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A Note on the Genitive Particle Ħaqq in Yemeni Arabic Free Genitives Mohammed Ali Qarabesh, University of Albayda Mohammed Q

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A Note on the Genitive Particle Ħaqq in Yemeni Arabic Free Genitives Mohammed Ali Qarabesh, University of Albayda Mohammed Q A note on ħaqq in Yemeni Arabic … Qarabesh & Shormani A Note on the Genitive particle ħaqq in Yemeni Arabic Free Genitives Mohammed Ali Qarabesh, University of Albayda Mohammed Q. Shormani, University of Ibb الملخص: تتىاوه هذي اىىرقح ميمح "حق" فٍ اىيهجح اىُمىُح ورتثتها اىىحىَح فٍ تزمُة إضافح اىمينُح اىتحيُيُح، وتقذً ىها تحيُو وحىٌ وصفٍ، حُث َفتزض اىثاحثان أن هىاك وىػُه مه هذي اىنيمح فٍ اىيهجح اىُمىُح: ا( تيل اىتٍ ﻻ تظهز ػيُها ػﻻماخ اىتطاتق، مثو "اىسُاراخ حق ػيٍ"، حُث وزي أن ميمح "اىسُاراخ" ىها اىسماخ )جمغ، مؤوث، غائة( وىنه ميمح "حق" ﻻ تتطاتق مؼها فٍ أٌ مه هذي اىصفاخ، و ب( تيل اىتٍ تظهز ػيُها ػﻻماخ اىتطاتق مثو "اىسُاراخ حقاخ ػيٍ" حُث تتطاتق اىنيمتان "اىسُاراخ" و"حقاخ" فٍ مو اىسماخ. وؼَزض اىثاحثان أن اىىىع اﻷوه َ ستخذً فٍ مىاطق مثو صىؼاء، ػذن، إب... اىخ، واىثاوٍ فٍ شثىج وحضزمىخ ... اىخ. وَخيص اىثاحثان إىً أن هىاك دىُو ػميٍ ىُس فقظ ػيً وجىد اىىحى اىنيٍ فٍ "اىمينح اىيغىَح" تو أَضا ػيً "تَ ْى َس َطح" هذا اىىحى، ىُس فقظ تُه اىيغاخ تو وتُه ىهجاخ اىيغح اىىاحذج. الكلمات المفتاحية: اىيغاخ اىسامُح، اىؼزتُح اىُمىُح، اىؼثزَح، اى م ْينُح، "حق" Abstract This paper provides a descriptive syntactic analysis of ħaqq in Yemeni Arabic (YA). ħaqq is a Semitic Free Genitive (FG) particle, much like the English of. A FG minimally consists of a head N, genitive particle and genitive DP complement. It (in a FG) expresses or conveys the meaning of possessiveness, something like of in English. There are two types of ħaqq in Yemeni Arabic: one not exhibiting agreement with the head N, and another exhibiting it. The former does not inflect for agreement features (ɸ- features), while the latter does. The former is used in areas like Sana‟a, Aden, Ibb, etc. and the latter in Shabwah, Hadhramout, etc. The article provides evidence that Universal Grammar (UG) parameterization exists in human language, not only interlingually, but also intralingually. Keywords: Semitic, Yemeni Arabic, Hebrew, genitive particle ħaqq, possession 1. Introduction Possessiveness is a relation of possession between a noun and another noun; one is referred to as possessed and the other as possessor. Languages differ in the way they express possessiveness. As far as Semitic languages are Issue(11)-( July-December 2018) Al-Qalam Journal (Semiannual-peer-reviewed( 1 A note on ħaqq in Yemeni Arabic … Qarabesh & Shormani concerned, one way of expressing possessiveness is using what is so called analytic possessive constructions or Free Genitives (FGs) like (1) below. In Semitics (Arabic and Hebrew in this paper), a free genitive consists of a head N (possessum), genitive particle and genitive DP complement (GDC). This is exemplified in (1a) and (1b), from Yemeni Arabic (YA) and Modern Hebrew (MH), respectively.1 (1) a. al-bayt ħaqq ʕali the-house.M.SG of Ali „Ali‟s house‟ b. ha-beyt šel ali the-house.M.SG of Ali „Ali‟s house‟ In its minimal form, a FG consists of a head N, genitive particle and genitive DP complement.2 For example, (1a) represents a FG in YA, where al-bayt „the house‟ is the head N, ħaqq is the genitive particle and ʕali „Ali‟ is the GDC. In MH FGs, ha-bayt „the house‟ is the head N, šel „of‟ is the 1 The following abbreviations are used throughout this article: Acc = accusative, SG = Singular, DL = dual, DP = Determiner Phrase, N = Noun, PL = plural, F = Feminine, M = Masculine, Nom = Nominative Case; Gen = Genitive Case. Other abbreviations and/or acronyms used in the text are introduced at the first use. 2 Note that a Semitic FG can have an unlimited number of embedded FGs. This is formulated in (i): (i) FG = FG1 + FG2 + FG3 + FGn (i) is exemplified in (ii). (ii) a. al-bayt l-kabiir ħaqq l-midiir l-jadiid the-house.M.SG the-big.M.SG of the-manager the-new „The new manager‟s big house‟ b. ha-tmuna šel ha-xamaniot šel van gox the-picture of the-sunflowers of Van Gogh „Van Gogh‟s picture of the sunflowers‟ c. al-muftaaħ ħaqq l-baab ħaqq s-sayyaara ħaqq ʕali the-key of the-door of the-car of Ali „Ali‟s car‟s door‟s key‟ A Semitic FG can also have (embedded) coordinated FGs as illustrated in (iii). (iii) al-sayyaara wa l-baas ћaqq l-mudarris wa l-midiir the-car and the-bus of the-teachers and the-manager „The teacher‟s and the manager‟s car and bus‟ Issue(11)-( July-December 2018) Al-Qalam Journal (Semiannual-peer-reviewed( 2 A note on ħaqq in Yemeni Arabic … Qarabesh & Shormani genitive particle and ali „Ali‟ is the GDC. From a structural point of view, both YA and MH in (1) seem to be identical in FG structuring. The paper provides a descriptive syntactic analysis of ħaqq in Yemeni Arabic in examples like (1a). ħaqq is a Semitic FG particle. It expresses or conveys the meaning of possession, something like of in English. There are two types of ħaqq in YA: one not exhibiting agreement with the head N, and another showing it. The former is used in areas like Sana‟a, Aden, Ibb, etc. and the latter in Shabwah, Hadhramout, etc. The former does not inflect for agreement features (ɸ-features), while the latter does. (It inflects for person, number and gender). The paper goes as follows. Section 2 discusses ħaqq as a lexical item, a content word listed in Arabic dictionary. Section 3 discusses ħaqq as a genitive particle. In this section, we attempt an account of how ħaqq has been changed from being a lexical item into a genitive particle. Section 4 contrasts the YA ħaqq with the English of. This section also presents some idiomatic uses of ħaqq in FGs. And section 5 concludes the paper. 2. ħaqq as a lexical item From an etymological point of view, the term “ħaqq” is actually a lexical item, i.e. a word, specifically a noun, in Arabic. It is part of the lexical entry of Arabic, be it Standard Arabic (SA) or any other variety. It has the meaning of „right‟, „property‟, etc. These two meanings are exemplified in (2), from SA and YA, respectively: (2) a. ħuqquuq-u l-?insaan-i right-PL.NOM the-human-GEN „Human rights‟ b. haaðaa l-bayt ħaqq-i this the-house property-my „This house is my own property.‟ The term ħuqquuq-u „rights‟ in (2a) clearly indicates the lexical meaning of ħaqq. In fact, this lexical use/identity and the meaning of ħaqq exist in all Arabic verities. Issue(11)-( July-December 2018) Al-Qalam Journal (Semiannual-peer-reviewed( 3 A note on ħaqq in Yemeni Arabic … Qarabesh & Shormani It could be argued that the lexical meaning „right‟ of ħaqq has something to contribute to the genetiveness use of ħaqq in FGs in YA as in (1a). This is discussed in details in the following section. 3. ħaqq as a genitive particle If we take the lexical or nominal “identity” and the meaning of the term ħaqq into account, it could be argued that meaning also contributes in making it a genitive particle. In other words, since the meaning of ħaqq is „right/belonging to‟, for example, the genitive use comes from this aspect, thus deriving the genitive “identity” from the lexical identity and its meaning as well. It should be noted here that both uses, i.e. genitive and lexical, exist in YA. However, when it is used as a genitive particle, it loses this lexical identity. Consider (3) which shows the genitive use of the terms ħaqq.3 (3) al-bayt ħaqq ʕali the-house.M.SG of Ali „Ali‟s house‟ As can be observed, ħaqq in (3) has a meaning much like „belonging to‟. For example, in (3) the meaning of the whole construct can be The house belonging to Ali. In this sense, it seems that ħaqq is grammaticalized. It is grammaticalized in the sense that it loses its lexical identity and becomes a grammatical/functional word, much like of in English. The fact that ħaqq in its genitive use loses its nominal identity comes from the fact that: i) it cannot be modified, and ii) it cannot have the definite article al-. These two properties are exemplified in (4) and (5). (4) a. ħaqq-un zaahir-un right manifest „A manifest right‟ b. *al-bayt ħaqq zaahir the-house Gen manifest 3 By way of comparison, unlike YA ħaqq Hebrew‟s šel can only be used as a genitive particle. That is, the Hebrew šel does not have a lexical identity like that of the Yemeni Arabic ħaqq (we return to this point below). Issue(11)-( July-December 2018) Al-Qalam Journal (Semiannual-peer-reviewed( 4 A note on ħaqq in Yemeni Arabic … Qarabesh & Shormani (5) a. al-ħaqq zaahir the-right manifest „The right is manifest.‟ b. *al-bayt al-ħaqq ʕali the-house the-Gen Ali While the lexical ħaqq can be modified as in (4a) by the adjective zaahir „manifest‟, the genitive equivalent cannot be as in (4b). The same logic can also be drawn with respect to having the definite article as illustrated in (5a & b). In Arabic modern varieties, almost each variety has its own genitive particle. For example, Moroccan Arabic (MA) has dyal, Palestinian Arabic (PA) tabaʕ and Egyptian Arabic (EA) bitaaʕ. Each of these genitive particles means ħaqq. These are exemplified in (6). (6) a. l-beet dyal ʕali the-house.M.SG of Ali „Ali‟s house‟ b. al-bayt tabaʕ ʕali the-house.M.SG of Ali „Ali‟s house‟ c. al-beet bitaaʕ ʕali the-house.M.SG of Ali „Ali‟s house‟ In fact, these genitive particles have been investigated in a number of studies, but only in the course of investigating free genitive constructions in both Arabic and Hebrew (i.e.
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