. rn Pr,rLns of... 10siLd phf ioloI Jurdntnat\, I 29 Zoqdi?r 9ll ):14 2ll. lMuneshaa., lJ6. Kar.lian ResearchCenter of RussiarAcadeny of S.iencc Publ, Brown.K P. Altcrio, N. & Moller. H 1998.Se.o.ddy Poisoningof stoxts Petiozavodsk.(ln Ru!s,an) (M!'el,rrnin?r)atlosmouse(M!i'ur.!lxr)abu.danceinaNewZealand Jcdrjcwska.l. B. & tedde*ski,w . t994.Pr.tlotioainw.t?h.1". Ndrrpltdg,r torci. wi/d. 4.r.,25:,119426 Bid.ti...o Prinewl F.rer tr,.?J. trd). BerliniSpnn8cr VeflaE Chapin.TC..Hatrnon,D J l|Kat.ih.D D.l998.InfluenceorlandscapePartemIunjor,B K. & Masuko.T S. 1998.Ullra{rucruE of thepmtid andsubmandibu- on habiratuse b) Anericannancn i. an industrialforesr C,nYn ar,l. largland\ .r theOld Worldnanen (Cam,vora. Mutelidae). ,4n, ,4dr Au I llr lllT 133?. Charles-R1997 Theexplonationof carnivore\rndorh€ilurbctri.anammdt Krshuno!. S.N. & Kaalova- T I 1995.Genctc vdiabilily in |nesable (M/rr.r z6?l dunngrhc nonh.wesern Eurcpean Lare Upp.r Palaeolirhicand Mdnnnbi.. /itu L ) silh Espe.t ro gencscn.odins bl(n tn@ins. csn.rn? I l(2):234 238. o\1,'d I lrhap.l ^ \t 2 a. Uda t.iutt VPIP Kauhxla,K..Lanktanen,P. &ron Regd.L lvl3. Sunner fo conposnionmd Clarke.C P- white, P. c. & Hmis, S. 1998.Effech ot roadson badserM.ler fnod niche overlap of the Rr.cm. dog. Red lox. ind Badger in Finland- n.i.J populdtionsin south-wesrEngland. Bi,l C,nrrn,86:llt_12'1. Erasr.phr 2r:451 463. Clour.M. 1997.PrcdatormanaSenenl in N€NZe.land: AnoveRie*. ln Predotnr Kelly,T S. 1998.New Micene nammalianlaunas ftom weslcentral Nevada. 1 . rorkshop 1997Pnr. Workshop2 I 21 April. I 997, 51.Arnuu,l, r.hor Lak?s, Pa LatonlD|., 12: ll1 I 49. ed.J.Sin andA. sau.dcn.3-5.Wellinslon: Depi orconscrvation. Kirbnrn.A. rg99.slausht€r!t rhe :.rr. gBc rriLllif. ll( t):12 11.(M.Ls n lesl Cloul,M.. Deny€r,K.. Jancs.R. & McFadden,I | 995.Brcedin8 success of Nes King.c. M . llur M.. Innes.J G. & Firzgerald,B M 1996.Popularion biology Zlrllnd pigco.s (ltdnrplra8a xorat:ttl&tliu?) in relalion io contml of of snrallnamnnlsinPurcorar_oresPrt. I Crnirotcs(M,sr.ladr';Ed.M intoducedmannrls Net ZzukuulJ. Ecol.,l9:2(r9212 lMu!?k'sp) fun, M. nivalis,ahd f.li{.atur. Net Zzohtu J [:.o1..20:211251 Dayan,T. & Simberlolt.D. 1998 Sizepattems ano.g .onpetitoA: Ecologictl Ko4rimaki,E & Nordahl.K. 1998Experimental reducno. of ptedalorsEve6es chdacterdisplacenenrand . heacler.elease in mahmxk,Nilh specialrefer the .rash phaseoi snall nrde.r ctcles ,.,los) 79i2'r48-2155(Musr.la ence1o hla.d populalions.Maz. R.v..28:99-124 niralk M. enitrtu) Dobson.M.t9c8. Mlnmal distributionsin theweslern Mcditeiianean: The role Landa. A. I 99t The E lev!.ce of I itc hi srory theory ro hdcst and conserva tion. of hunaninrervention Mtn. Ret.281184. F&n, Nr'n?f,i.ZSer.A. l8:4355. Dowdins.J. E. & Murlhy. E. C. 1996.Predation of Nonhct. Ner Zedand Ldd1 A. 199?.tvolf?ru.r u J.,udimrid: E aloE , sh.ePllPraldiondr.1.onPr dotrerets(Chnrudriu: o^.urus aqriio,i2\) b! *o.c N,,,r,ir'11:l'11 146 vardr.DSc.Theris Tro.dhean Noraestekni\knaruflitcnskap€ligeuniveAitet. Dufli, A. L ., al. 1998Four polynorphic ntcrosalelLires in *olv enn , GuL Sula l-rda, A. & SkoAland.T. | 495 Therelarion bcreeen populatun densny and body Aain Geneti^ 29:61. sir ofwolverinerCzr, alld r. Scandinari!tvitul airl.l:165 175 Dunnone,N.,ed.r99 acrlfo u atul.colastof riprian tunmls Canbridge Lxnda.A. & Tdnneris. B A. 1996.Do volatilereFllencr.ducewolvenneClia 3!ia predarionon sbepl Mldl.gnn.,7119-126. Dyczkowski-J. & Yalden,D. w. 1998.An eninateof rhetnpacl ot predato^on Landa.A. & ldnneris, B A. 1997.Aren ofare^ive agcnson wolrennes.r' rheBrirish Field vole Mt furd d8rdrtr populxtionMzn. R?'r.28: 165 l 8.l wiLl. Mdrage..61:510 516. Fedriani-J. M.. Feftras.P. & Delibes.M. I 993 Dieury€spone of rheEurasiln Landa.A . (Jogsld, S..Tonnerts. B. A. & Tufto.J l993 Do volatileFpellents badger.Mpr"sD"/sr, to adeclineofits minpiey in rheDona.aNaionalPrt teduce*olverine Our) srld pr€darionon sheep'lRcsulls of a large$ale J. Z.ol,445:1112]'a exp€nrncnttvilll Ai.l . .1:lI I 118. 38 . r,\. Sthd. O. S\ensotr.J. E. & Skogland.T t997 Wotverinesand thetr Popo$ics.T E i 998.Ouroa.D! ol Fxtcrnine roolhnrh in rheferEt. M,i.l( Itr! itr \ourhernNor*ry Cut. I 7t\n .75:t292,\299 prturi"r ((lrn,vora-Manmalrt. hd rheevoluii.n of den!atdiversiry wnhin \1i... S & Mesrief.I 1998 Denningecologt ol rheSrriped skunl in rhe ihc Munelid{e.J. ,t/,7,t,1 . 217:6990. ( rdrJ,rn nrnirie\:lnipl'.!ron\ furaredotrl ne\tpredrrion. .a n,?l F..?.. Proulr (l &CoLe,P.Jl'r98 ldcnrific?rionolNonhdrnprf,ter:opbef.Ir,u,n)l trtzir.r. remdn\ in Lone hrledseasel.,tr'r!.tu/,?,,fu /oxsr.d!iL. s.as ,,1{.S <le\sier.l l99ll Strilrlorganizanonotrpeirieskunkl).puilon Cun.Fi.l.lNai., t\2145 a16 Jrrdg rhe*rreraosl n.{nr! \e^nn \ril.t! J Munus. .6):199-2Oq ReiE.S. 1998 lD dilirizing prcrAninlni sourc.sot cmtr in the leoncri. .!n, l l99ll Utrcon\entional.rllABa \lililtj. \6t]l|:31 lM.t.t h?1., u!Lysis ofwcxsel\lul\. A.tu .z,o1.A..zl S.i. HuryuL-41:6t 12 .,in.T. I999 Nli\\.ull roocrell BBClyiltlliJ. 17(l):ll.(M.r,ra.?dr) R,lrr.I B.Al.shafee.D\'l.Al Nlehllnr,WN &Amr.Z.S.1999.Srdu!ofrhe d\. P L. f/r/. 1993Srudiesofbior.runruhrionand bFtran\fomrfiion of M{rbledp.lc.I. v,r,.l7r,.r.!,r,d (cnldennnedt,1770). nr J. u.2,,/ PC8\ nriiu\lel \brsedon.odcenhriona .otrgcidr llenr in prtdaro^ Mi.ul?F6 75a .ni'ltrc)\ Af., ZtLir,,,, a.'d[ ]rtrn,t. 3565,1665 Ril.y.T z. clark.\. R..Ewing. D. E. & Vohs.p. A t998.Survirxl ot Ring (; .Jrrrl{I. D.W.. Ma.c. &Ruihton.S t993 Pnt$attf.rldu?}n.nnon. ne.kedphersanr.hi.L\ durlng brood rcanrg / lyi/d. Mdr.!1.. 62:36.1,r. ,t Brtr \h urun1uL Lnntlnn:Depr. LDr ironmdL Tlnrpon. anddre Rcgjonr. lMr!?la.rrrh.a M. \ i{n) rfrd A I & Copeland.J P 1998Chara.rc!{i.\otM \erin.rpnrdu.rnrn Ro8rs. L M.rdl lq93 lUovenidnrol brdler rMrl.r,r./r\t in a hiehdcnsirt yrc\ widl Ll.i "7' lrdrrtl.6l: l3l3 ll20 Npflanon lf ,vidurl.nopulalon aid di\er\e efiec( Ptot. R.\ So. tn, .pes.T..Kosli.la.E&Ylonen.H. 199lt Breedingsupprcssnnirnvolesrndef rLn Ser.ll.265l 26r)1276 tr.daroi ri\t or'small muictrd\ t_{bonbry or ni.rhodotogicllanlta.rl Rozhnov.V v lr98 Thc rct. rire of rhesocial aid .omnrunrca!\. b.h!rrcurol rhc L:uronennpolec^r lMu\1?1u putt 16 L.t.1^ 3?hul 'IB ,rl. L 1998 Oulcrl xs scicdilic hadger.ull is lrunchedro krgct t.rr, t.nrnrnn t.r dnd!(rt.)t<\ .f nnnndls. .d. \ F Sokolo\.r. \' Rozhno!.nndM A Scrben)-ul.ll9 l:ll.ltE RAS.N{oscor lln \\.ll.J.Ton.S.Learr.H..Coak\.O.&Forb.s.Vl99l Pred.rorrcscar.hrn I trrdlrrd trlalln! sro.r.ontrol tnn.\t tti Pt!lu1., r.r*th.t, t997 pn, Rozhno\.V V & Nrilenko. S! V 1998 Drnami.s ot m€rrcnon\ oe$.cn \t.tl:tu)r al a1 Atnl 1997St.,1rndx.l t.?Jr, ad(.r, dd\ l Sin andA. F.rropeanpolc.rn in rhepair en.o0 cr 1e{\ on neurraltdfuory durtngrhe \xtrfdeA.69 ll Welllngton:Dcpt or (ih\errlrion. yer lt1 llthutbut. t.ntnuni.utn,t and arlq\ .f nMftdh. cd I F )(rild. R 1998Preddor l]\irl. (in?k??pos Orgdn.MuP.I)21l. Sololov,V.VR./hno\.andM.A So.henyuk.l32 15,1 tljLR.AS.Moscos. lr,nixLd.R&H{ri\.S 1998t,,,\dnrln.ds.h.Londrn:TheluammatSdrer! r)fnrlf. R. A. 1993 Th( .lfe.ts .l rittli|? rr"uitd,.,/,' rd^ Mtrnela Ro/hnov.V V. P.tni. A A 1998 Maftirls on lhe rnterspeciiicl eLcl,ons ph.D ..nrnexrnl tr1,r/lrMrnela trrvalnrnC,.dralrrrr. The\is.tsrist.i: belneenLuroll€$ nnnk IMA//tu hr?,/.r L ) rnd closclr-rctled \necies durin! n.D br.eding\eison. ln Bdn^but. tt,rnr .dt(n artl {.tryr .l lj,inrltl.R.,\.. Hrri\. S. Iu.nbull.c Br)\n. P & Ft.rcher_M. t998. nantnal!..dv E sokll$.v.\"R.2hno!.rnrtI,JA.serbcrvul.6? t05 \nf!.,i$latrr .odc.ricide\iI noa$ (M"rr/rl .mr,pd ) andqc*et\ (t,v.l.j IEERAS. Mo!cos.ll. RLsirnl 'x,dli\rrn Fngl.nd. an'if,,m Polhnbnt13t12l Rozhrov.VV &Petrina.l.N. l99ltAhourureanoDalrcsrithcrrtrtsk€lerotr ,rtrnritrr.LEI996 lhcs.llerrnet6r/r!k/,L )onVrangettst.Ddad?,lr ofrh. SrhlerMdl/.r.irrl/nz l. I h Achdrtuur,r.nnuoln.rotard.t.k)Lr t5 t)Jttdrwak.cd.\ F: Sorolov.V v. Rozhn.\.rnd N{.A. Serbcnruk1.17 .l.Lli.( Nl lrrT Whir$c' s\kint ('t/a?nd trrlrdl?,ie{tenbya$cas.tM!1 (nr!,ri:..1./fn rrrr^7tn ''ll,\.r 1.16w.lln!()n:Dept.otco.sc^rhon \arnrGtr.i\.\l C &lilouiou.F 999.ldb?/d/e.Lrcrl \arure. Srinr.trerx l.' H. R!1/.H.& Alr.ri.. \ l<)951,ht..ti,)rlttlhN ^.ttottin\lk,n Schlet. L.. Kfcr. A.. Baghli.A. & Roter-T. J. 1998Hunrnrs record! ot lamc ralldr^ )flt,r lrLliatl rq.tr Wildl Nlana8c.R.t65 Olr8o:Unn.rsn) \p..N id Lu:embour!durne rhepcrn t9.l6 19'15.r!/1. Sa ,\,r /rr.. |hJ.EC.C aDpenor.B.KBrrrliield.P I,l &SFeJ.HJ. 1998. Broditu.oum schubcn.c A. Ro\are.R. c., Nfuclnnes.c. D & Nudds.T D 1998.Rabics ,.ndtrd\ 'n rrryerand Donurget nrimalstott.srig trrgescnlc posoiing .otrr.l: An rdapdve'mxtr.scnEntrpproh J ttr///. ttdr3€..616:2 629. ,,ooooo0crrh'insm \cf Zca[nd polocnrp]n'dso.d totests.l,t!\r Zarltrt J S.cbas.C 1998.Der v.fcid /ur EftrltunedesLDrotirA.hen Nerzes - hur.N.r/ 1..1 15:r07:11.1rVrrrrd sp!.) e.V Ziclc urd Kon^pr.,frr Z,o! Ctftllt An.|'.prlttn, .,lle)9 tO fht.L.( .(llrpperlon.I K . Bradlleld.P. Nl &Spc.d.H J t'198.Lif..6 ot r o,r',q,F.ii, n.,| "'i | tr.r,l,te ot'"J.r'J.',\e" /;.t.rd Si!.lha. 1 \. & Sokol\k!. S. 1996 CIJt)gue of rnu$elidslut\ cotte.rioD ntr.is.,\'.tr z?,l.,Lll /o.1.. 25:ll5 12a lClrnnorai ]h*.lidnc) ot naruralHarorr Muieum oi Pechorolly.h\tr- Llr E l9tB Anobs.i\dnrnon.nr.hin!prr-dbyxLrngutled tr eas.t (Mxr"/.j aiosphereRe\erve. Pan I Vrr.?\ trr.l/trd (t,. l753landhybnd\ '1' ,ra.h II urhr i. sruihr.tr.nt Nrhnuli ! 1l: 106 xM :ih.llinuLurt.la21 33 .rhtrr\.H. 1998.Do p.leclr.\roar and w.rscihr\e rn eltectotr rhe topul{rion Snnth.G C.. Cheescman.C I & Clifron-Hadl.!.R S li)97.Modcttlig rhe .l "rld rabbrsl,11.{FrdJ.f/:. 169(6/7):10.1109 (ln ccirnrnl .onrol ofbovitrctlberculolis in badgcs,nEigldnd: Culling ard rhcreleaje . d k \i \1. & S\etnr[]Da.F. B. 199.1Chargc ui ei maricstcctiun ol ot lacbringlinxles. J ,1ff1 E(.1. 31rll75.ll86 Lrgelrveta.t d nrirk.li Pnn)knt !n)sln! of...lotnut ph\\nroS\ ltn Solol,,v.V. E.. Chcnh\r. O F. & Rozhnov.V V l99lj A fiDdiD!.t tlarur ,,rtrdlJ til 99. Krrdlrin ReseaichCc er ol RussirnAcad.J.) ot Science gLxndularor-gans id n \'furble{lp.l.car V,r,r?L t.,.3!rr. tNlLNr.tidxe. t,uhl. Petuoza\odst(In Rulsianr Mrmmrlia). Dotl.6 i[,zl itr( .]5t 8.16lt49 t Ii Rtr\ ctrr \lrri,n. D. WilLiants.D H. Dolrn.L Lvcs.L A. & Colin\. L D t998.The Sokolov.V E..(henrova. O F. & Ro/hno!. ! v. t993 Or ptxntxrg rndulaf fir'.n.c of \el€credherd lx.r,rs dd I ba{lgeri crlcrnon ruhercuostr. orgrn!n nru{.lid\tMu{elmae. M.mmxlrd). 2,,/ /.h..11f69-175 nn (nntul proerann.c.n rher(k ot a hcrdl.!dl tr{deElricri.i r) ! bovine !.pulati.i ii h€land./,f.r. t.r ttr.l l5:79 90 Sokolov.V. lj. R./hnov.V. !. & Phantrrng Anh 1q97Nc* sFrje! ot \l.tnrin D..\lilliu$.D.H.(irrlin.J.t\L.Dotar.LA &Eves.JA I99liThe vivcflid\ ol rhe aenns ti'.,tu flUrnnrxlin. Canir.n) liom Viemam rrlelr of a b3dgcrr.nurlprogftmnic otrrhe incidence oirub.rcut$ts in ur 7],,/ Zl. 5:5115ill9 (ln Rus\iaDihigli\h tr!nsl{rionby Har-kt rnrcatlctofulxhon./'r.1. t.r. M?l 11:1156. lnierperodl.a Publ,\hlng) \li lel. P 1998Bn)rd btulCefr.ial. ,!!fr S.r.,rr t57:55 sololov.v E . Ilcdr.h.hlli. I c.Rozhno\.v.v & Nriienko.s v.l99i . er l R 199.1Jrr,rf dnl'.rftn.ibn in t]( Eun\)..arb.dg!r.UnItDbt Phl) spcrilicferrues oir.r.rbr[n.e rndre!s.n.. tod.hldrnrar]ofin somc Th.:n Bnghlrn:L trrveGnr-ot Sui\ex munelrds(Carn,v.rxr /:L?r/irr RiN \c,r Birl_ 1)63-)1t lMuicta . r.l.R.&Rop.r.T J l998.Cnanr.sriri/e.{an^,dddnribulonolb.dger !\pteMnrt. M. Lrtrhltr. tl. \,J.r. ,r, /rkrrfirrIln Ruisirn) rr./.r,r.LlL \er!\ drring x l0 v.arlern Z Sirrtf/i.rt..6t 200 tO9. sons-l. H.. Snon,J H. e.A &Nlurph).8 D 9,)8 Cloring.dcvclofnrenral rr \ F ., di. 1998.Bitiart .lrtadenom in a Srilcd skunkl.rr'."rr^ expr$ioi. and inrnrunohi{o.hennit oi .v.lo orvlctras. 2 in the en- ,r'tlitiit.J v!i Dn,gr.rr.v.. l0:157:160 d.metium dudrg.nhrlo imphntarioiaid g.{!i|n in rhemink iMrreld Kunb & Yi0g lvrng 1996Obscrrarnn rn rhereprodu.rnri ol rheTairaD fiv,, r. !r/atrl,sr 19:16l'l 1616 rflrei bt!c, r,y1r,3{/. ntus.huLtiti)uLnnrio..). tti Pnn ttiAB XXII Sputr.E B 1997A$c*nrenrofrhe efa..r\.tr.s olTranrmtcr\rESpandyard (.ntt.{ Srrknh?t l99i S.Jid.ed \.B.rc!.2uR S.fia:P.nnsonPublnh crddri ulrtu$nicderr..s JnrretetLn!ioa$ rMlrfl., .mi,.d ). (irrf,f ue r.,v, Lrr. l9 TFbukhina.R V zr d/. 199,1.Adaplarion .f frink in rtdioccoloticalrx'ation. W.l\rn. M & Morlo. M. 1997 The {dus ot Uzenbayela.L B & Tiurutrnik.N. N 199.1.ImFcr.l slnthcncanaloaues ot n(Dlrglandin\on cyroc.zymologiclLpfut€{,€s ol.nntblood. lD Pr.r/.'tt MusLlida€and Vir€rrida€ .ft.rl.{iLrl rhr!i.l.grJur an ndlr, 107 l l2. Karlian ResearchCenre'.f Ru*,an A.adcnv ofSciencePrhl. Pctiozarodst(ln Russian) Haindd.R. 199?.Md,,rltzr r ruru!.s d Lvopc Delacha0x.tNicrli vrn denBn.r N. w & Ma. W. C. l9'r8 Sparialand rcmporal trends in lelels Kuznc*or.G. V. & Rozhnov.v v. 1998 Manmalsof lhen$untain rcgion of sa .fnace neril! rndPcBs ii thcluropean badcer M.l.\ -.lr' (L..ll58l pa rnd Frn s1 P,n: Biodive6ily rnd troblcms of lhen conseFat{n. In iD lhc Nerherllnd!:Inpli.ations lorreprodudn,n S.i Ir1.1Enrnonh, Mdt.rinlt .t ..rl.sirot uhd b.loni.al nuli?: in Fan si Po sunnn dt.a ll2:i07 118. Itorl vi?rn,n,, .ds. L. P. Korzunand M. V. KalFlin, 129 158.Russi u.ckcrl!. f W 1991tS€rurl nzc drmorphisn:Influence.l massrnd mann8 Ac emyofScicnccandloinrRussianVi€lrntscScienceandTechnil{)gical \tnemsln rheho( dnnoqhicmannal! J Md,n.79:31 52. TrtD,cd Ccntc. MoscoFHanoi lln Russia.) WheclerJ W. Nr_allcy,L. Davis.D Nl &W.ldon, P.J. 1997.Additlonzlsullur Kolotun,C. v. 1998hodid rick\on nn.U nammrlsfnm Fm Si Pansun,.it ar.a. comFunds liom rhe anal glandrol the Stlpcd polecat./.rdnrx tr/t,t,r lnMd!.iob oJz.ok,Si.atl und hotuni.di!u.li.t in FunSi Pan:rnnit dr.d (Munelidae.Manmlir). Z rvarlr/,rcl.- 52lc):2li:l?135 tN.ih vi4nnnt. eds L. P Ko?un andM. V. Kdyakin.252 254 Rusian wijsfran. H & Kleei. tl 1999.BooJn'nancn bclaagd d@r bonulenen bij.tr AcadenryoiScience r.d JoinrRussian Vie|nanre\. Scicnccand r{hnilosical '1o.Bni.r 9(2):16 \9.lMan.snat., TropicalCente.Mosco$ Handi (lr Rusnan) Willians-E S. &Thonr. ti. l. 1996.Infednrsaid Fannticdiseases olcaptive canjvoE!. wirhspcc'al cmphasisonlheBlack lmted tcrctlM"tdld "€r,P.t R.r S.t Tc.hn olli& Int Epi.o.t..15:91ll4 Wilv)n.PR.Karl.B J.,Aeels,J.R &Tayl,)r.R.H l99tl Theroleofintroduced predatrs .nd compelitoBin lhe de.linc ol kaka (N.sor herklit,t.lil) Fouarier.P.. Fournier Chanbrillon. c & vii, J.C. 1998lm'nobilrzationoiwild populatio\ id N.* Zcaland.Aol arxr.n . 83:| 75 | 85.(M/Jr.la spp) K kajous(P"r,r ta,,r) wirh mcdcromidinekehmine rnd rcvcral by Tnrasski.C. & Lipiec,M. l99li B.v'nc tuberculosisand ns conrrolMdr'.)d ntipane/ote J. Z wildl. M.d.,29)1)!) t94 w.t n,,ni,r 5.1i520-522(ln Polish) (;eld. S. D & Fritzell,E K 19913.Rcsource di\trjblrnrn.le'nalc home hnle dispesionand nale spatialintera.lons: Group n'ucrure in ! solirNcdni \otc.Ani. A.hdr.,55:1)11 1221. Hanlon,C.A .rdl. 19q8F nNoih A.tricanfieldrcl€rsdof ara.cinia'rabies llyoprotein reconb,namv,rus. J. \rihll Dr., l1:22t4.239. Anon. l99ll. Otrercivers ar Ktng KrmhanNntional P l Bird C.is.^ 5.. Ilanlon.CA er,r.l993.Concurentruhie\aidcanineai(enperenc€dalitsin fhrilotl Bull, 1615\:16. a hccaon(Pru'roi hrra. J. V.r ridS /n'arr, l0 194'196 Baker.C M 1998Communicdion in Marh mongmscs(,,1rrld pdhd,tk, rlr l Jacqucs.J P. & Voutou- F 1997.Raton laleur ei.ontcncur. atldr 1?143. Anallland secretionand scd d(.riminalionin ldulrt. andindividual!ara- rnrnirrocalnatun\oljuven,les .t,4ti J.zdol.,:l:1r495l Krebs-J.w-Smith.l.s..Rupprechr.C.E.&Cl,,lds,J.ti.l998Rabiessurvc,llan.e Burtrash.M D.. fobin. M E Woolhouse,A. D. & Sullivrn.T P 1998. in rhef|niredStat.sdurina1991. ! A'net.V!1. Mea. As.,213l1la 172 Labo.aroryevllur )n olF.datorodor lbte icltingan rvoidan.. rcspoDce KreinJel.SN{.. M.Guill, M., Meltzer, M . Rupprccbr,C &DeMana.A.|998 Thc inrtr,trnN (R.nu r tutrr ).-l air.n L.ol .21:19&3 lH!.!t!4 drtu?rrctatusl costoirabiesnonerNsureprophllaxnOnenrG serp$icn.c Plrl dcart ClutonBrock, l ll.drdl 19'13Cois of.ooperahvebeh tsuti.1tu flrinta).lroc R.v .t . l,nr,, 26518l:185190 Melrer- M I & Ruppiccht.C. E. 1998 A rcvies oi rhe economi.sor thc Com. J. L & Confot. M. J. 1998.E(inDtion oa densittol monaoosersith prerentionandcontml oimbies Pan2. Rabiesin dogs.lirestock and*ildlil! capturerecapruE lnd dndicc samplinaJ. Mdtn - 79:l(X)ql0l5 PhumuL.a.noht.s 14:48| 194. Dc.l.K..chahrabony-S & Ch*rabody. R 1998Identificarnin ofdo6al luard Plge.L K.. Ss,han.R. K. & Kr/r.\. K R. 1998.Raccoon Llrine nruciurca.d hair of five Indirn sFcics oi nongoose.H.r'.sr1r llligcr (Mammalra. n\ por.fiial role in trantmiss n ofBrfliMr.dr-l,,.v,,,r ro lcnebrates. Camlv. ) M,,,tu/id 62:21J5295 Aner Mkllard Not. l lO Jao-l85. Fu.hs.s..rdl.l99T.lhenicotinicreryl.holinereceptorofthemongmsc.TricksPietTal.S M &Pud!.O.J. 1998.liyFnosJnriasisr.raccoonrfr)mGeorgia J' oielolulion N.rfuki.n.? rdtdrs S48.S17 {Abnrxct) gi/l/. D/J..14:l12 l:16 Hedge\-S.l99T MorCooscssecrelislocoplirstr.y /tf'S.i.nr6rl53(206.1):16 Rilcy.SP..Uadidian,J &Mrtrski.D.A. 1998 Potulariondensity.sunivrl.and Ray.L C. 199?.Compa{tive ccoloey ofl*o Ahcan rorei ni.igooses,d.4).t r rabicsin raccNnsin !n urbannarional park. C!, J Znn ,16ll53 1164 1!1r_-)r n -.na \tit-\1"l",tna.u .4t, / /,./ Robbins.AH €r,/ l99S.PrventionofthesPreadofrabiesiow dl,labtoralva. Rozhnov.VV &Rutovskaya.M.V 1996V,f,rltarnrns oi ihc ConrnDnna m coarionof racc@n\in Massdhuscns.J Aacr v.r' Md Arr , I I l: 140?I 412 c\vettJ'arcdo tushernuthtoadt duringmiine L,rr../a 6169 Rosarc.R. C..Law\on.K F & Maclnnes.C. D 1998.Dcrclopmenl ofbait! to SchEiber.A-Eulenbergcr.K&tsruet.K 1993lmmu.4cneticevidenceforlhd dcliveroralnbies !n..inc to racc@rsin Onhno.l wral D6.l'l:6'17 652 phyldC.ncricshrer Erou0 rehr n:hip ofdo8s and bearslMrmmdlia. Ctu Roscoe.D E .t dl.. 1993.lfficacy of an oral raccini! Bhits ll!.oprorctn jres orvora:Canidre and U*dac) A comprrtivc der.min.nt anrlys! o, r.combr.n.rraccine in cont.ll,n!.p1demicac.oon r.b1csrn JeAeyJ crnivoft nllbumin. c:l complenentandinnruioglobulinmu-chain.Fil.rm Wildl.D'l..31:152164 Clht.lhnuroe.r . 15:154llll Schdben.c.A..Barker.t.K.,Rorat.R.C..Nlaclnnes.C D &Nudds,T.D. 1998 Streicher.Ll 1998 victnans Tierhandel(nbt cs cinenAusBeSl Mtr zid Eiiecrolcan,ne distemper on an urb,n raccoonpopulalion: An cxpcrimetr' Get.l1s. An. Potrldi.nt., l4l1):4I \Chnrqult r'|nori, H.rpcnr\ E.ol Appli.aron\ 8:3191111 'Whir.. v it ni.rs.Pdeu n Iatdu, Puruldutus hcmdPhroditus,Vir.ni.ulo tn lica) S. E. Kennedy-P K , & Kenncdy,Nl. 1998Tenporal leneic axon van vu.en. ts. J & Rrbinnrn.T J 1997.Ceneric PoNlatio. $rucn{e in thc in rhe.accoon.Pf,.),n t ,i I Mdnn..19:111 1\4 Yellor mongoosc,C!,t.rir p.rt.tllata. Mrl. E.ol ,6:l\41 1157 wohan, M. 1997olden procyonid!irun rh€carlic$ Lat Oliaoceneot Enrop. Vilell..F.J. lg98.Bn,logyolrhemonS@*(/t rl).nPrJr7va,i.,r),naninfore$ andrt[pnnuiveprocyonnlnorth.loay.J.r'., P,leo,"t. l7(l suppL):86,4. ofPuenoRico Atrr.?n,l0:120 125. Zaec6.L J. & BoeAma.J H. | 998.lnfecion\ with Adilra s.ar6 prot\.mi: 6y vingada.J V.. Keating.A l-. s.usa.J. P. & Ferietu-A F 1996.Absence oi humaosand raccoons. Iirw,rti l)t.ts.r?.tkmt? t23:111 413 lrn Drrch) dierdyresNnse loFel's fl ucludlioisCz,?ra!.,.trd: A crsenudl. li P/,. tUGa xxtt Con{ Se\tnb?r t9s5.sdrd,ed N Borcv.ls Sofia:Penn{,li Publishe6.(Ab(ncr) Whceler,J.W-Lay. D M.. BlDn.M S.&Weldon.P J. 1998Kdonesrn thermL lac \ecrtd)nsotthc Mashedpalm civct. Pzsrrl turrnr. lvivennlxe.Ma.l cabard.P. & Chau!€t.P 1999.L at\noloait 116nons .lefldnndizr' sa,nt nral,al6lr.r.D. .l}J. E yr,26:457.458. Yri.,i: EveilNrture 40 Index: Mustelid & Viverrid Conservation Small CarnivoreConservation 6-20 \UTHORS Panaman.R.6:20 Perplre.O. t2:lljil3:12 Grifi$s. ll 1.2:1ii5:7i99il0:2i I'l:2i l5:l.l Ph.inT'or! Aih. 4:7:6:5, 7, l6 13.20:l r Po8lat'co-Ncu$rll,i.. 7: I n \ v.l:19:7:13.20 Hrncox.M..l:13:4l9i5:10, l216 13.i9:7:1:1. I1. 15. 8:lJi9:10.21:l0:5.9. l9:11:13. l2:9: ta 5r l8:2J Ramxchrndro.K K.315 mr^ka!. K..6:,1. I lr 8:5 Rurakanrh..r..? l5: l1:16 Ray.J. l0:9:12 l. l,t 20 Rohinvm.P. l.t:l'rr t8:2J Roda.o!ski. J..2 13,4:13: 3:2 Ro/hno!.\r. Y.. 6 7:10.1. l,li 20:l I ,..J 129 K.rN\ki. l .ll:.1 .r'r/.,\ R..l0:15: ll:15 rh Bin(/il.S l).l,t 19 Krr-nulek.ts .7:16:3:tr l0 2i ll 8: l4 1,1 Ktrmnr.A.5:16:9 l: I l:ll: l.l:l KuTnetov.C V,6 7:3:5i10:17 J\.V B. t2:t,1 Sidoro!ich.v.E.5 1,1i6::i3il2:9l6i l0:3.10: l2:11: LodU.T, ? l7i ll l0 20:22 ..!r.b.c M..l2i2 l0 Long.a A.6: ll:7:Jill:l l: l-l:1.1 Lr-nch.l v.a:la: l0:6rll:lr Sleeman.P, 6rl5: 17i20:20r28 Sorinr,EA. l5:6il7:10: 20::ll Yadhtrsud.r.MD.1l:6 ,Jhtr.y.A.16 25i17:7i20l5 Sruan.C l .a,l6:1:l:18: 15. 16. 2li l9:9.l0 vaftn.T.. 2:1:i 7:10.20iA 2, 11 l2 Stuan.T.. l3:15. 16,21i19:9. l0 Mdin.ri, P E..l7li 20:r2 Merd.R. A,l I li4 15:l0:15 Tumano!.I L.. l5:6: 17:10:20 ll Vd DenBerge. K.16::ll VxnRoml)rey. H. 2 I Nil: I : 4:I I I 5r6:9: I I : 12 10.l2i Mohan.R S r_ar.9r22il0 t3 t3:10:tt:t2r la r2r19 i VrrgA.A. l7:l I9,20::12 .l(nilh.J. W.ll 1i12.5:16:I !L l.12l2r185ilg13 'r\';lh. -nr.r).3: r1:I rr23:t4:l R. I 1.2r.t. l5:5:r.6i 3 i t0 r I ra 24 tnry. P. t812 WoddnrdNl H.3:13:l3:3 I Z.1AI NgulenXuanDrnB.! 7r6,5:16 ?8 XuLi.10 ll 'n.n.A R.5:lN:6l.2l:9:1.l SPECIES AND SUB.IECTS Moudrxrn.sc. ,\r,v,?/rl ,h!..a cn..c.20:10 Colombia3:t3: l0 t5. t6: ltrlli l.t 7: l5 l0 6.i\)n. co rr Ba\in/BrJlandsNdionat Parx(us^).20:lt Leser. see(;d/r.rn.//, \hn.r.r. I lr: 2 ll: ,f l: 6 1.1:3:19.9:15.14:10 a.tq'utu\ triuk's,6:6 crc.rcr. !c. cdrrlir rtrul. 1tlnr/,/!rrr.5:13i6:2r:91:1.1:l2r16:lr177:13l: Cot.putut.hnr!..1t:6:6 Guakmr[.1.1:19 19 .lr (.neNns hbthotthii.66 ajtrir,d. trrtfi. tISA.l{:ll Cor(Ktu: l.kan.tu\.la Frnrh.9:21 ,\nibdo\rkrspecid krr\e rMrdasrs.rr).62l cor.pntuste\,6I c!/,s,b.16. .68:3t.1:t4tl rl,rr,rr\.Jnpr.d.r:6rs::r:r2rr0:16r.25:17:7:20:15 Lon?f.nr \?nk|tut'\. r:a cunungHxtrmtrn Narure Rele^e lj.ra).5l .r ! (dr,.,rir.1:,1: -1:16.t?:15 aon(t,rh's tttsoltrus, ta ll(t1,stt pt^r|..3:16,1272A:15 coney tsta'd .etand).20113 H.niF.ah^ d.t'trnr.1,t6 ,\rrbir.l:rr.19::10 co\uRica ||r.l H.4,,tu\'rnryb11r4^.|6:z| i-t:lli?:16i16:15: rrri,i/,rrrr-!.16.r0.11.2:16 lrrl:r:lrs::r.rrr crcr.llndirr.2020 20:15 7c:101:frL6:f6l.rr.25rf77:20:15 Lirfdnhrt dt.\andti.t:1: t2io H.4,\1/ tn!]t\u!\.2: 6 !1'riLtlr.ttlr^n!.tu 1:6.2r6:5:1.12:20:l6r.2ir Ca\:anhusdnins?t,12tlJ Hrptta4h.ftl\i1.2:tatfal:!:15:t3trti:Irt625i 17r.20:15 ai,sldr.nrr,rj.!zr.2rJ:39:5:17:12:10 177: t8:rr:20:t5 116:31.1:11:16.16),25:11:1, at \anht\ rltrrtphdlu:,12lO:191 t1r!.h/'/n,\. ta t.6: ta:'l arr?r,ptu.tu1t1,',2:15,622:118: l.l:lr ts t: 19:tlr th,p(!.: n hnIn.n. 1:1. a:9. 16. 12:u: t1a5 \rlcnhnr 66: !0:l l 2n1 fis,r.r.r dMnr.rr.2rl6:5.r:8rt5: t6l 1r/.JBhdn,'f.l..r:2:.r:39.r615:rr:12:r:17:15: c!. PhuongNr(tunaLParl t! ehanr'r.20:l H?ry.n?\na\. t1 19 9 Cusnnans..$c a,/'id,rh!L,n.,6 Httptnt\ nnNrnl*\.\ee cdl?nlla alhqknpr Rdeer. \cc tt.h,,.Lr Alcx.ndcr's. s.. Cz,rnrr. llt ' ,/.ad,ri ,.4,.r.\ vrtrtr.1l:1.6.15:.1: t39 avnlil r.trn.i/rrd. I l6i l9:s H.,r.JrpJ rna | 6r I t6r t6 t. t5i 1?:ri KNb.ru ic'd. \.. M.r,i.l?.,.r.r, C,r,sr/.b.,n.rr.2:l6i 1015.t6:1,17 //.?.r.r Lrr.,/ti\ l-11.6:13,1 Hog. \ee id,,u .,l/a/i t 6no1dl? h)\ti.16a He'eg.!'nr.7rt6 Hof.y. sccMrlrur, . dr.f !d Dalmxri..T:lri Lhn{nuttbndk.ld,l:1t21:39.t6r3:lrrs:rr7:N: J.!xr lcr.l. seeM.r.sdr.rriptrrdlir Dirii Bcrch.Kenrr. t2 tl 12:3./tt:1715i13:15:19:10 Lrrge toothedfinet. sccM./,3d1. p.,tr,dr! lji\eases.17:20:20:1 /.n,rJa r.;dh.l:,1:.1:16:1?:15 Ituhran nink. iee Mr/nrJlard,.,Jn Dobsrte dtho{shi t:,1 tnJix. 2:lNr 3:ll. 15. t9: s 6. L t6i ?:15. 13: 3:17: Snullroothcd teftr. sdc,l'.l,RdLn,r.rdrd Eruldor.l.t:7:l8:3 10:11.11:16.21.23:131.6.10rt51:t625.10:177i Ran8kil..9tl Ddirorixl.1:1i 5 li lo:t 13:9,l9tl:20:15 Bosdrn.L\ \r"1i.hn^ti.7:1.ll:1 F:ggp'cd.Lon.2ll lr.taid.6 t5:7:'r:1?:10:20::3 B.|tr!d. rtasi.duaa.3:t6: 6:11: 12r2rrllilS:16 Lm hdtbata.la: {5: t1:19:1a:11 Istucl,l l.r Bdaadl. ,i.:ri!^. 1:1 Hlhrl llial)-).3:ll hrty.77 Bclarus.scc By.lorusir Enhrtltu !uti\. ta:115\Aa1 Irui Forej. I l B.lgium.16:ll Ervikulln Nrrtunal Prrk. t']d r. tl6 lucN Red Lnr r7:l:l Lrrum.9:2: t4rlt tryy c.an.3r9:s:t?r9:20: l3 t2 Bcrampo Natu lRe\cae(Nladrgascrr).20,lJ Enonia. z:12.7:12 J.tdnpm Srncrurr- (Indir).20:lj Brntutun8.te.,.1,.rn /r ri,r,r,,t tjdropia.lz5 Jap.tr..tr.ti5l6 Bomeo.9: 11. 16r:r tiql.a: pktotii, 1t:2O. 20 11.:10 la!.. S:2i Brl9i 9 D: l l t 9 Bura IigerRe\eae ir'idia).20:15 Frnrlov. tee r.!!l.a: loul.tii Ken),a.t2 tt: t8r: t9:tl Bl'.].ru*ia.5 1.1:6:ll. 7:9. lliS:12:10,10:I2:l,r [aia\.n K.bir l:lmd.13::] L.os.ll:1. t2: 13:10:16l:1719 Fenei. Lrrvia. T:t2 T.opi.al. \ec &sa,rrlr gitri./irdr, Rlacrjoorcd. scc Mlrr.L,rsnr.J I ihefia.l:?:13:12 alnemn. r2:i0 Ftr,l!id.20:13 , Lcoord c^\.\.c Prn,nulutu: b.nsul?n\n Cafr \irr". lrtrhcr.scc ,rr.,?r ,'.,d,rr tibdah: kuhn.1:1.2J5.17,3:9.11.6:2lrt3:t2 (hr.itnlt n\nont.1:l. a: tl) Fosr. \ee ai]7r,r)n1dl.n,J Linsang C,,s.,1rh ,tr.!,A. -] I I Fo\t l^!nt,6:22: l1): 1911 Aftirn. seePonnr nLhdkk.rl C'\pr,!,!tuktu\.14) Ir.ND.35:717:1013:lll0 Band.d.scc Prn,,./,,,,k '! c\t.sdh hr"knit.l,:16 lir Relknaplndiaf r.scrvarior (US ).20::12 sp.red. \cc Pri.Drrto putitrtor Mdn?: p.nnunn.2.1 Cdl.rtllrl pulrennenla.3a6:1:t: t9\ Lftr.rtre, rJ: 2:Ji.r:9. lrj. 5:17: 12:7i recenr,l:l:t: 2:t9: 32tr4:20rs: 91612l: 72ti breedrnS.z:r5 t7rt5: t3t6 3:2tr9:26r10:21:11r15:t2:t ilf,:tgi 1420i 1520i tlvrr 4n?ln,15:6 ctlitli\ tujo.l:5 t7 2!r r{rt5r t9 it2: :tR Munrhpukrib,ls6 cdlnrnInJ,k_r:3:15:5 Ltrhuanir,6r.1.||:7:tl M!r./d f&n.156 Odl ia.!iar!.6:22,l.t:lrt9:11:20tJ Lutal.ud?t\^. ta:a.A P.t.lotutt. j.nloni.1 2A (;dtidi.ti\ larnto.6:l2t ll lt 2011 Luta t.rin\tu.|it. t:11 P.a'ili.ti lib\.a. Cenei, Llrd lurr. lr6.to:{15:59:6tti llrtTi l6rl,25i breeding./llJ Aquatic.lee ab.rrn /il 1"&.ndz, l7:7:20:t5.22 Plono.lrn at.rdiolor, a:t c:!.large \Eri€d. seea;.x.r, r,!rr!r Lutu nd.rtk.1tn.1:1,3.16 hreedi,g.2rr6 cre{.d. seecfnfr, rfntu. Csnfal Afric.n Rcpublic.l2:r cia . sc. C.,.rd rntu/rd. r.ltrrot?p.r'?ti d.,t6tt6t.25:1?:?i20:t5, Ch.pramri Srncrurryllndia), 20 15 H bsr, secc.,.rd rri.r^i Ntldagiscrr.6:22.7:13i 1t::0i 1,1:l: t9:21.2,r1 ChfLs M. Rrsel Na&,ml wLldlift RetueeIUSA), Johnson'\. seecdnera]rrni,,, 20 7.14.30 20::ll Pxntner see(;.fttn Ntdihu. G. rubryinolu Mrhmandr sancruar!dndir),2o t5 Clrin., 1:5i 5 17: l0:ll: ll:l:li l3:l0r In:l Sedalind. \de L'.,.tr '.n,lir. yilagasybrown rtlcdnongoor.,\eesatanon.on.olol Chn.tul. o\|loni,l:6:17:6:5.7i 10:17:lri:1.13: Sourhcrn.s.. C.,lrdleli,d Mila!!..gtli10:15 20:l (;enerics.l:9 NtarcjerlNaruE Retene (Midisascan. 6:2? C;ceo NationalPark (rtalv). 2 l0 C,nera .rnrtu. 3a: tg:t Mxnen. clTEs,l:3 Gnttu bin1.191 AtrEdcantinc. sccM.r1r (n.rnznd civer. ceneta fetina.l:s Bcerh. se Mu,.! &rnd Anicatr.\ce aiv.rnrn , tr.t/ Latr3el"diad. \ce vir.rtu 16.rr, czh.ol jt)hrlrri. l:9 ytf.nd,pidlrila L1r3c{poncd. s.. c.Ntu ?rnlir..1:4i2:.li l:9:5:17: 17 t5: l9:t t9ane\e. \ee Ma .\ h1.h1h?r\ Mrlabar civet.\ee yi,,cnd.iL.ria. Genedapn?n\n.|g I Yell0* rhtudsd. sce,r,r.rr4drF,/, Malagasl, lee F,r.'d f.sdxd Got d tubtuuu\u. t:1,12:7: lA:5: l9:1, ta Mra.: on(n11ru,a A Malrym.see Yn.rd.,,sdl,,sd Gotnd:.rnlim,l+ la1l6 Mni.\ Irriurlr.1:6. toi2:16:5:Ii II16:16:1.25i Oner. seeCMcrdL bf,,1r,i G.n rd lltiori.a9: l7l5 l7J:2Ot5 yif?rrnrd,dnfl small lndian, see Gen?nansnnd,3. \6 Mtt?: lona. t:6:4:ta:5:1,9:6: i ?:7i a:t1i 9:l9r Crr.rnJ^6.i{r..1:,1:24:J:9. l6i5:17,12:6ii7:15, (}?n.tur oria..II l3:t.l: l4:1,1rl7r7: tA:13:20:t5.21).22. 13:16 Ccorgi..?:ll Mdrh strlrr;ari.l, l l: s 6:7,13:13:6: l5:3: l3:9 Codri. CorunFr N.donilPa (lndir).20:l5 Mu ^nht'.1ta:6||.)0.u:Il. 1,1.9:13i12:201 Ringrriled, \ee Ndrr, dsrd GrdBrirdo.6:20il0:5.9.19rt2r9:l3:l? t?rt0:20:13i20:22.33 42 ,., rri,rryrr.;l lJ ,Mva ,dri.d. 11:19 ShnrbaHill\ N.noiilR.rir.. KeD! l::ll 1 , /,.,rd,t.2:li 3:l.ri 10:r.15 lia!. ,.r,u.3:,1 Shingrlih\r nrl Prl (India).20:15 1,1r?/ltl, l6:,1:15i3:1,1i10:l:i20ll li^!.//.r.ln?....10:15: ll l:t SirraLeotu.2.l . 1r1. Neorr lrlle] Nlmnrll'[kllndiar.20:15 S,kknD.hdi. I l0: l.]10 rlcnilerlxil.d Jcc5r.,..r, v'ndt, NechsarNstonalPaft.FrhLfir.125 Silenr!dle! NdionxlPirk (I'tia).I 15 ,,!,r., l6 l:3.3:lll:t15.13.19:5:?.11.11.17:N.Br.lll Ll$.lq:7'r.1l.lJ.15:39.11:9i.1(r.21:10:5.Neprl.13l0 lmzon,anho!{os.d.!e.(dr.t ,r:ll:18.I2:9ilJ:5.14:10:16:1.11:t?:7:1710; Nrlcra.J:l:19:1 Comm.nho! no$d.:cc O,I."dr^ ,..ro1.trl t ' Nilgiri Bio:phci. Rcnec.Ird'a.1:l: Eastemhq rosed. see(,,?pdr,t1,,.,.rr r,r,rp.,ril.1:1:J9. Nmrol,) Koha Nrd,ml Par[, 17:15 Ho! no:cd. scc C.r{dn,r d vdx.k '. a f.r - l2:rr l6:li: 17 15 l3:9.20:15 Norwdr.6:3 !ttt?\rrdn.611 Obtrua4.l9r8 Molinr'shog no\.d. $. a,nfd?!r./'n,!d u/t ,u.,,ak. I 6: 6:1?: 7rl5i 16:1. l5r 17 7: ()n'n.7,8r 13,15 Prlagorirtr hog noscd.sce O,I.tdtuJ l!,r),rtri ; O\b.rnnr: pnrn.tu,l4 Pyem) \F red.see s/tr.,!d/. ,r pk'!. ltrr.,tr.dtu.1:6:2:16:6:?:7:5il0Ll:16:1. ()rte'. Spoltri,s.. Spil,ldl.Fr,r, r I l7ir20:15 Ci,r.dmri'cr.s..trt,dndLn'n stL0rd.\ee Me,rhtd ru,'ht'\ rt, .'rddl;'. s l. :lr 6 17 crpt clr*le$. re,1,nu .,r.,r, Slolctria.6:?0rli:9i lr lJ f,i/.rp.11:16 ., Sfodr^fri.a.26:313:.rl:lx:ll:19:9 . nr\ r)d.huta la luropc.tr.scczlr? /!'d S0rin.,l:16:51:]:913 'nJ',,a//)rtn.1:3.3:1,1 spll.\tl2 snniln,lS rr 1:8.7:1.1 Hant fo\ed.\ee a/r? n,/drdDa Spilotrl?p,txh.13i4:15:8:llillll I ajrienul\mrLlc[{ed.\ee,1,,7t,nrr.1,1,?, Spiloattuprlnutu,l:u. tl So1.E rfr,, /'d,ir rLtupcm. s..,V,aktu,rzorr srn..rh c.xted. \ee rrt'ldle ,.,vi.llld/ Sro.r. sccM,v./d.',nJ.d Spot.dnc.kcd.sccZrrz,Lr!/nc//i.\ studhoor. .fulr 1cllrtrrrLL.\.1,1:l Prlxit.td^trd,t6.tl}t2a6:1,15:tl16.l9:t2:20i Anttui\ bntutur:t,I l0:32()r517r79, 16 l.15: 17:7:19:25120,1.15 sum$\9:lli 12:2oit3::1 r,!,d.d. re Mrr!,i,r,,F, Pa[*xn. 'l l] Su,traiaru,i.anr.3,l6 llLrrl nrtred. \ee dM!.1.,a,lr1J Pal'n.,v.r. ssiterlanlt 51 tltr\h! tu'lcJ. s.. B./.,!,/. .,zsn r(& Anican. \ee rn,lnl, ri,.rdrd Taingtun.i!cr. scc t'n?r,? rznJS!.,{h ( tuh.rhd!.:.. A.|!.rd rn? Banded.\ee Hr,,,Bdlk! !?p4,,,, ' TaLania.11:? U|l\ilt. s.. /./,,!r/,,pd^!/, tsn\r \ee t'an o\rn ttal.nt L,ri&! ^b. lrSr?:lrxll ijrnhlrf seeMu!,r !d,,bk,rr Co.xDol. sc. Puodrtt.u\ httddrha,li 'ard./,rrrrr lrlhm -!r)_.nc /t4d!.\ rl'd^; dnden. \ee ..r/dknrd Tha,land.2 l6: 9:llr l3,ll)r 16:lr19:25 vitk.d. sec Pas!,tr, t Larl Itori(l*erscl. sr. .t ,6rrr drn r&l O!n0r's. s.c arzr!!//,, ,tr t,ni rib. iri. \.e /.ir.rrJn kr,i Sn,alltrdheJ.:.c,1fil,!drlkrntldk UrraDe.T,ll UnnedAtub Erlratcs.13: l5 \ltli!s! bLoadirpcd. re C;d idn ri,r.t.d \l.nigisy otrgrarl.d. see6r/did./.RdrJ red.iec,1,/kn^ tr!.n\ L:SA.4 9. 15:7 J. l1: l0:3.15: 11:l1i lJ:1,1i 14:11: \h, d'. se..4rrrn /d/drrxr, t' anr\ rt.h : :.1.u r, 3 16 \rrLler i.,r/r,.r,!d].,./t.tr Ptru.l.vnah.hntrhdnu\.1:61216:5:lr3:l51912: Vichnd.4:17i 6:5.li10:.1. 1,1. l7r!l,l{)r2lr,l.ll tl:15:lJ l: 151:16 l. :5i 1?:li13:9: 19:15: 20: . 5 virungr\r.oml l'[k. l:.1 \rL!tr\' s.. Pdzr,^n/i\ v,r6i Pdnnt.trtusirnl.r1.2tA:315. l9: 713.20: l:l:l: vir.n.it.ri\r.}t|a:3:lrr 5:16,7:13,3:17.9::1. \hon lril.d $\. drfP.rlr l]zrr\!n0 \r?nd.r. ).c cdl1..//., tun!(nte.. Hr4,t!(\ Pnrutt,\unr.r\ttD.rti:. a ta vir.n. tn4a:pt|. 1:6i2 16:I l,l: 16 l: 20 ll vn.'! l,i,F!.,Jn, 20:11 |I"JL c H-r\ P.r .k l"-It vn.n. knKluns. 2)6:1.ta: I l: li l5,lr: 20 ll rlhn. hl.rl. s.. Lh,l,,iir.lrnn,A viartu .ib(thd,l:6. l1):2:16: ll:16: l6l. :5. 1?:?. I fll$f. sccC,4nln r.in i//dn tr?.11.!.t? tlbtnuth., | 1.2:6,3 l6t 1a2l r,! @,rid&!.3:9ia ll:5 l7: 17:15 PontnunhaaL.,i. | 1:2 J:3 t).9:r rn.nkulu tnJi.u.l6t 2:16.5:l: 7 l8r x l7: llr:l:l: lrnr: la.nrln&rr, M v,'n.],,:".r.!r'r,. | 6: il 18,8:lrr 14:19 .1.rrdnr. l:6.5:11 ,r./,,,ntr..16:4:1113.5:9i6:i1.1.1.15:3:1,1: SreptE.s.. Mlv.rr .'.n,r,r,i _ 20l: . ..,....1.5.7., ||0 zorr p.-1t,r.t.1,_;, t6l ,i!//ati.2l5:8:r*rl0:r6rll:2:lrl,t:7 Pn.n.l.npn&.|tr.1:6,l,t216:5:17:8:5ill16. rJj- Kamhr\Nrrn)nrLPrl. Sumata.12:20 ,r!,n?rdkl3:3:11.11:1r,14:j.15:10 .22:rJ:0i16,15:177::lr16 r,h,,/,, /,, n!. 2 15:2 16:5:1,9 tti 16I At.ican {riI)ed. \ee /'.i?.,/,!.1?,/r,,r.}d ,r.l.rrdl,. 1:6:16l.li: 177:2015 Ba.l i.pcd. s.c,lt(nrla vrjsid,r, . r, hnr.td 2 t2 ll 11. 15:-1 1: !l 16. l3i 5 ll. Pa\\,r lttot. l2:t.) cok,mbian. $. ,nlr/.trl /.ta.i 10.3:2.6,3, !1. l:. 1,1. Pro.)oni(h. indone\im mounkn,. \cc Mri.r,r /,rz,rr(l l$r ll:22r l2 l.lr l: lt: 15:6, rcrionplM,6:1 20:ll rr Ptrblicdion\. Libtar tnpcd. sc.4,..1/r1n lirr.d recenr5 l7: 7 g:3:20:9:2r.10::n. 11::.1i 13:9i lon8 hilcd. lee ltttr la routu tt l0: 15:13.l6:32i l3 22:19:10. 20rll MouDrain.\ee MrvPr,,r.n, .rrrri(r?f\.::15:4:r:5:13r7:lrl0rl5:6:I7:1.19. Rr!c..tr. Siberirn.\ce ,t rr.1l, \lriri., .l Crub.arn3. see PnDd dtr.rn,,zJ YEUo$b.llicd. scc Mrv./d rdrhi,l .alr rttrnu:.l6:6:).11. J.20:11):$rll8. 0r 20:r r, l-l:15.17.156;17:10.20:rl:.13 RrwrDrnauNrtureRe\ene(Jr\r].3:15 .ald J,/,trr.. 16. l0:,1:1.1:16 l: 177: 20:15 small c.ri roEcANlP, s l .\tr ttip xt. r:6:1t1: ll l2: 16:l 25i l7:7i Rusix.7:10.12:1,1 SmrlLCrnnlR_ GC.\P. I I i Rh\tth.tnl. h.ltti.3 t6: la:21 srrll c.rrlror! TA(i/hF-P.9:21 .j//d,,\,n. 2 l:l:3 i: 4:1,1.16i5:11. l,1i 6 ll. I t: 7 9i labrh.I!l!l\iu. 16:27 Xuasul( nt:o.l?)t t9 | .r l0l.3. 11.12:lli :l5i15:6i17l0:2011 sxblesee Mdn.J:irslrd diri iRurmal.9,ll: 13:10 Us Natrft Reserrelviehrn!,20:l I ScnchalSai.tDIf (lndir). 20:15 Zoilh. \.r /,r,nrr rrr'r!" .,titn hiirtdt.. r1:21:3!. \6.5 \1: 172) ScNgil.lTL5 kn:l?.tnlnk.tu ScranI. rNc-Cu,re!'.7 l3 IUCN/SSCMV&PSG membership or Mi co"setuati44 p/oj..t lnniture of Ardic Biologt c.N.nation n,n F.o,?rf al thrt.tenea Univehi.y of Alaskaf{nbanks tp.ct?s.poakulotlr in ttu Philirtfinpson1 fairbanks.AK 99775.USA 3tr?? Ilnnchen.cermdrv . nail: fnmh@&au(naalastaedu e mrl I(r.llr ll15a!.onDuscrrc..odt ELP L o.nhndbr Jor th. k.ndnnttun Ch{ir, I'nrlonid Sub{rouD (ins.^ dli.n oj th. r .$.. pontr Siubr.k k?eret jbr L.\kr rulr 30:19XE R.nerdanrNerherlands e mail:..r [email protected] \eorop F 'n Sntics Fodndarion Virt-Chliman lor Eu.ope & Norlh An$i.! Hou{on. fx 77()()6, L]SA (nn\. ^zt ion,. opttu brtt.lrns, ( urator.Tallrtri Loonar.d and E r.rr.,J th. Eurap&r nin* Innituro dc Cic..rs Ndu lc\ e mal: [email protected]€ srntaid de B.eoia, Colo.rbia Vice-Chairn.n tor A\tu & Infornarion Olficer ( hritnd, ..l th. Az1 sttdll ca ^.re cans?^ation rt osrnn Jor th. Curartr MrmmaL!. Meio loDnro Zoo r:utop.nh tnrrbI el p.leLat W.! Hill. Ontrno Mll.1R5. Canada NT PTE('N PR46AA. UK e mrir: trurrobrnsoi(4brinrcocrco.r Dipafl Btul Ania Cen l.eo Plrdf' Vice-Chairmun for Nld,grscar Utriv degli Srudidi Fnenze t:F,P&ontinutar fu nE tosa cot:ttution.f Mnta.ot\.drnir.t.s c Dril: CAVALLINI@$ww lFecola.uDfi.n ,17053Durbur8. 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Htr1lHU6 7Rx. tIK e mril [email protected] e mail: H.I [email protected] Wildlife Trade Monitoring Offier M\ ShelaghUeard Roscnthd stunr, br.ctltne. and.ons.rrni hn.l Ort.n \ titl & onl.r riwrrld: tn (:ambndgeC!2 I QS,trK C.r:(&tion elr(tn,t tn vietnatr B?hariotol ?t.togr, ..'s.^ntinn biotlJE, and r.prlanrn sat?ti.: .f Cnproptmra fctox & oth.r vir.nt.l: thturth.ut Knoxvillc.TN 17996,USA e dail: lukedolLar@yrhooconl D 41m Mnnser. Gemany (hit.nation aJ.aniror. t in Di ri.n..sco M. ngelici Mu{eti,tx & v^.tid\ tJ ltatr PilninS.nri{or Bsr2ltc. LrK e nail: $c\lao@jrox,ntco rh con:tryanan .t ihe Eutory.n nink conk^alion.lthe (btunhi.n \ :.t CNEVA, Domrine de Pixirdcou Clmbridge,CB3 9LX. UK Ms M[ie de\ Neige! de Relleliord Mnsdumd ll6toiE Narurcll. Li Rochcll. Tenne*cc.IN37916, US,\ r700 La Rochelre.Frrnce e mlil [email protected] 44 Jor.ih. (l,rr'tr, Cntrh Nli\ lBr \ ., $i 100LLs\ 61 9$ S..rn!.tr.rtri. 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(iarp finr & \\ilJl Rr\ lrrlL fFP\t_ot\I,\o( r( A |5 rtr)u..\ft3t01.ts,\ . trrrl r{rr \rr!x\li hormrll.rir . nrlr r.it!(!]trddrrr' r!.n f. \\ r rn|n !L Pir[ Zoolt]-!r.,rl a Subscriptions Subscriptiontbr 1999(two numbers planned) is 600tsclgian lilncs. All subscribersplease scnd cash:600 tsclsian liancs (or20 USS.or l2t. of l00FF,or 30DM). or a Eurochcquelbr 600 Bclgianliatlcs (no banking costs deducled!). Onother cheques. plcase add 507. to co\ercurrcncy convening and bitnkins costs atd sendbl Hany VanRornpaey JanVerbertlei. l5 2650Edegem Bclg iu rrr Thc aim of the Newsletteris to promotecommunication betwcen all interestedin mustelid,viverrid and procyonidconservttion and to stimulatc conservationrelatcd activities for the speciesinyolved. In order to do so we shouldbc financiallyindcpendent. Any assistancein the fbrm of donations,sponsorship, and subscriptions is mostwelconre.