De No Tempo Das Diligências a Fox News Live – As Estruturas Audiovisuais Inconscientes Do Western Presentes Nas Representações Televisivas

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De No Tempo Das Diligências a Fox News Live – As Estruturas Audiovisuais Inconscientes Do Western Presentes Nas Representações Televisivas De No Tempo das Diligências a Fox News Live Alex Ricardo Chagas Vieira Silva De No Tempo das Diligências a Fox News Live – as estruturas audiovisuais inconscientes do western presentes nas representações televisivas Dissertação de mestrado São Paulo 2007 1 De No Tempo das Diligências a Fox News Live Alex Ricardo Chagas Vieira Silva De No Tempo das Diligências a Fox News Live – as estruturas audiovisuais inconscientes do western presentes nas representações televisivas Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Comunicação, Área de Concentração: Estudo dos Meios e da Produção Mediática, Linha de Pesquisa: Comunicação Impressa e Audiovisual, da Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Ciências da Comunicação, sob a orientação da Profa. Dra. Jeanne Marie Machado de Freitas. São Paulo 2007 2 De No Tempo das Diligências a Fox News Live TERMOS DE APROVAÇÃO Nome do Autor: Alex Ricardo Chagas Vieira Silva Título da Dissertação: De No Tempo das Diligências a Fox News Live : as estruturas audiovisuais inconscientes do western presentes nas representações televisivas Presidente da Banca: Profa. Dra. Jeanne Marie Machado de Freitas _________________________________________________________________________ Banca Examinadora: Prof (a) Dr. (a): ______________________________________ Instituição: ____________ Prof (a) Dr. (a): ______________________________________ Instituição: ____________ Aprovada em: _____/_____/_____ 3 De No Tempo das Diligências a Fox News Live “Sendo pois ponto verificado que as armas requerem tanta força de espírito como as letras, examinemos agora qual dos dois espíritos é o que trabalha mais, se o do letrado, se o do guerreiro. Para isto se conhecer bem, deve examinar-se com atenção o destino a que cada um dos dois se encaminha, porque em mais alto valor se há de apreciar a intenção daquele que tem por objeto alcançar um fim mais glorioso e nobre. O fim a que as letras se dirigem (e não falo agora das divinas, que aspiram somente a encaminhar as almas para o céu, fim este tão sem fim, que nenhum outro se lhe pode igualar), quero dizer, as letras humanas, é estabelecer clareza e justiça distributiva, e dar a cada um o que é seu, e o procurar e fazer que as boas leis se guardem e se cumpram; fim por certo este generoso e digno de grande louvor; porém, não de tanto quanto como merece aquele a que as armas atende, o qual consiste em segurar a paz, que é o maior bem que os homens podem nesta vida desejar (...) esta paz é o verdadeiro fim da guerra, pois o mesmo é dizer armas do que dizer guerra. Assentada pois esta verdade, que o fim da guerra é a paz, e que nisto levam as armas vantagens às letras, tratemos agora dos trabalhos do letrado com o seu corpo e dos do professor das armas, e veremos quais são maiores” O Engenhoso Fidalgo Dom Quixote de La Mancha de Miguel de Cervantes Trechos do capítulo XXXVII – No qual se prossegue com a história da famosa infanta de Micomicão, e de outras graciosas aventuras 4 De No Tempo das Diligências a Fox News Live Para vovó que me ensinou a falar. Para mamãe que me ensinou a escrever. E para Gontxo, que me ensinou a Andaluzia. 5 De No Tempo das Diligências a Fox News Live Agradecimentos “Graças à vida, que me há dado tanto; me deu dois luzeiros que, quando os abro, distingo perfeitamente o preto do branco, e quando vejo o fruto do cérebro humano, vejo o bem tão longe do mal”. Nessa livre tradução de alguns versos de Violeta Parra, encontrei inspiração para dar graças àqueles que agregaram valor e sentido à minha vida, e que ainda o fazem. A todos meus amigos espalhados pelo Brasil e pelo mundo, sejam da infância, do colégio, da universidade, dos bares ou da noite. Citá-los nominalmente poderá me causar embaraços caso me olvide de algum deles, por isso, prefiro cravá-los na memória e, quando possível, agradecê-los pessoalmente. Aos colegas da Universidade de São Paulo, da HBO Brasil e da Sony Pictures Television International, a todos que conheci nesses ambientes e que me proporcionaram crescer para além dos preconceitos e das obviedades; e especialmente àqueles que, da condição de confrade de trabalho e de estudos, passaram para o rol dos amigos. Aos meus avós, que tantos moinhos enfrentaram, por tantas dificuldades resvalaram, até que eu concluísse estas páginas. Aos meus pais, por quem nutro muito afeto e cada vez mais admiração, e aos seus cônjuges, por conseguirem nos tornar melhores todos os dias. Ao Renato e à Rafaela, por terem florescido e estarem prestes a revelar ao mundo o fruto de seu amor: meu (minha) sobrinho (a). E especialmente à melhor professora que conheço: Jeanne Marie, sem a qual eu jamais teria mudado minha forma de pensar os meios de comunicação e o mundo a minha volta. 6 De No Tempo das Diligências a Fox News Live CHAGAS VIEIRA, Alex Ricardo. De No Tempo das Diligências a Fox News Live: as estruturas audiovisuais inconscientes do western e presentes nas representações televisivas. São Paulo, 2007. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências da Comunicação). Escola de Comunicações e Artes, Universidade de São Paulo Resumo A identificação e a exploração de alguns dos elementos fundamentais da linguagem audiovisual, ainda em seus primórdios, permitem sugerir que esses mesmos traços estejam presentes no chamado modo cultural ocidental de produção telejornalística da atualidade. É provável que, a partir do cinema mudo, certos padrões imagéticos tenham sido criados e que, nos anos 30, quando finalmente houve a possibilidade técnica de se fazer um filme, sincronizá-lo com uma banda sonora e exibi-lo para grandes platéias, elas tenham se cristalizado como estruturas audiovisuais, as quais permanecem, em sua essência, na produção dos programas jornalísticos do início deste século. A análise de uma obra cinematográfica do período áureo dos anos 30, quando a narrativa fílmica já tinha consolidado o uso do som e da imagem como matérias-primas de sua linguagem – o western No Tempo das Diligências ( Stagecoach , 1939) –, servirá como base para a pesquisa realizada posteriormente com o telejornal Fox News Live , do canal de televisão Fox News Channel; isto possibilitará a verificação das construções audiovisuais do cinema e sua conseqüente permanência como estruturas sonoro-imagéticas na televisão, portanto, estruturas discursivas inconscientes. Palavras-chave: estrutura audiovisual; telejornal; televisão; cinema western ; análise do discurso. 7 De No Tempo das Diligências a Fox News Live CHAGAS VIEIRA, Alex Ricardo. From Stagecoach to Fox News Live: unconscious audio- visual structures in western cinema present on television representation. São Paulo, 2007. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências da Comunicação). Escola de Comunicações e Artes, Universidade de São Paulo. Abstract The identification and exploitation of some of the audio-visual language’s fundamental elements, by studying its origins, will allow us to suggest that these same remains are still present in the so-called Western cultural mode of news production nowadays. Probably, since the silent motion pictures, some visual imagery have been created and, therefore, in the 1930s, when finally there were technical possibilities to film a motion-picture, synchronize it with a sound stripe and exhibit it to large audiences, these patterns have been consolidated as audio-visual structures, which still endure, in essence, in news programming production at the beginning of this century. The analysis of a movie from 1930’s golden period, when the filmic narrative had already solidified the use of sounds and images as commodities of its own language – the western Stagecoach (1939) –, it will function as a basis for the research carried out, later on, with Fox News Live , which is broadcasted by Fox News Channel ; this investigation will permit the verification of some audio-visual constructions in cinema, besides its resulting permanence as sound-imagery structures in television, consequently, unconscious structures of discourse. Keywords: audio-visual structure; news programs; television; western movies; discourse analysis. 8 De No Tempo das Diligências a Fox News Live Sumário Parte I 1.1. A razão de uma inquietude ..........................................................................................11 1.2. “Disciplina, sempre disciplina” ...................................................................................12 Parte II 2.1. Dejà vu ...........................................................................................................................18 2.2. Cowboys, dancers and singers .....................................................................................21 2.3. A Escolha de No Tempo das Diligências .....................................................................25 2.4. A Escolha do Fox News Live ........................................................................................28 2.4.1. Ascensão e Queda da CNN ...................................................................................29 2.4.2. A Ascensão sem Cessar do Fox News Channel ....................................................31 2.4.3. Quando Tamanho é Documento... ........................................................................37 2.4.4. Parece, mas não é ........................ ........................................................................39 Parte III 3.1. De Nossos Antecedentes ...............................................................................................42 3.2.
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