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Thesis Hum 2021 Aranha Mark.Pdf Jews and Mappilas of Kerala: A study of their history and selected song traditions Mark Aranha Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Music in Ethnomusicology South African College of Music University of Cape Town University of Cape Town Supervisors: Michael Nixon and Dr Sumangala Damodaran February 2020 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town ii DECLARATION By submitting this dissertation for evaluation, I, Mark Aranha, declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by the University of Cape Town will not infringe any third-party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any other qualification. Signature: Date: February 10, 2020 iii Table of Contents DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................ II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... V A NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION AND ORTHOGRAPHY .......................................................................... II CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 MUSIC AS AN ENTRY POINT ................................................................................................................ 2 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO KERALA AND ITS POSITION IN PRE-COLONIAL INDIAN OCEAN TRADE .. 3 MIGRATIONS TO THE REGION ............................................................................................................. 6 JEWS & MAPPILAS .............................................................................................................................. 7 A BACKGROUND TO ARNOLD BAKE AND THE BAKE COLLECTION .................................................... 9 Jairazbhoy and Catlin: Restudying the Bake collection .............................................................. 10 RESEARCH METHOD AND CHALLENGES ............................................................................................ 11 On the Mappila materials and field work .................................................................................... 13 On the Jewish materials and field work ....................................................................................... 16 ON TRANSCRIPTIONS AND TEXTUALITY ........................................................................................... 17 OUTLINE ........................................................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 2: MAPPILAS ................................................................................................................. 20 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 20 Etymology ..................................................................................................................................... 21 Mappilas of other faiths ............................................................................................................... 23 Examining the common portrayal of Mappilas as a racial and cultural hybrid ......................... 23 SPREAD OF ISLAM ............................................................................................................................. 26 The Cheraman Perumal ............................................................................................................... 27 Sufi influence ................................................................................................................................ 30 “TEXTUAL ISLAM” VS “PRACTICAL ISLAM” ..................................................................................... 40 THE NATURE OF ISLAM IN MALABAR BEFORE THE 20TH CENTURY ................................................... 43 A centre-periphery myth ............................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 3: MAPPILAPAATTU AND MAPPILA ART FORMS .............................................. 47 Arabi-Malayalam ......................................................................................................................... 47 A SURVEY OF MAPPILAPAATTU GENRES .......................................................................................... 50 Maalapaattu ................................................................................................................................. 52 Padappaattu ................................................................................................................................. 54 Kissapaattu ................................................................................................................................... 54 Kalyaanapaattu ............................................................................................................................ 55 Kessupaattu .................................................................................................................................. 55 Kathupaattu .................................................................................................................................. 56 Sarkeetpaattu ................................................................................................................................ 57 Kappapaattu and other mystic songs ........................................................................................... 57 ISHAL AND THE SIGNATURE SOUND OF MAPPILAPAATTU ................................................................. 58 Contemporary definitions: Melodic and metric ........................................................................... 59 Discussing ishals in Kondotty ...................................................................................................... 60 MAPPILA PERFORMANCE ART FORMS .............................................................................................. 67 Oppana ......................................................................................................................................... 67 Kolkali .......................................................................................................................................... 71 Duffmuttu ...................................................................................................................................... 80 Arabanamuttu / Aravanamuttu ..................................................................................................... 82 Kuthu Ratheeb .............................................................................................................................. 83 Vattappaattu ................................................................................................................................. 84 Paadipparachil ............................................................................................................................. 87 Chiinimutt / Muttum Viliyum ........................................................................................................ 87 Kalaripayattu ............................................................................................................................... 88 NERCHAS AND FOLK FESTIVALS ........................................................................................................ 89 Syncretism in nerchas .................................................................................................................. 90 A sampling of nerchas .................................................................................................................. 91 iv A Jewish nercha ........................................................................................................................... 94 ON BAKE’S MAPPILA RECORDINGS .................................................................................................. 96 Possible connections with Lakshadweep ..................................................................................... 98 CHAPTER 4: JEWS OF KERALA ................................................................................................ 100 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 100 Ancient and medieval links between Jews and India ................................................................. 101 Oral traditions of Jews in India ................................................................................................. 102 RE-EXAMINING JEWISH HISTORIES AND THEIR SETTLEMENTS IN KERALA .................................... 104 Shingly ........................................................................................................................................ 107 Cochin .......................................................................................................................................
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