Analysis of Leading Character's Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia Potrayed in Han Kang's Vegetarian a Thesis by Geta Brena

ANALYSIS OF LEADING CHARACTER’S NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS OF

SCHIZOPHRENIA POTRAYED IN HAN KANG’S VEGETARIAN

A THESIS

BY GETA BRENAITA SARAGIE SIJABAT REG. NO. 160721038

DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, Geta Brenaita Saragie Sijabat, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where the reference is made in the text of this thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person‟s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award degree in any tertiary education.

Signed : ......

Date : , 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : GETA BRENAITA SARAGIE SIJABAT

TITLE OF THESIS : ANALYSIS OF LEADING CHARACTER’S NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA FOUND IN HAN KANG’S VEGETARIAN

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISRECTION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed:

Date: , 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled with An Analysis of Leading Character‟s Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia found in Han Kang‟s Vegetarian Literature is a uniquely human activity, born of man's timeless desire to understand, express, and finally share experiences. It directs its readers to understand the picture of life through living people in literary works who represent as a whole. When facing the kind of fear, rejection and terrible moment, someone who is helpless and powerless can be depressed and affected to split their mind known as schizophrenia. This thesis uses to describe the negative symptoms of schizophrenia those are Flattening Affective, Avolition, and Alogia. This thesis analysis use descriptive qualitative as the way to analyze the data that is taken from Han Kang‟s novel Vegetarian and uses library research as the way in collecting data by reading and selecting quotation from Vegetarian. The negative symptoms of schizophrenia comes after the nightmare or something can be a terror for someone life who feels rejection and fear to be faced alone. Yeong-Hye already dives into her fear because her close persons and family already abandon her except her sister-in-law that keeps support her to be better. Family or close person for schizophrenia people should support him/her to face the fear once more instead of giving up on him/her.

Keywords: Schizophrenia, Literature, Leading Character, Avolition, Affective Flattening, Alogia.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK

Tesis ini berjudul An Analysis of Leading Character‟s Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia found in Han Kang‟s Vegetarian. Sastra dianggap sebagai kegiatan manusia yang unik, yang lahir dari keinginan abadi manusia untuk memahami, mengungkapkan, dan akhirnya berbagi pengalaman. Ini mengarahkan pembacanya untuk memahami gambaran kehidupan melalui orang yang hidup dalam karya sastra yang mewakili secara keseluruhan. Ketika menghadapi jenis ketakutan, penolakan dan saat-saat yang mengerikan, seseorang yang tidak berdaya dan tidak berdaya dapat tertekan dan terpengaruh untuk membagi pikiran mereka yang dikenal sebagai skizofrenia. Tesis ini digunakan untuk menggambarkan gejala negatif skizofrenia yakni: Flattening Affective, Avolition, dan Alogia. Analisis skripsi ini menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif sebagai cara untuk menganalisis data yang diambil dari novel Han Kang berjudul Vegetarian dan menggunakan riset perpustakaan sebagai cara dalam mengumpulkan data dengan membaca dan memilih kutipan dari Vegetarian. Gejala negatif skizofrenia muncul setelah mimpi buruk atau sesuatu yang bisa menjadi teror bagi seseorang sehingga mereka masa penuh dengan penolakan dan ketakutan untuk dihadapi sendiri. Yeong-Hye telah menyelam kedalam ketakutannya yang diselimuti dengan halusinasi dan delusi dikarenakan keluargnya dan orang-orang terdekatnya telah meninggalkan dia seorang diri kecuali kakak iparnya yang sampai akhir tetap mendukung Yeong-Hye untuk keluar dari penyakit mental skizofrenia. Keluarga atau orang-orang terdekat bagi seseorang yang terkena schizophrenia seharusnya mendukung seseorang yang terkena skizofrenia tersebut agar dapat melawan rasa takut yang dia rasakan sekali lagi ketimbang harus meninggalkan seseorang tersebut sendirian.

Kata Kunci: Skizofrenia, Sastra, Karakter utama, Avolition, Affective Flattening,Alogia

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank and praise to the Almighty God, Jesus Christ for giving me health, strength, and hope in every morning to accomplish this paper . I can not deny without His blessing, I can not finish this paper. Then, I would also like to express a deepest gratitude, love, and appreciation to:

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S., as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara. I would like to express my gratitude to our Dean. Thank you for guiding us to be a better student through your directions and regulations that makes us to stay on the best line to study in our beloved faculty. It is my honor to be a part of your students here.

Dr. Deliana, M.Hum, as the Head of English Department and also my teacher, I would like to express my thanks for everything you have shared to me. Every knowledge and dedication you give to me will never be forgotten and it is my honor to share with people around me. Please keep doing the best for English Department.

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, Ph.D, as the Secretary of English Department and also my examiner, I would like to express my warm gratitude to you for all your help during my student years in English Extension Program. Thank you for all efforts and you are an inspiration to help me in finishing my degree in University of Sumatera Utara. You are inspiring me in any aspects of my student year.

Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S. as my examiner and my teacher, Thank you for your help during my student year in English Literature Extension program. You have taught me about literature and culture from your subject. I wish you have a very healthy life and keep your spirit to teach your students cheerfully. viii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Drs. Parlindugan Purba, M.Hum as my supervisor and my teacher. What would I do without you? You are a wonderful. Thank you for supporting me since I start my journey in University of Sumatera Utara as a diploma student. I can‟t count how many times you cheer me up in passing my student years. You are an inspiration for me and some students to life as human. Thank you for your guidance and all your supports so I can finish my student years without any hesitation. Please don‟t stop in inspiring every student in University of Sumatera Utara and never be tired to support your student no matter they look like.

My Great Thank to all of teacher in University of Sumatera Utara that I can‟t mention all of you one by one. You are great teachers and all of you bear student‟s courage in studying at University of Sumatera Utara. All of you are Hero in our life as a student who always seeks for knowledge. Thank you for helping me during my student years so I can see the world through the window that you have made. I wish you the very best wishes in doing your duties. May God always be with you.

Thank you I address to Mr. Purba‟s family. For Mami (Mrs. Lena Tiorida

Gultom br. Purba), Gary Timothy Hasian Purba, and the Mr. Purba‟s daughter Christy, I am happy I can meet and know all of you in my life. You are such a gift from God that no one can replace with anything in this world. Never have I felt a home in Sumatera

Utara before I come to Mr. Purba‟s house. May God always be with you, hold you, and take care of you.

The greatest thanks are fully dedicated to both of the most God given gift, my family, (Alm.)Daulat Saragih Sijabat, Eng. and Natalina Sinurat, S.E i‟ve finished my degree without any hesitation. You keep supporting meet in any aspect. Your love

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA never be forgotten and it makes me strong to walk in my path to finish the degree. You are my inspiration to be a better man from day by day. For my Greatest Man, sorry I can finish my study as soon as possible before you graduate from this world but I still believe you are watching me from the place I don‟t know where exactly. I am inspired to live like you but I will make my life to be better for someone in the future. Thank you for everything. For my beloved sister Holy Glora Saragie, S.Psi . Thank for everything you have done to support me in finishing my degree in University of Sumatera. I am sorry to keep bothering you in any aspects of your life but here my work that I want to dedicate for every pray you hope. I know this work can not reply all sacrifices that you have done to me but this is only the beginning to start my new journey. I am here today because of your prayer, love, support, and care.

Thank you also to my aunt and uncle, Halimin Tarigan and Sony Sijabat, and my little brothers, Goza, Kevin, and my little sister Rahma , thank you for inspiring me and supporting me. You are my inspiration to reach my degree here.

Particularly, for Miss Nurul Nayla Azmi, M.Si, who always gives me motivations and suggestions, My appreciation I address to you. I will never forget about everything that you have given to me, encouraged me, and thank for all jokes that we have talked about. It makes my day become full with color and force me to do my paper.

Thank you for you.

My thank I address to Aulia Syarif Nasution, S.S and family. Thank you for supporting me during my student years in University of Sumatera Utara and Thank you for helping me to face every problem in USU. I wish a very best luck and healthy life for all of you.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA To all my friends during my student years in Extension Program, Yulitami

Annisa Pandia, Silvy Yosvyana Meliala, Aulia Melisa Sitorus, Muhammad Rizki,

Fatrah Nugraha, Fitri Yanti Silaban, and other that I can‟t mention one by one. Thank you for the day we faced together it will be beautiful experiences that can be my sweetest memory. The early year looks like bitter time but all of you make it sweet before the end comes. Thank you for encouraging and cheering me during the arrangement of this thesis. You are my inspiration I hope and wish the very best luck to all of you. When we are already old please remember the day we fight together.

Medan, May 2018

Geta Brenaita Saragie Sijabat Reg. No. 160721090

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... iv COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...... v ABSTRACT ...... vi ABSTRAK ...... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1.Background of the Study...... 1 1.2.Problems of the Study ...... 6 1.3.Objective of the Study ...... 6 1.4.Scope of the Study ...... 6 1.5.Significance of the Study ...... 6 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 7 2.1. Literature ...... 7 2.1.1. Leading Character ...... 8 2.2. Psychology and Literature ...... 9 2.3. Schizophrenia ...... 12 2.3.1. Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia ...... 13 2.3.2. Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia ...... 17 2.4. Novel ...... 20 2.5. Review of Previous Study ...... 21 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 23 3.1. Research Design...... 23 3.2. Data and Source of Data ...... 24 3.3. Data Collection ...... 24 3.4. Data Analysis ...... 25 CHAPTER IV FINDING AND ANALYSIS ...... 26 4.1. Finding ...... 26 4.2. The analysis of 3 Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia ...... 28

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2.1. Flattening Affective ...... 29 4.2.2. Alogia ...... 36 4.2.3. Avolition ...... 45 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 50 5.1. CONCLUSION ...... 50 5.2. SUGGESTION ...... 52 REFERENCES ...... 53 APPENDICES

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study.

Every people have to face their own life every day as a living creature. Every moment they face will be memorized by their mind and kept as memory. This is natural process of living where someone will face every moment that is different from day by day. Instead of keeping memories inside their mind, some of people pour out their memory in a written expression by making a story based on the experience they faced in life. They put their imagination and start drawing new world by using words. This is called with literary works. Literary works is a product that man-made by using their own perspective to share feelings, emotions or opinion to the readers. It can be fictitious and imaginative but sometimes it can be the fact. Literature is a uniquely human activity, born of man's timeless desire to understand, express, and finally share experiences

(Pickering, 1981:307). Every moment that is face by a man in real world pours into written text to create new world that is based on the idea from its writer memory imaginatively.

Literary works is a product of literature; literature is referred to as the entirety of written expression, with the restriction that not every written document can be categorized as literature in the more exact sense of the word (Klarer, 2004:1). To say simply, literature represents human life through medium of language. It directs its readers to understand the picture of life through living people in literary works who represent as a whole. It is not just a document of fact but it is reflect human in real life.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Controversially, Literary works and scientific writing don‟t have similarity because most of literary works is man-made based on their own experience in real time. Evaluating the differences between literary works and document of fact; Wellek and Warren (1963:22) states Literature is also produced by imagination of the author. Literature is not just a document of fact; it is not just the collection of real events though it may happen in the real life. To say simply, literature is about creating a imaginative world as a product of the unlimited imagination.

As a kind of written expression; novel is not only a short story in a prose but it is an actual extensive illustrated account of event series that happened right through the life of characters do things and say things which are consistent with their role in turn form the plot, including conflict (usually between elements within a character). The action of conflict will intensify a moment of emotional or intellectual climax. It is aligned to the idea of novel in Collins dictionary that defines novel is a long written story about imaginary people and events, it is a relatively long fictional prose narrative with a more or less complex plot or pattern of events, about actions, feelings, motives, and a group of character. In a work of fiction or creative nonfiction, especially in novel, character is used to be an imitation of human in real life.

Characters in novels are judged to be “psychologically” true that can be described by words through a story. Every character has its own development according to every problem that happens along with problems in a story. The character analysis from psychological perception can be done because character who has the “mind” that correlates with the field of psychology. Holland (1981:2) suggests that an objective

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA study of psychology is fundamentally reasonable through character. Thus, he further explained the study can be possible done through the writer‟s mind and the reader‟s mind.

The relation between psychology and literature is a bilateral relation. Human‟s soul makes the literature and literature nourishes human‟s soul (Minderop, 2016:56).

Human‟s psychical receptions take into consideration the human and natural life perspectives and provides references of literal works; on the other hand, literature also take into account the life‟s truths to make clear the perspectives of human‟s soul. To say simply, like explanation in first paragraph, literature can be produced by recreating new world based on the experience in real life. An author of literary work pours their imaginations that is felt through feeling and rebuild it into a story.

Psychology Literature is an interdisciplinary between psychology and literature .

The study of psychology literature is similarly as study of human from inside. Mostly, some literature observers think psychology literature is hard to be learnt but it is such a beautiful thing because understanding the depth of human soul is quite interesting. The charm of psychology literature is the portrait of human soul that is depicted by a writer.

Not only the writer soul, but it can be other people soul. Every writer frequently adds their experiences into their works and their experiences sometimes happen in other people lives. To know a work of literature is to know the soul of the man who created it, and who created it in order that his soul should be known. It seems that literature is a reflection of human behavior, a window to know the world and a medium to understand personality of the author (Abrams, 1979:226).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The psychology literature does not intend to solve psychology problems like unconscious aspects as a trigger of mental disorder and how to do the therapy as a medical treatment. Definitively, psychology literature intends to understand psychological aspects in a literary works through understanding of characters, for example, people can understand transformation, contradiction, and aberrations that connect to psyche. There are 3 steps to understand the connection between psychology and literature: a) understanding psychological elements of the writer, b) understanding psychological elements of its fictional characters and c) understanding psychological elements of readers (Minderop, 2016:54):. Basically, psychology literature gives attention to the psychology problems of its fiction character in a literary works. The biggest problem of the inhibition of the psychology literature development is the excessive enthusiasm when doing research in applying psychology approach which means the study mostly focuses on psychology aspect while the essence of literature often abandoned and another problem is incapability of teacher to understand the concept of psychology which must be used in study of literature. So, this paper research can be a media to understand and fathom the theory, concept and the definition of psychology literature.

As a psychological issue, Schizophrenia is a group of psychotic disorders that is marked by distortions about reality, revoked oneself from interaction social, disorganization and fragmentation about perception, mind, and cognition (Carson and

Butcher, 1992:34). Schizophrenia is a not easy to be recognized because it is a serious mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. Schizophrenia symptoms can make it hard for a person to interact with other people, go to school, keep

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA a job, or take care of day-to-day tasks. The symptoms can be very disabling and it separates into 2 symptoms; positive and negative. To say simply, someone who suffers schizophrenia mainly has distraction in his/her mind. In a time, someone who suffers schizophrenia do thinking and communicating clearly, having appropriate view, and having no doubt in their life every day but in another time they can be an opposite person, unmanaged words while speaking, losing touch to reality and can‟t manage their own life properly (Hoeksema, 2004:73). This process will puzzle everyone even the closest person for someone who suffers schizophrenia because of the unstable behaviors and actions that is shown by him/her. This phenomenon has discovered in people today and become a unique phenomenon to be analyzed because schizophrenic person sometimes looks like a people in real life; they are well-dressed and have expression but in awhile they can‟t take care themselves, losing touch to society, emotionless, and terrible.

The novel Vegetarian by Han Kang is an extraordinary story of family fallout. Han

Kang writes a story about how a usual woman, named Yeong-Hye, becomes unusual woman. She changes herself into vegetarian suddenly because she has long-drawn bloody nightmare. Not only changing her lifestyle, but also her action becomes more freakish and unacceptable. The obsession to be vegetarian makes trouble to her relationship with her husband. This story is written full with bizarre and grotesques to define every event how Yeong-Hye has symptoms of schizophrenia like losing the touch to the society and having no emotion anymore after the bloody nightmare comes into her life.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.2. Problems of the Study

a. How is Yeong-Hye‟s affective flattening of schizophrenia potrayed in

Vegetarian?

b. How is Yeong-Hye‟s alogia of schizophrenia potrayed in Vegetarian?

c. How is Yeong-Hye‟s avolition of schizophrenia potrayed in Vegetarian?

1.3. Objective of the Study

a. To find out the affective flattening of schizophrenia

b. To describe the alogia of schizophrenia

c. To identify the avolition of schizophrenia

1.4. Scope of the Study

The limit of analysis is needed to concern on the object that has been chosen in rder

to get the best result from it. This thesis deals on the study of character

psychological; schizophrenia negative symptoms affective flattening, alogia and

avolition that happens in Yeong-hye‟s life in Vegetarian. Those limits intend to lead

the discussion to be more specific.

1.5. Significance of the Study

This study has significances to practical and theoretical significances. Theoretically,

this paper develops and expands the research towards the psychological theory that

can be applied in literature field. Practically, this paper can be as reference for

students who have interest to study Psychology Literature.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. Literature

Literature is a media for people to express their feelings, and emotions that they have in real time. Every written text that made based on human imagination and soul is called literature. This is because the natural aspect of literature is reflecting a man-life in real time. People develop their idea from their experiences and turn it into a story with arrangement of words; created new world based on their experiences, mixed it with their imagination, interpreted the idea that they have in their mind, and turned it into a written expression text. Jakob Sumarjo (in Widayat, 2011:9) state “Literature has a body and a soul. A soul of literature is an idea, a feeling, and human experience. The body of literature is the expression of beautiful words. So, the readers will be entertained”.

Literary, literature is a result of imaginative human creation that is casted into a language and showing problems in human life. If an author is sensible with his/her environment around him/her, the result of the literary works will be bigger to show what did happen in human life. As a result of human imagination, literary works has function to entertain for the literary lovers. It represents one of literature‟s characteristic which is to be a reflection of human‟s life. Thus, a good literary works does not look only from the result of words arrangement but the meaning inside the literary work is more important. Teeuw (1983:23) that said Literature is a creation of human that is more beautiful and better than another human‟s creation because it consists with guidance and description of human‟s life.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.1.1. Leading Character

In literature, character has several other specific meanings notably that of a person represented in literary works such as novel, short story, play and other written expression. “A character may be defined as a verbal representation of a human being.

Through action, speech, description, and commentary, authors portray characters whose are worth caring about, rooting for, and even loving. (Roberts, 1994:131). As a representation a human in real life, psychologically, character in fiction works has lived in a story that made by the author. Every character have to care, love, feel and also behave in a story.

When making a character in a fiction story, character is not only made like man in usual life. It is creatively made by author‟s psychological so each character in the story has it owns characteristic which is the imagination of author and psychological of author blends and creates an ordinary character that only exist in the words of the world of literary works. Peck (1986:105) says “Characters in literary work are not like real life people for they have been specially created by authors. When authors create character, they select some aspect of ordinary people. Develop some of those aspects whilst playing down other and put them together as they please, the result is not an ordinary person but a fictional character who only exist in the words of literary works”.

Not only appears in a story, but also characters drive the story. It is of course, not possible to have action without characters. Events are determined by characters and characters defined by events. The present of character creates a great effect on the significance of a work as the selection of the events and order of events (plot). A character which is very dominant in a story of literary work called leading character. In

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA studying character, in the view of psychology is focused on the leading character‟s mind.

It happens so because only character who has minds and it becomes a focus the story.

Holland (1981:1) that can lead “to a bona-fide method; the other two tend to confusion”

(p. 294).

As a central figure in a story, there are some ways to approach a picture of character, those are; a) the character appearance (clothing,etc.), b) the conversation between character (what does it say and how does it say), c) what does the character think and feel, d) the action of character, and e) how does character change as the story goes on. Those approaches helps anyone who observe the character in psychological matters to be more specific.

2.2. Psychology and Literature

The term of Psychology derived from two words, psyche which means soul, and logos that refers to science. Terminologically, psychology is a science that directs attention to the human where the object of research focuses on the psyche and human‟s behavior. According to Hilgard in (Prihastuti, 2002: 18)"Psychology may be defined as the science that studies the behavior of man". The definition clearly shows that the psychology learns about the human‟s behavior.

According to Ratna (2004:346), psychology literature does not mean to prove validity of psychology theory itself, like with adjusting a text did and playwright did.

Psychology literature is text analysis with consider a relevance and the role of psychology study. With concentrating attention to the characters, thus, could analyze spiritual conflict that probably contradiction with psychology theory. Because of making a literary works in like applying writer soul in a written text to make a new world

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA consists of character, conflict, and plot which comes out from what is the writer thinks, feels, and behaves in their real life. As the one natural characteristic of psychology is the understanding the people mind by how they thinks, feels, and behaves in their real life

(Ryroft, 1995:19).

According to Wellek Rene and Austin Werren (in Setyaning 2011;25,26) psychology and literary is correlating each other, it is often the characters, situation as well as plot that construct in a short story or drama is based on existence of psychology, because the playwright is sometimes using psychology theory in describing the character or the environment. Function of psychology itself is doing investigate in soul mind through characters in a literary works and understand more about human action as well as responds toward another action. Literary is showing about live, and live itself considerable part from social reality.

Fiction psychology works is one term that used to clarify that a novel can tell about spiritual, emotional, and characters‟ mental about characteristic with many concepts instead of explaining plot and conflicts. Cuddon (199:540) states

“Psychological novel. A vague term describes that kind of fiction which is for the most part concerned with the spiritual, analysis of character rather than with the plot and the action”. Definitively, the purpose of psychology literature is the understanding of psyche aspects that contained in a literary works through the understanding to characters as example, people can figure out transformation, contradiction, and aberrations that connect to psyche. There are 3 steps to understand the connection between psychology and literature according to Ratna (2003:343) in Minderop (2016:54): a) understanding psychological elements of the writer, b) understanding psychological elements of its

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA fictional characters and c) understanding psychological elements of readers. Basically, psychology literature gives attention to the psychology problems of its fiction character in a literary works.

Psychology of literature is not intended to solve psychological problems. But through the definition above, the goal of the psychology of literature is to understand psychological aspects contained in a literary work. Psychology was born to learn the human psyche. It is human that becomes the object of the study of psychology.

Literature is born from society, the author lives in the middle of society and the author also creates a literary work that includes figures in it. Psychology of literature is a literary study that sees literary work as a mental activity. The author uses an idea, sense and creation in the work. Projection by own experience or the experience other people around other author will be projected into the imaginary of literary texts.

Nevertheless, the psychological approach is essentially related to the three main symptoms, the authors, literary works, and the reader, with the consideration that the psychological approach is closer to author and literary works. If the researcher‟s attention is dominantly directed to the author, so the model of the research is expressive approach, but if the research‟s attention is focused on the literary works, so the model of the research is closer to the objective approach. The psychological research began to show its brilliance in the study of literature. This was due to dissatisfaction of the previous research; the research of sociology of literature or any other literature that gave less attention to the psychological aspect.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

2.3. Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe disorder that affects the way how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. As a group of psychotic disorders that is marked by distortions about reality, schizophrenia revoked oneself from interaction social, disorganization and fragmentation about perception, mind, and cognition (Carson and

Butcher, 1992:34). The sufferers of schizophrenia have interference in their mind. They can‟t recognize the real situation around them and acts below their consciousness. This phenomenon drives people around the sufferers confuse and baffle to have interaction with them. Someday, the sufferers act normally; they do thinking and communicating clearly, having good view to reality, and act as man in general. But in the other day, they seem different person, unmanaged words and low voices when they are speaking, losing touch to the reality and society, and having inability to take care themselves and they are still on their unconsciousness.(Hoeksema, 2004:73).

Developmental models of schizophrenia implicate abnormalities of early brain development predisposing to future schizophrenia. The proponents of the model further argue that the perturbations of development are limited to the early times of development and are discontinuous. Without this qualifier, developmental models are indistinguishable from degenerative models where the degeneration commences early in the life span (Petronis, 2004:5). The early abnormalities are not necessarily the cause of schizophrenia, but, instead, create a state of risk for a future episode of schizophrenia.

That is, a diathesis or predisposition is not a disease. Consequently, there must be factors later in life that convert the vulnerability to an illness. These additional factors are

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA presumed to damage development in such a way that a predisposition becomes actualized.

Schizophrenia is called with split mind. The first step indicating people has split mind is a disorganization thinking process, second step is weakening cohesion between mind and feelings, and third step, there is a further self-orientation to separate someone to reality (split of reality) (Wiramihardja, 2015:146). Splitting does not make multiple personality but there is a splitting in intellectual side, intellectual and emotion, and between intellectual with external reality. This split mind has 2 symptoms that suffered by the schizophrenic man; those are positive and negative symptoms.

2.3.1. Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Negative symptom of schizophrenia is the lack or absence of behaviors normally shown by people in general (Wiramihardja, 2015:147). Negative symptoms represent a reduction of emotional responsiveness, motivation, socialization, speech, and movement.

It includes social withdrawal, diminished affective response, lack of interest, poor social drive, and decreased sense of purpose or goal directed activity. A negative symptom presentation can also be the result of psychotic processes. Social withdrawal can be caused by paranoia or by immersion in the psychotic process to the exclusion of real-life relationships. Primary and enduring negative symptoms are frequently referred to as the

“deficit syndrome.” Individuals with the deficit syndrome have been found to have greater cognitive deficits and poorer outcomes than patients who do not have this syndrome.” Negative symptoms reflect the loss of ability to do or experience things.

Examples of avolition in schizophrenia might be the inability to care for personal hygiene or participate in work or recreational activities.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA There are 3 types of schizophrenia negative symptoms that are approved by DSM-

IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th Edition) in Wiramihardja (2015:147):

a) Affective Flattening

Affective flattening is reduction process or disappearance of affective response

to the social life, disrupted to express emotional reaction. This symptom can be

named as blunted effect; the state where a schizophrenic person does not have

any expression in their face for a long time, does not care everything around

them and does not reply to every event around them even with their body

language. This symptom makes a person speak with no expression and does

not make an eye-contact while having conversation with interlocutors. Every

person who has schizophrenia shows lack of expression while watching

emotional film instead of normal person who feels emotion automatically and

shows psychic pressures.

To say simply, a schizophrenic person does not show their emotion because

they can be drifting in strong feelings but they can‟t express it.

b) Alogia

Alogia or a poverty of speech (lack of speaking) is a depression of sufferers‟

speaking ability. Alogia may hasten patient withdrawal from social interaction,

thereby exacerbating another negative symptom (Johnstone et al,

2010:84). This refers to problems with speaking or carrying on your part of a

conversation. It may include not asking or responding to questions. People

with alogia often have trouble forming thoughts and following conversations,

particularly when the speaker switches from one topic to another. Every

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA sufferers may not speak initiatively to others and when they are asked, they will answer it directly, shortly and floating. The reduction or the broken speaking ability may draw the reduction and broken in thinking. It may happen because a lack of motivation to speak with other.

A person with alogia can be traced by the following:

 Poverty of speech. (Restriction in the amount of spontaneous speech, so

that replies to questions tend to be brief, concrete and unelaborated.)

 Poverty of content of speech. (Although replies are long enough so that

speech is adequate in amount, it conveys little information. Language

tends to be vague, often over-abstract or over-concrete, repetitive and

stereotyped).

 Pressure of speech. (An increase in the amount of spontaneous speech

as compared with what is considered ordinary or socially customary.

The patient talks rapidly and is difficult to interrupt. Even when

interrupted, the speaker often continues to talk. Speech tends to be loud

and emphatic).

 Incoherence. (A pattern of speech that is essentially incomprehensible

at times. The incoherence is due to several different mechanisms,

which may sometimes all occur simultaneously. Sometimes the rules of

grammar and syntax are ignored, and a series of words or phrases seem

to be joined together arbitrarily and at random).

 Illogicality. (A pattern of speech in which conclusions are reached that

do not follow logically. This may take the form of non sequiturs, in

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA which the patient makes a logical inference between two clauses that is

unwarranted or illogical. It may take the form of faulty inductive

inferences. It may also take the form of reaching conclusions based on

faulty premises without any actual delusional thinking).

 Self-reference. (A disorder in which the patient repeatedly refers the

subject under discussion back to themselves when someone else is

talking and also refers apparently neutral subjects to himself when they

themselves are talking). c) Avolition

Avolition is considered a negative symptom of schizophrenia not because it is

"bad." It is simply a term used to distinguish how a person experiences

something, either positively or negatively. It is a state where someone can not

stay in daily activity, on activity that leads into objective of achievement as

example, at office, school, and home. Within the context of schizophrenia, the

person experiencing avolition will want to complete the task but is unable to

harness the mental and physical energy to do so. The sufferers may sit for a

long time without doing anything. They withdraw and isolate themselves

socially. This is an overload behavior and becomes serious problem. Avolition

is often mistaken as depression. It‟s more clearly identified and understood

when a person also displays positive symptoms of schizophrenia. It‟s

important to keep in mind that a person with avolition isn‟t avoiding activities.

They simply don‟t have the ability to act.

A person with avilion can be detected by the following:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA  does not make eye contact when speaking or spoken to

 limited or halted speech

 stops participating in events or gatherings

 avoids making or receiving phone calls

 does not participate or show enthusiasm for special occasions or events

2.3.2. Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Positive symptoms are additional symptoms that refer to the behavioral patterns of human in general, such as strong emotional surge, interpretation of deviant incidents and improper events also delusional. As example; once a man feels someone pass behind him, he says that was a ghost passed behind him. Hoeksema in Wiramihardja (2015:148) states that positive symptoms of schizophrenia include delusion and hallucination

a) Delusion

Delusion is an idea or perspective that an individual believes a truth which is

most likely obviously impossible to be truth. Delusions are false beliefs or

misinterpretations of events & their significance. For instance, a person may

get accidentally bumped in tunnel & may conclude that this is a government

plot to harass him. Another of behavior based on wrong beliefs or ascribing to

what perceive as incidental or random event.. It seems like self-deception but

both of it are different. Self-deception is a state where someone believes a truth

and it may happen. To make it clear, this diagram below makes the differences

between self- deception and delusion

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA SELF-DECEPTION DELUSION

It is hardly to be happened and fully It has a little chance to be happened. It is impossible. not fully impossible. E.g. floating on the sky, flying to the E.g. winning a lottery and predicting a moon. Having invisible ability soccer team that win a match A person with delusion will be stuck in Sometimes a person who has self- their unreal belief. deception will rethink their idea again. They will try to find illogic substantiation to make sure their beliefs.

A person who has self-deception typically A person with delusion will contradict admits that their belief is a mistake every fact that contrast to their idea.

There are 3 types of delusions; a) grandiose delusion, b) delusion of reference,

and c) delusion of being controlled.

 Grandiose delusion is a belief that he /she has a power, knowledge and

great talent or he/she is famous person or strongest person. As example; a

person believes that a hero reincarnates inside him/her.

 Delusion of references is a belief that every events happen and it refers to

a person with this belief. As example; when an announcer giving and

instruction from television.

 Delusion of being controlled is someone believes that their mind, feelings,

and behavior are controlled by external power. As example, someone

believes there is an alien takes control on his/her body to do something.

b) Hallucination

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Hallucinations are false perceptions, inaccuracies that affect our sense & cause us to hear, see, taste, touch or smell what others do not. In the acute phases of schizophrenia patients are likely to insist they are hearing voices that no one else can hear. Sometimes they hear noises, click or non-word sounds”. On occasion they are disturbed by seeing, smelling or feeling things that others do not. This symptom is a state where someone can see something but it is not real and no one can see what someone sees it. As example, a state where someone hears a sound while doing something; mostly called with inner voices that sometimes give advises and suggestions.

There are 4 types of hallucination such as: auditory hallucination, visual hallucination, tactile hallucination and somatic hallucination.

 Auditory hallucination is a state where someone hears voices, music,

and other sound but in fact is not real thing. Mostly happened in

women rather than men. Sometimes a person with auditory

hallucination hears voices that command him/her to do something to

hurt him/her self or treat someone badly. Schizophrenic person will

reply back the voice/sound just like they speak to the other.

 Visual hallucination is a state where someone sees something but in a

fact it is just an illusion which is unreal. This symptom can come

together with auditory hallucination. As example, someone may see

astral thing near him/her beside his/her bed and says they are useless

and should die right now

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA  Tactile Hallucination is involving perception that something has

happened outside their body. As example, a small creature crawls on

their skin.

 Somatic Hallucination is a perception that something has happened

inside their body. As example, a worm is eating their intestines. This

hallucination is strong and terrible.

2.4. Novel

The novel is a genre of fiction, and fiction may be defined as the art or craft of contriving, through the written word, representations of human life that instruct or divert or both. Reeve (1789:106) says, “A novel is a fictitious narrative prose of considerable length in which characters and action representative of real life are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity. It means that the story of the novel described base on human life. The various forms that fiction may take are best seen less as a number of separate categories than as a continuum or, more accurately, a cline, with some such brief form as the anecdote at one end of the scale and the longest conceivable novel at the other. When any piece of fiction is long enough to constitute a whole book, as opposed to a mere part of a book, then it may be said to have achieved novel hood. But this state admits of its own quantitative categories, so that a relatively brief novel may be termed a novella (or, if the insubstantiality of the content matches its brevity, a novelette), and a very long novel may overflow the banks of a single volume and become a roman-fleuve, or river novel. Length is very much one of the dimensions of the genre. The length of novel can be from 60000-100000 words.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Horror fiction aims to frighten or disgust its readers. Although many horror novels feature supernatural phenomena or monsters, it is not required. Modern horror, such as cosmic horror and splatter punk, tends to be less melodramatic and more explicit. Horror is often mixed with other genre. Mostly in novel used first person point of view uses “I”, and is told by one of the characters of the story. Third person point of view uses an unnamed narrator who knows what all (or most) of the story‟s characters are thinking.

2.5. Review of Previous Study

The analysis about schizophrenia has been analyzed before by English Literature student named Febby Priscilla on September 3, 2015. The analysis entitled A

Psychoanalysis of The Schizophrenic Character in A Beautiful Mind Movie. This analysis discuss about the descriptions of John Nash‟s abnormal behavior, John Nash‟s causes of schizophrenia, and John Nash‟s treatment in the process of recovery from schizophrenia. The main contents (read: analysis) focus on the intrinsic elements that found in the movie and she used theory Sigmund Freud about personality structure to analyze schizophrenia‟s issues which is not really relevant to schizophrenia. Sigmund

Freud defines that those are 3 basic elements to construct human personality; The Id,

The Ego, and The Superego where the schizophrenia is not telling about human personality but it is about how man loss her/his mind in their life which makes them to loss their motivation in doing anything because the belief in their head is not real.

The Analysis of Leading Character‟s Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia found in Han Kang‟s deals only to the phenomena of schizophrenia that found in a novel written by Han Kang. The focus is only to 3 negative symptoms that make people can discover someone is schizophrenic people or not because negative symptoms can be

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA traced and seen by people near schizophrenic people, of course they have to know about the symptoms first to help them in discovering. This thesis uses theory from DSM-IV that says negative symptoms of schizophrenia are flattening affective; the state where someone loss his/her motivation in expressing their emotion, alogia; the state where someone loss his/her motivation in telling what is in their mind and also having conversation with people around him/her, and avolition; the state where someone loss his/her motivation in doing their daily activity such as working and killing time by doing their favorite activities or hobby like reading a book, swimming, listening the music or etc; they usually spend their time sit for a long time without doing anything and hiding something in their mind.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research method in this study. It covers discussion about research design, subject of the study, data and data source, data collecting technique and instrument, technique of data verification, and data analysis.

3.1. Research Design

It is better to know the research design and what the meaning of research is briefly defined. As stated by Ary et.al (1985: 21) “Research may be defined as the application of the scientific approach to the study of a problem”. Problem is something which has to be solved. Thus, research is required to look for the answer relate with problem which want to be solved. In research, the researcher must have design to make easy in analyzing the data. A research design is a plan or strategy for conducting the research. It is required to get dependable and useful information. To know what design which should be taken by the researcher, the first the researcher has to look at the problem of research. As stated in problems of the research, this research is conducted to describe vocabulary learning strategies that are used by students. Thus, in this study, the researcher uses descriptive research. Ary et.al (1985: 322) explained “Descriptive research method is used to obtain information about existing conditions and have been widely used in educational research. The aim of descriptive research is to describe “what exist” with respect to variables or conditions in a situation”. Descriptive-qualitative method is a method to reveal the facts, circumstances, phenomena, variables and circumstances that occurred while running the research and presenting what it is.

Interpret qualitative descriptive study and said that the data is concerned with the current

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA situation, attitudes, and opinions that occur in society, the relationship between the variables, the difference between fact, the effect of the condition, and others. In qualitative research "problem" and "title" brought by researchers still tentative and holistic, so that qualitative researchers would not specify the problem was simply based on study variables, but the overall social situation under study that includes place, actors, activity that interact in synergy.

3.2. Data and Source of Data

The study purpose used data and taking some sentences in novel Vegetarian written by Han Kang which is a source of data. The data is a quotation from sentences from the novel telling the schizophrenia aspect about negative symptoms that becomes focus of this thesis. Source of data is a novel with 107 pages, written by Korean writer named Han Kang entitled Vegetarian translated into English by Deborah Smith 2014.

This novel has won International Man Booker Prize at 2016.

3.3. Data Collection

The data that are taken from novel Vegetarian are some sentences that tell about negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The dialogues are from all of chapter of the novel that is 3 chapters. Before taking some dialogue, the first step to do is reading the novel a whole from the first chapter to third chapter to find out what does the story tell about.

After reading,, the second step to do is taking some sentences that point into schizophrenia. The third step is selecting some sentences that focus on negative symptoms of schizophrenia to be analyzed later. The fourth step to do is finds out the quotation about leading‟s character Yeong-Hye‟s negative symptoms

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3.4. Data Analysis

After collecting data, The last step to do is analyzing the selecting data about leading character‟s negative symptoms of schizophrenia to be describe by using theory developed in DSM-IV by Frances Allen and team. This theory uses to support the process in doing this analysis. By using the theory, the focus of the topic is to the leading character‟s negative symptoms of schizophrenia those are Affective Flattening,

Alogia, and Avolition. The description in analyzing about the symptoms is done by using sentences to describe the aspect of negative symptoms.

Novel RESEARCHER VEGETARIAN

Analyzing and Concluding Quotation Selection

The Research (Character)

Psychological Approach Interpreted Method (Aspects of Schizophrenia: (Qualitative Research) Negative Symptoms)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND ANALYSIS

4.1. Finding

Yeong-Hye is an ordinary woman and she has married with a Korean man lives as common people. They live together almost 5 years as a normal family before the continuous nightmares keep coming in the night. The situation where she remembers every death and blood from her bloody nightmare brings her back to the past. She gets violence from people around her (her brother and also her brother). She got hit, kicked, slapped, sexuality harassment and torment especially from her father who is a soldier and occasionally drunken after drinking some alcohols. In drunken state, the father did hit and torment to young Yeong-Hye even she didn‟t do anything. Young-Hye tends to hold and everything and tries to keep strong to face all problems even the hurt should be detained by her. She is always tortured by her father and her brother, up to her adolescent also her maturity at 18.

Once she was a girl, could not hold pain anymore she tried to escape and lived in forest but her sister-in-law didn‟t accept her willing. She remembers every bitter moment that makes every words come from her mouth just gone like a wind. Instead of telling what is in her mind about her feelings, she decides to bury deep inside her heart and only wait the time it explodes. The old wounds that she wants to forget have to open and come again after the trauma of scary bloody nightmare. It drives her to the state where she doesn‟t know what she has to do. It explodes her mind and feelings and takes

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA her into the state full with hallucination and delusions that she wants to be happened in her life but it is actually only her imagination and fake belief.

The bloody nightmare makes Yeong-Hye changes her lifestyle to be a vegetarian because the delusions and hallucination that giving a pict inside her chest there is something roaring inside. Feeling terrible and afraid, she tries to escape from delusions and hallucination but she couldn‟t do it because she already has a belief that everyone will help her without she tells what is going on. But the fake belief drives her in to the state where no one knows that Yeong-Hye is still Yeong-Hye they know. She starts acting weird like staring into a fridge in dark kitchen room without any lamps except the little blub inside the fridge, avoiding to talk with people around her even to her husband and her family like slow-response when answering her husband question what is she doing in front of the fridge, avoiding to get involve in conversation when she is in dinner invitation with her husband bosses, speaking with bad arrangement of words, poor contents of speech and also incoherence between question and answer, withdrawing herself from daily activity; Yeong-Hye has some hobbies such as reading a book, chatting in social media, and watching TV cable program, she works in a publisher making bubbles for writing space in a manga/comic but she doesn‟t do any her routines like she does as her daily activity after having a bloody nightmare. Not only in her marriage life, but also in her family life, she starts rejecting her family request by overriding everyone request to eat meat, sitting around them without getting into the conversation during dinner together with her family, acting strange when she is forced to eat meat like taking a knife to cut her blood vessel in her wrist and starting to avoid eating everything even vegetables. Her belief becomes more chronic and makes her loss

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA her motivation to express her feelings, to say what is in her mind, and to do her daily activity as usual.

Instead of helping Yeong-Hye chronic mental disorder in this case symptom of schizophrenia, her family abandons her even her husband doesn‟t make any interest to take care her wife (Yeong-Hye). After 3 years (post-abandoning Yeong-Hye) her husband and her family decide to take her into psychiatric hospital which makes her becomes worse than before. She looks like normal person but inside her there is a trouble between her mind and her behavior. Both of aspects of psychology can not connect each other because her rejection to the force of every nurse and doctor from the hospital. Her protest to something she doesn‟t want through words and polite words are useless so she makes another attempt by her silence but revolting inside her. Only her sister-in-law looks after her but she keeps her belief that no one really cares about her and starts to reject by talking illogical things.

4.2. The analysis of 3 Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Negative symptoms come after having a delusions or a hallucination that happens in a person who suffers this split mind issues. Three negative symptoms affect the way how someone think, behave and talk. These negative makes schizophrenia person loosing their touch to the social life, inability or losing motivation in speaking, and also the last one is the withdrawal from social. These symptoms can be traced and seen by common people eyes but sometimes it is hard to be traced because schizophrenic persons look like normal person. To say simply, there are three symptoms according to

DSM-IV:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2.1. Flattening Affective

A nightmare brings a bad memory to everyone. No one wants to have a nightmare while they are sleeping. In general, when someone has a nightmare he/she will wake up early and try to calm down him/her self then back to sleep again but there is often a nightmare that affected someone‟s psychology because the it‟s fear that makes someone becomes lost him/her self. When someone has a big fear to face the nightmare because of the wound that he/she has from the past. They will feel powerless and lost their mind that makes they lose their ability to express something.

It happens to Yeong-Hye the leading character of Vegetarian‟s story. The night before she has a nightmare, Yeong-Hye is an ordinary woman just like people in general but a nightmare comes and fear fell her dream which makes her lost her ability to express. Instead of giving expression, Yeong-Hye becomes silence and motionless.

It was cold enough as it was, but the sight of my wife was even more chilling. Any lingering alcohol-induced drowsiness swiftly passed. She was standing, motionless, in front of the fridge. Her face was submerged in the darkness so I couldn‟t make out her expression, but the potential options all filled me with fear. Her thick, naturally black hair was fluffed up, disheveled, and she was wearing her usual white ankle-length nightdress. (p.1)

The dark room that surrounded with cold will makes everyone feels uncomfortable and chilling. He/she will come out from the room to another warmer room to comfort him/her self. But in this case, Yeong-Hye does not feel like it is cold.

In a dark room (in the kitchen) with pajamas and she is just standing there looking for

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA nothing into a fridge without giving an expression. Her husband tries to call her but she looks like frozen with her zero response and flat emotion just like a statue.

She was standing, motionless, in front of the fridge. Her face was submerged in the darkness so I couldn‟t make out her expression, but the potential options all filled me with fear. (p.1)

The fear that surrounding Yeong-Hye spreads quickly to her husband after he finds out she is staring fridge quietly and silently without any expression at the dawn in kitchen. This situation force the husband to come nearer to Yeong-Hye to see her face and to find out why she is just standing with no lights on in the early morning. Even he is already closer to Yeong-Hye. There are no responses or expression comes out from her face.

Instead of giving a response to her husband presence, Yeong-Hye keeps staring in to the fridge that full with food ingredients such as; meats, sausages, eggs, vegetables, herbs, milk and etc,. She feels like she is still dreaming and stays in a nightmare full with bloods and meats alone. She tries to escape but once she reaches a picnic park full with people, no one cares about what happens to her and they keeps eating their foods and meats. Depressing and hopeless drive her to ignore everything around her.

“Why are you standing there like that? What‟s going on?” When I put my hand on her shoulder I was surprised by her complete lack of reaction. (p.2)

Trying to find what happen to Yeong-Hye, the husband is already at back of her and grabs her shoulders to check her out. Even she does not reply the question that the husband asked to her before, she knows the presence of husband. Instead of feeling surprise or startled, she just keeps silence and still looking into the fridge without

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA looking her husband face who is standing back at her. Completely flat reaction and blank, she is full with emptiness because of the fear that comes from nightmare.

It was only when she hadn‟t been able to sleep, when the hollows in her face were even more pronounced than usual, as though she‟d deflated from within, and in the morning I would ask what the matter was only to hear “I had a dream.” (p.9)

The curiosity of the husband increasingly rises after she goes back to her room without any words and expressions comes out after acting weird in the dark kitchen room and standing for a long time in front of the fridge. Seeing her wife face, he feels flat and emptiness come out from her. Even she is asked what did she do a hour back, she didn‟t answer and act like it never happened.

Yeong-Hye is already losing her ability to express her emotion after the nightmare a night before she acts weird. She likes in a cage in a hollow inside her fear of nightmare.

The group broke out into laughter, and I was conscious of each and every separate laugh. Needless to say, my wife didn’t so much as crack a smile. (p.15)

In a dinner invitation from her husband bos, Yeong- Hye attends the invitation after her husband takes her out from their house. Sitting in a table that full with people makes her feels like nothing happens. No words comes out and no expression reveal from her. Sitting silently and staring into another side of table during chatting session with her husband bosses and their wife. Even a joke is made by one of them sometimes,

Yeong-Hye does not react anything. The burst of laugh fill the table but Yeong-Hye just look down the floor. The inability of showing expression becomes more real after her withdrawal from the conversation.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA That was the dilemma which tormented me as I drove home. My wife, on the other hand, appeared entirely unperturbed, seemingly unaware of how disgraceful her behavior had been. She just sat there resting her head against the sloping car window, apparently on the point of dozing off. (p.18)

Nothing happens that is what Yeong-Hye thinks after the dinner invitation from her husband bosses. She just feels like everything is a dream in her reality. The husband feels bad with his boss and tries to get mad with her wife but he can‟t after seeing the face of her wife during a long the way to their house. She neglects anything to express her emotion and just puts her head for resting herself.

The fear and the disappointed that she feels in the nightmare about the reaction of people in a picnic park that ignoring her make her become more ignorant to everything around her in reality.

The following morning, sitting with my wife at the breakfast table—her lips pressed firmly closed as per usual, clearly not paying the slightest bit of attention to anything I might be saying—I would be unable to conceal a feeling of abhorrence when I looked across at her. (p.24)

Even in a breakfast time on a table together with her husband in a morning.

Yeong-Hye does not greet her husband and pay attention around her. Just focus on her meal, Yeong-Hye does not look her husband and no morning greetings. Everything left is just a silence that surrounding the tables with green foods and no meats. Everyday just like a dream for her, she thinks that she does not need to express herself to everyone around her.

The fear never ends. It keeps haunting Yeong-Hye after having another nightmare between murderer or murdered. She does not know which one is her, murderer or

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA murdered. This nightmare states her into puzzlement and feeling like no one really cares about her life. Even her husband becomes stranger for her after the nightmare she has.

Show me that your answer was just a joke. But she didn’t laugh. It was eight in the evening and the door to the balcony was open, which meant that the apartment was quite cool, and my wife‟s shoulders were covered in goose pimples like tiny sesame seeds. (p.28)

Going back to home after work, her husband finds Yeong-Hye naked in the kitchen while pilling some potatoes. Wondering why she is naked, he asks and answered by Yeong-Hye; it is very hot, stiflingly hot that is why she take off all of her clothes. It is already night and she is in the middle of room with opened-door on balcony. Her husband thinks that see is joking but the face is no expression of joking.

All he sees is just a flat reaction.

The inability in expressing emotion is getting worse after the nightmare about murderer and murdered. After the new nightmare, she finds herself as a murderer by having her hands around someone‟s throat, sticking her finger into someone‟s eyeball, saliva is pooling in her mouth and sticking her tongue out like a beast ready to eat its prey. She finds that she has different person inside herself.

The children were staring wide-eyed at my wife. She turned her blank gaze on her family, as if she couldn‟t fathom the reason for all this sudden fuss. (p.31)

During family gathering, Yeong-Hye family gathers in a new apartment that is bought by Yeong-Hye brother. They decided to have dinner together in that apartment.

Before gathering, Yeong-Hye family especially her father and mother also brother and his wife (Yeong-Hye sister-in-law) know the decision of Yeong-Hye becomes a vegetarian. Most of them reject her decision to be a vegetarian and stop eating meats.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA They think that vegetarian is not really good or Yeong-Hye health so they want to stop her to be a vegetarian. When her mother and her sister-in-law serve her with her favorite dishes, oyster. She is only gazing with her empty glancing to everyone in the dinner gathering. Instead of answerinig she is just staring them with innocent gaze to them.

Everyone forces her to eat meats, no one let her to eat vegetables only. Even her father, again, he use violence to force Yeong-Hye eat a pork or a piece of meat that made by her sister-in-law. Feel highly depressed with her father and brother‟s pressure.

She just keeps silent and gazing to them with her empty eyes like in the past when she got hit by her father and harassment from her brother. The protest made by silence and also gazing

It wasn‟t until past noon that first her husband and then Yeong- hye had awakened, followed quickly by the three paramedics rushing into the flat, concealing straitjackets and protective equipment. Two of them had immediately gone over to Yeong- hye, who had been leaning precariously out over the veranda railing. (p.77)

3 years after the first phenomenon as schizophrenic person, Yeong-Hye family is already given up with her and one by one abandon her alone and put her in to psychiatric hospital. In this hospital, it is still good for a first week for Yeong-Hye. She loves the room with good view, facing a wood full with trees and have a good sunlight by the morning. But after a long time it changes into the real night for her. The paramedics treat her badly, force her to eat and if she neglect or reject to eat something.

They will anesthetize her, and give food through injection.

When the meal time and visiting time come, her sister-in-law, In Hye (the only one person who still cares about Yeong-Hye) visits to check her condition. In Hye is accompanied by three paramedics because something strange happened to Yeong-Hye. 34

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA When they open the door, Yeong-Hye is leaning and seeing them with empty eyes covered with her hair. She tries to treat them by her glance to ask them go away from her room and don‟t treat any bad thing to something that she does not want.

In the taxi on the way there she‟d gazed quietly out of the window, showing not even the slightest hint of unease, and when they sent the taxi away she‟d obediently followed her sister as though they‟d simply come out for a stroll. (p.79)

After the previous hospital can not do anything to improve Yeong-Hye health and already gives up. She is transferred to new hospital. A long the way to the new psychiatric hospital with her sister-in-law by riding a taxi, no words come out from her lips during the way to the hospital. The only one she does is gazing into the view out of the window. The woods around them are the only route to get to the new hospital. Calm and flowing like water, nothing should be worried by her sister-in-law after seeing

Yeong-Hye face at that time.

The only one in her mind is to be a tree like out the window. Feel free nothing should be eliminated to live. It is only standing there without killing a living creature to live. Just need water and enough sunlight and it can stand strong, firm and high. That‟s what she wants in her life.

“Don‟t you remember, when you were young, every time I cut a watermelon in half you would come and smell it? With some of them, when we cut them up they gave off this wonderful sweet smell that spread through the whole house.” Yeong-hye remains entirely motionless. (p.85)

Facing the critical moment, where Yeong-Hye has lost her weight more than a vegetarian in general because not only becomes a vegetarian but also she does not eat anything. She thinks like she is a tree, only needs water and sun to live. Even the sweet-

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA smelled tea that fulfilling the entire her room spread widely can not make her feel want to eat or drink it. The red of watermelon and fresh also sweet becomes nothing. She already lost her sense of emotion and ability to express because the rejection of her family to take care of her even In Hye the last one of family member keeps forcing her to do something that she hates which is vegetarian life and also the willing to be a trees which lives only needs water and sunlight.

Outside the window, the rain looks to be coming down less heavily than before. The raindrops on the mosquito netting appear undisturbed, so perhaps the rain actually stopped a little while ago. Yeong-hye had said nothing, only stood and watched the flaming poplars kindled by the evening light. (p.88).

The decision to live like a tree which only needs water and sunlight is non-accept able, she can live even with a bad health. Almost losing everything, her husband, her family, her job, her ability to express her emotion and the last one is her body. Nothing is left for her except her sister-in-law who always stays with her for along time but the past can not be changed the rejection makes Yeong-Hye feels like she lived in a ast that full of rejection in her life from her family and people around her. Instead of replying the rejection, she keeps it in silence inside her mind as a protest against the rejection of the way of living.

4.2.2. Alogia

The fear of nightmare and also the bad memory about the past drives a person into a person full with a question. Something in his/her mind has a process in remembering what happened in the past when he/she tries to accept it but it can be accepted easily makes a person confuse to place his/her self as the real of them. Losing belief to people

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA around his/her that already reject their belief drives person to stop talking not because they can‟t speak anymore or losing their tongue, it is about to against everyone that does not respect to their belief and opinion. Schizophrenic person is not losing their ability to speak but they just lose the touch to speak with other, lose the motivation to speak and also don‟t like to share their idea. The main point is they don‟t know what does he/she speak or chant or even mumble.

Hyeong-Hye has bad memory as long as she live since she was a kid. Her father sometimes bit her, harassment from her brother, the bad 5 years after getting married and the last on is the rejection to be a vegetarian because the obsession to eat meats becomes a nightmare to the obsession becomes the vegetarian as a protest of her sadness. . Does not want to share what happen to herself, Yeong-Hye just stand motionless in front a fridge for awhile. Nothing she does on it except staring into the fridge. The dream is driven her into the unfriendly way to life where every one just care about him/her self.

I had done since emerging from the living room, asking her what she was doing, and moving toward her. She was the one standing there completely unresponsive, as though lost in her own world. It was like those rare occasions when, absorbed in a late-night TV drama, she‟d failed to notice me arriving home. But what could there be to absorb her attention in the pale gleam of the fridge‟s white door, in the pitch-black kitchen at four in the morning (p.2)

Early in the story, Yeong-Hye a married woman has been recognized to be unknown person by her husband because the weird act that she does in the early morning before the dawn comes. Yeong-Hye is an ordinary woman who is married

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ordinary man and lives for 5 years as family before the ruined of her family after the nightmare. Her husband calls her for many times but she does not answer it. Not because her husband voice is weak or smooth. It is because she tries to be people inside her dream. Where she is asking for help but no one answer her, just glaring with enjoying their meals.

“What are you doing standing there?” “Hello? I asked what you‟re doing?” “Why are you standing there like that? What‟s going on?” “Hey!” “I had a dream.” (p.2)

Three times calling from the back with a man‟s voice does not make Yeong-Hye feel surprise. She just keeps standing there without doing anything. Three times calling, three times rejecting, makes her husband increase his voice as yell but she still does not answer it. After come nearer to Yeong-hye, her husband yells but the reaction is clearly confusing. Yeong-Hye answers it withou surprise at all. It means she know the presence of her husband but the dream makes her to forget everything about people around her that force her to do something same with them. Everything feels like work in the line for her but her husband does not think that it is fine. That‟s why Yeong-Hye does not tell everything detailed to her husband because her belief that her husband know the problem.

“A dream? What the hell are you talking about? Do you know what time it is?” “She turned so that her body was facing me then slowly walked off through the open door into the living room.” (p.3)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Losing the interest in sharing with people around her because of the nightmare that comes into her dream, Yeong-Hye thinks that she is fine. It is not as bad as her dream. She feels that she is still in her dream. In fact she is already live in her reality.

Instead of answering with words about her husband question, Yeong-Hye does not say anything to describe what she feels right now. Without any emotion. She just feels like everyone know her problem because in her mind. She feels like everyone is caring about me but in the general it is only hallucination and self-deception that is unreal.

I flipped my phone shut and dashed into the bathroom, where I shaved so hurriedly that I cut myself in two places. “Haven‟t you even ironed my white shirt?” There was no answer. I flipped my phone shut and dashed into the bathroom, where I shaved so hurriedly that I cut myself in two places. (p.4)

The first nightmare changes the Yeong-Hye almost fully to be unknown person.

Just like to be a new born child when she is asked by someone does not has any answer or decide to keep their lips close. It is not because he/she lost the ability of speaking but they lose the motivation to speak with other. Yeong-Hye does not answer any single words to something that can be a rejection or anger from other person. Instead of making a person becomes angry or mad. She believes that the only way to avoid just to keep silent.

Again her belief about some that already knows about her problems driver her to keep silent and do what she wants to do without seeing any person perception about it.

They just know that their life is watched by people around them and also accept everything without think for good or bad for next time.

“So you‟re saying that from now on, there‟ll be no meat in this house?”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “Well, after all, you usually only eat breakfast at home. And I suppose you often have meat with your lunch and dinner, so…it‟s not as if you’ll die if you go without meat just for one meal.” (p.5)

The conversation between a husband and wife to discuss about the continuous of marriage life after a nightmare of the wife drive them into the new world that they never face before. As long as they married (for almost 5 years), Yeong-Hye has faced much problem in her life as a wife. In early life as family they often fight each other just because the differences of the way to think. The fight never end to get a divorce because someone just keeps blaming that everything bad comes from him/herself. In this case,

Yeong-Hye as a woman has to accept everything that man do to her as a husband. This phenomenon comes after someone can not held any pressure that comes from her family. Because she thinks she already accept all problem from the past, for this kind of problem will let her to win just for one time. But the trauma can be one of some factor when someone has to against them.

How on earth could she be so self-centered? I stared at her lowered eyes, her expression of cool self-possession. The very idea that there should be this other side to her, one where she selfishly did as she pleased, was astonishing. Who would have thought she could be so unreasonable? (p.5)

A person who suffers schizophrenia has their own belief about something that is not true at all. When someone against with their belief he/she will fight for their belief even it is only their hallucination. This state brings the person into their imagination that sometimes he/she knows as a real world. When schizophrenia person talk with other people, they will force everyone to agree with them too but it is just a protest against the rule of the world.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Through this passage, Yeong-Hye and her husband get in a short discussion about

Yeong-Hye‟s decision to be vegetarian that only eats vegetable and herbs. Every question he asks always answered with self-center opinion from Yeong-Hye. He confuses how come Yeong-Hye becomes selfish after 5 years together. It is because the first dream, from the dream she feels disappointed and fear with her society because she is not accepted as well as she imagined since she was a kid up to her mature age.

“Not eating?” she asked absentmindedly, for all the world like some middle-aged woman addressing her grown-up son. (p.5)

Her mind is really broken, that is what Yeong-Hye‟s husband thinks about her when she asks him why you won‟t eat the vegetables?. They don‟t have any child. They live together only Yeong-Hye and her husband. The depressed because they don‟t have any children drives her to act like a kid. Her husband really does not get what happen with his wife but Yeong-Hye keeps thinking that everything is still normal. The dream about people having picnic together in a park, all of them are very happy and enjoy their picnic, Yeong-Hye stands up in a middle of them without her pajamas full with blood- mark and smell like meat asking for help but all of them ignore her and keeps focusing on their own. The dream is thought by Yeong-Hye as real world. That is why she says something illogically and confusing to everyone.

Asking for many times why really happen to Yeong-Hye, the husband still confuse and does not satisfy with her answer. Every question he asks about what is

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA happened to her, I have a dream is the only one answer. The dream of walking alone in bloody woods and trying to escape from the woods which is a sign of fear for her and also feel uncomfortable with blood and meats comes down like heavy rain. Feeling powerless and hopeless she only runs to pass the woods. Reaching a new place a park she feels everything going to be okay but it is not. The world is really unfriendly with her. That is why she only answer I have dream because she believes that her husband has the nightmare too and again she thinks he knows that problem.

“Yeong-hye,” my father-in-law bellowed, “are you still not eating meat?” He‟d never used a telephone in his life, and I could hear his excited shouts emerging from the receiver. “What d‟you think you‟re playing at, hey? Acting like this at your age, what on earth must Mr. Cheong think?” My wife stood there in perfect silence, holding the receiver to her ear. “Why don‟t you answer? Can you hear me?” (p.22)

A week before family gathering, Yeong-Hye father call her through cell phone asks her what is going on but she is just hanging the phone near to her right ear. Instead of answering her father words, she just stands there no one word comes out from her lips, it is not because she can not hear her father voice. She feels like she finds the beast that gives a bad moment when she was a kid when she is punched by him, slapped in her cheek and tortured her. She just kept that memory in her mind up to her marriage life. Again, she does not feel uncomfortable with the conversation that is why she is just standing and hearing silently without saying anything. Just like the past where she was tortured by her father without any protest and just accepted it even inside her wants to oust from her life.

A pan of soup was boiling on the stove, so my wife put the receiver down on the table without a word and disappeared into the kitchen. I stood there for a few moments listening to 42

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA my father-in-law raging impotently, unaware that there was no one on the other end, then took pity on him and picked up the receiver. (p.22)

Recognizing the food that she prepares for dinner is already boiled, she puts down the phone and goes back to the kitchen to check the food. She puts it down while her father is still talking about why she becomes a vegetarian. The rage comes out from her father lips before her hanging the phone, that‟s why she thinks that she just needs to put it down and go back to her way to life. Does not really care about everything around her because the nightmare drives her to be like them is the only she has to do.

The nightmare gives the new understanding that when someone can really care about Yeong-Hye because they just want to be happy for theirself. Yeong-Hye who believes that everyone cares about her but actually it does not seem like that forces her to be like them. She just wants to be happy and “no one should stop me or ask me to do something that i don‟t want to do” that‟s in her mind.

She lost so much weight it was quite shocking to look at her, and she practically stopped sleeping altogether. Yes, she‟d always been quiet, but at that time she would say so little that any kind of meaningful communication was impossible (p.74) Three years after she is abandoned by her husband and her parents. Yeong-Hye lives in psychiatric hospital and she is sometimes visited by her sister-in-law to check her improvement during medical care in the hospital. But it was a waste, she lose her touch to have conversation with everyone after she decides to stop eat everything. She has belief that without eliminating living creature she is still alive. Even she still has ability to speak with everyone around her. Inside her, she keeps her intention to do it. It is because she wants to protest to the force that she had because rejecting everything that she does not like it 43

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The nightmare and the pressure from her medical team drive her to stop saying everything which she thinks all of her words are really useless to say to her medical team. The only one they want to Yeong-Hye is to eat good nutrition for her unhealthy body because it is almost 4 months she does not have anything to eat. Again she thinks everyone knows what is her doing for but in real life, they don‟t get anything about her decision.

“Do you know how I found out? Well, I was in a dream, and I was standing on my head…leaves were growing from my body, and roots were sprouting from my hands…so I dug down into the earth. On and on…I wanted flowers to bloom from my crotch, so I spread my legs; I spread them wide…” (p.82) It sounds like illogical thing that can be accepted. The only reason why Yeong-

Hye becomes hard to be understood is her imagination to be a tree. Before looking out through the window to the woods where trees stand strong together, Yeong-Hye stands up side down with her head on the floor. Her position just looks like a tree that standing in a wood. Her body is just like a stick, unhealthy and easy to fall. She lost much nutrition from her body because she does not eat anything for almost 3 months. In her mind, she is a tree, she does not need to eat anything to live, she feels she can live if she has water and sunlight. Her decision to avoid eating anything set her free in feeling sorry to every living creature that she already eats in the past. The obsession to be a tree to live strong and stand firmly outer even storm hit them.

Yeong-Hye has a lost touch in having conversation it does not intend she lost her ability to speak but she just lose her motivation to have conversation with other person.

The first point to know about alogia is every schizophrenia person has his/her own belief to live. Once their belief is rejected, they will defend their belief and try to make other 44

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA believe to their opinion/hallucination. If people disagree or against with their opinion they will not stay away from that man just like a normal person but once he/she is asked by someone who against her or does not really care about who is asking it? They will keep silent and act like nothing happen.

4.2.3. Avolition

Schizophrenia is not only makes people loss their motivation to speak with other and to express emotion to describe their feelings but also people becomes losing touch to society, identity and decreased the motivation in doing daily activity. This symptom can be traced easily because it depends to schizophrenia people what are they doing in daily life, especially for close person for schizophrenia people like best friend, family or life- mate. First thing that can be known that someone has avolition; they don‟t do their hobby any more, they forget what does their favorite activity during free time and they don‟t even make eye contact during talking with other people. Second, they look like losing their ability to act. Just like a person who has emptiness inside their mind. They are just daydreaming for a long time without doing anything, staring to something, and sitting in a park for log-time just for nothing.

Yeong-Hye in this story shows avolition after having nightmare that drives her to be unknown person. She starts with lie down on floor without using mat or even carpet, only with her pajamas, bending her knees near to her stomach just like a cat sleeping and looking also gazing to the park for very long time without caring something around her.

Finally, her ability to act becomes worse and worst because the disorder she has. She starts avoiding eye contact while having conversation with her family and even her husband just looks like a stranger for her. She does not read a book as her favorite daily

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA activity, does not do editing with her new client books (she is an editor), or even sleeping in the night. Everything she does is only doing something that does not make any sense .

But now I would get in at midnight, and even after I had washed, arranged the bedding, and lain down to sleep, she still wouldn’t have come to join me in the living room. (p.7)

After having very bad nightmare in the night before, Yeong-Hye almost does not sleep until the dawn comes. She thinks that the nightmare will come again if she sleeps in the middle of night so she keeps awake all night longs without doing anything. No one knows even her husband, what is she doing when she is still awake in the middle of night. Yeong-Hye does not explain what does she afraid of to her husband because she again believe that her husband knows the problem and care about her but it is not. The husband does not know what happen to her and why does she still awake all night long.

She didn’t come to bed until around five in the morning, and even then I couldn‟t say for sure whether she actually spent the next hour asleep or not. (p.7)

Yeong-Hye‟s interest like reading a book, chatting on Internet and even watching the TV cable in the night time are fully gone. She start to lie down and stare to the top of house, watching grey screen in TV after the end of airing show and also sit in a chair for very long-time. She thinks that everything she does is only a waste after she looks people in her nightmare. No one really cares and rejects to help her while she is in fear and dread.

She wasn’t reading a book, chatting on the Internet, or watching late-night cable TV. The only thing I could think of was that she must have been working on the comics speech bubbles, but there was no way that would have taken up so much time. (p.7)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Losing motivation to do her job and hobby is looked clearly after the night mare comes. She does not know what should does she do after the nightmare. The only one she could do just doing nothing. Glaring to her husband, hoping he really knows the problem and tries to help her just a wasted activity because her husband does not get it.

This action only bears her disappointment with her husband and starts to protest through her action by without doing anything, hoping her husband knows what is going in with her.

“What‟s wrong with your lips? Haven’t you done your makeup?” I took my shoes off again and dragged my flustered wife, who‟d already put on her coat, into the front room. (p.9)

Yeong-Hye is known as ordinary woman but she has good skin. Her skin is bright that makes her look a beauty person even she looks like a ordinary woman but it is different thing when she is invited to comes to dinner invitation from her husband bosses. She has to beautify her face by using any beauty product. She has to make up her face before the dinner invitation but after the nightmare she lost her intention and motivation to do everything she is able to do. The one ability is making up her face. She is afraid in using every beauty product that made from animal extract. So she comes down to downstairs without any make up in her face.

“Were you really going to go out looking like this?” The two of us were reflected in the dressing table mirror. “Do your makeup again.” (p.11)

The product that made from living extract brings her back into the nightmare where she looks like a murderer and everything she eats and uses that made from living creature. It‟s soul stays and attached inside her body. When the night comes it‟s like

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA howling inside her body mumbling and cursing. This event brings her into the new level of fear where no one can hear her voice when she is yelling to ask a help by using her heart sound.

“ …… my wife had eaten nothing but salad and kimchi, and a little bit of squash porridge. She hadn‟t even touched the sticky-rice porridge, as they had used a special recipe involving beef stock to give it a rich, luxurious taste.” (p.17)

Most Korean cuisine is based on meat with is full with taste and juicy which is the most avoidable by vegetarian like Yeong-Hye. Vegetarian in Asian region is hard to keep their life style because most of cuisine is made with meat and animal extract. That is why before the nightmare comes she loves to eat everything about meat, the most favorite dishes is oyster but the nightmare that experienced by Yeong-Hye becomes a very bad fear for her especially about meats and blood. The smells of meat around her are enough to distract her to be unknown person and easily to get mad.

Gradually, the other guests learned to ignore her presence and the conversation started to flow again. Now and then, perhaps out of pity, they made an effort to include me, but in my heart of hearts I knew that they wanted to keep a certain distance between us. When fruit was brought out for dessert my wife ate one small slice of apple and a single (p.17)

Instead of involving Yeong-Hye in conversation during dinner invitation, all of people around her except her husband start to ignore her because her actions that is very weird for them. Yeong-Hye does not have any intention to join the conversation because the feel of rejection that she feels from the eye of all people around her. She keeps eating fruits and only cares about her vegetarian foods. The rejection and the fear mix inside her mind because before coming to the invitation, she thinks everyone care about her even in the early meetings some wives‟ bosses try to take her into the conversation 48

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA but her husband tries to stop her without giving any chance to tell why does she become a vegetarian.

My wife was sitting on a bench by the fountain. She had removed her hospital gown and placed it on her knees, leaving her gaunt collarbones, emaciated breasts and brown nipples completely exposed. (p.34)

Taken place in a psychiatric hospital, Yeong-Hye is on medical care because her mental disorder after doing illogical activity that is standing upside down for along time with having something to eat even she avoids to eat vegetables. In the morning, after having medical treatment all night long, she is disappeared from her room that is looked after with her husband. She is lost for awhile and found sitting on bench near fountain on hospital‟s park without using any clothes, showing her body‟s shape.

When she came upon the unexpected sight of a female patient doing a handstand at the far end of the western corridor, it never even crossed her mind that it might be Yeong-hye. Her sister was upside down and balancing on her hands, her face flushed almost puce. (p.81)

She put off all of her clothes after imagining that she is a tree. Her body needs water and sunlight to keep her alive. The hallucination keeps coming after even she is in medical treatment. She asks to her sister-in-law to throw away all foods that her sister- in-law brings and do not bring it anymore because she is a tree that is only need water and sunlight. Her mind becomes more illogical.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. CONCLUSION

Yeong-Hye beomes a schizophrenia person because the trauma and the fear that she faces after having bloody nightmare after 5 years live as married woman. The nightmare brings back the old bitter past that makes her remember the old wound that is already closed but it is opened again. Feeling rejection and harassment drives her to loss her motivation in expressing anything even the she has an interruption inside her mind in deciding to do anything. That is why she has a „fake‟ belief that no one will listen her words and her feelings. She also believes that everyone close to her, will force her to be someone else or doing something that she doesn‟t want to do. The pressure and stress from inside and outside her makes her loss her connection to mind and her body. This event makes her keeps everything her feelings and split her mind into the puzzling world.

The events derives her into the negative symptoms through the way she express her feelings, the way she says her mind, and the way she does anything. The losing motivation to expressing her feelings like surprised when her husband put his hand on her shoulders, to get involved in emotion while chatting during dinner invitation which there is so many jokes told by the bosses, to express her rejection to eat meat after having bloody nightmare, especially in expressing her disgust to meat, and also expressing her anger also protest to everyone who forces her to do something she

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA doesn‟t want to do. She holds it all because the „fake‟ belief (delusions) makes her to loss her motivation in expressing it. The state that Yeong-Hye losses her motivation to express her emotion called with Flattening affective.

Not only the way in expressing emotion, Yeong-Hye‟s‟fake‟ belief also drives her to loss her motivation to say everything in her mind. She believes sharing her ideas or problem to people close to her like her husband and also her family is useless after the trauma and old wound she has strengthen her „fake‟ belief that no one really cares about everything she says like her request to stay at jungle because she doesn‟t want to meet her father in the night (if she meets him on the night time, she will be beaten up with her drunken father), the decision to be a vegetarian becomes meaningless because the hard rejection from her father and he for many times beats her again in mature age. Feelings like her words just meaningless and useless, it is better to keep it and she start losing her motivation to says her idea because the pressure and rejection from people close to her.

The state where Yeong-Hye losses her motivation to say her ideas and feelings called with Alogia

The state where Yeong-Hye starts to withdraw herself to daily activity and her work called avolition. The „fake‟ belief makes Yeong-Hye starts to avoid her daily activity because she doesn‟t want to be like people near her. She wants to be herself but instead of doing the activity she loves, she is doing nothing for a very long time with she knows what she does. The imagination makes her think that she is a thing which is different with people around her. It just likes a protest to everyone that force her to be something that she doesn‟t want by doing nothing full with emptiness and alone for a

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA very long time. The stress, rejection and life-pressure make her loss her motivation to do her daily activity.

5.2. SUGGESTION

Schizophrenia comes after something that makes someone fear and trauma about something. If someone has old wound that is almost forgotten by him/her, it can be opened again and drives him/her in to the puzzling world. It makes an interruption to her mind. Schizophrenia can be avoided by having good communication and connection especially for family. The stress and trauma comes from close people in environment.

The force and life-pressure from close persons like family only make someone who has schizophrenia to be worse. Instead of abandoning him/her or taking him/her to psychiatric hospital, it will make them become more afraid and erroneous in knowing who is his/her family.Guiding and acceptance with patience of family to take care the schizophrenic people is needed to make him/her to get well and inspired them to get well sooner.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA SUMMARY OF VEGETARIAN by Han Kang

The main character in the novella is a home-maker by the name of Yeong-Hye, although the reader never actually hears from her. Instead, her story is narrated by three of the members of her extended family - her husband, a man whose life goal is to be completely nondescript, her artist brother in law, and her sister, In-hye. Up until recently, Yeong-hye has been happy to be perfectly. nondescript also, but after having a very traumatic dream about the brutality of humans inflicted upon animals in the course of the meat industry, she decided to become a vegetarian. Her husband is not particularly sympathetic to this. He admits, in his section of the narration "The Vegetarian") that he wasn't attracted to her at all when they met but chose her as his wife because he believed that she would be happy to be as dull and conventional as he. For a time his judgement proved correct - until the nightmare. The morning afterwards she gets rid of all of the meat products in the house. Things unravel quickly, both in the marriage, and also with Yeong-hye's mental state. Although her abstention from eating meat has led to an abstention from eating socially with others, she eats a meal with her family, but it is a total disaster. Her father attempts to force-feed her and this has such a detrimental effect on her that she tries to commit suicide by slashing her wrists.

Yeong-hye's brother-in-law takes over the narration for his third of the novella ("Mongolian Mark") He does not tell us his name but we learn he is an artist with a particular fondness for erotic movie making. He imagines a love-making scene between two people who are adorned with painted flowers. After finding out that Yeong-hue has a birthmark shaped like a flower petal he becomes convinced that she is the woman from his imaginary erotica and becomes completely obsessed with the idea of her. This obsession not only creates didfficulties between him and his sister-in-law but also destroys his marriage. He convinces Yeong-hye to sleep with him, all in the name of cinematic art. His wife finds the tapes and immediately calls the mental hospital where Yeong-hye has been living since her suicide attempt.

In-hye takes over the narration for the third and final portion of the novella ("Flaming Trees). She explains that Yeong-hye's vegetarianism has spiraled into mental illness and she now abstains not just from meat eating but from most forms of human interaction. After the brutal force-feeding attempt by their father she was hospitalized but although she has been receiving specialized treatment still maintains her belief that the only way to avoid the brutality that humans inflict upon each other is to be a plant. At the end of the book, she announces that she is no longer animal but has become a plant. In-hye goes to the mental hospital to take her home by train; as she looks out of the window, Yeong-hye sees the trees rush by, feeling both affinity and love for them.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR‟S BIOGRAPHY

HAN KANG

Han Kang is the daughter of novelist Han Seung-won. She was born in Gwangju and at the age of 10, moved to Suyuri (of which she speaks affectionately in her novel Greek Lessons) in Seoul. She studied Korean literature at Yonsei University.[4] Her brother Han Dong Rim is also a writer. She began her writing career when one of her poems was featured in the winter issue of the quarterly Literature and Society. She made her official literary debut in the following year when her short story "The Scarlet Anchor" was the winning entry in the daily Seoul Shinmun spring literary contest. Since then, she has gone on to win the Yi Sang Literary Prize (2005), Today's Young Artist Award, and the Korean Literature Novel Award. As of summer 2013, Han teaches creative writing at the Seoul Institute of the Arts while writing stories and novels and is currently working on her sixth novel.

Han's debut work, A Love of Yeosu, was published in 1995 and attracted attention because it was precisely and tightly narrated. Han wrote The Vegetarian, and its sister- work, Mongolian Mark by hand, as overuse of the computer keyboard had damaged her wrist. It has been reported that in her college years Kang became obsessed with a line of poetry from Yi Sang: "I believe that humans should be plants." and that Kang interpreted this to be a defensive stance against the violence of the colonial period and took this as an inspiration to write her most successful work, The Vegetarian. The Vegetarian was

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Kang's first novel translated into English, though Kang had already attracted worldwide attention by the time Deborah Smith translated the novel.There has been some controversy over the translation of the novel, as mistakes have been found. There is concern that Smith may have attributed some of the dialogue to the wrong characters. The translated work won the Man Booker International Prize 2016 for them both. She is the first Korean to be nominated for the award. The work was also chosen as one of "The 10 Best Books of 2016" from NYTimes Book Review. She is nominated once again on a Man booker international prize longlist with the book 'The White Book'. (March 12, 2018) Shortlist will be announced on April 12. The final winner will be announced at an official dinner on May 22.

Han's literary career began when she published five poems including “Winter in Seoul,” in the winter issue of Literature and Society in 1993. Her career in fiction began the following year when her work "Red Anchor" won the Seoul Shinmun Spring Literary Contest. Her first collection, Love of Yeosu, was published in 1995. In 1998, Han participated in a program at the University of Iowa International Writing Program. Her works published in Korea include Fruits of My Woman (2000) and Fire Salamander (2012); novels including The Black Deer (1998), Your Cold Hand (2002), The Vegetarian (2007), Breath Fighting (2010), Greek Lessons (2011), Human Acts (2014) and The White Book (2016); poetry I Put the Evening in the Drawer (2013); essay books including Love, and the Things Around the Love (2003), Quietly Sung Songs (2007).

Han is also a musician and interested in art, and her work often reflects this. "Your Cold Hand (2002)" revolves around the story of a sculptor and his model. When she published an essay book "Quietly Sung Songs (2007)", she released a CD with ten songs that she composed, wrote lyrics for and recorded. At first she was not intending to sing, but Han Jung Rim, a musician and music director, insisted Han should record the songs herself. Han won the 25th Korean Novel Award with her novella, “Baby Buddha” in 1999, the 2000 Today‟s Young Artist Award, the 2005 Yi-Sang Literary Award with Mongolian Mark, and the 2010 Dong-ni Literary Award with Breath Fighting. Baby Buddha and The Vegetarian have been made into films. The Vegetarian was turned into a movie that was one of only 14 selections (out of 1,022 submissions) for inclusion in the World Narrative Competition of the prestigious North American Film Fest. The film was also a critical success at the Busan International Film Festival.

Mongolian Mark won the Yi Sang Literary Award. The rest of the series (The Vegetarian and Fire Tree) were delayed by contractual problems. Han was the youngest to receive Yi Sang Literary Award until 2013 when Kim Aeran received it at the age of 32. Her Human Acts was released in January 2016 from Portobello Books. Han has been chosen to win the Malaparte Prize 2017 with the Italian translation of Human Acts, "Atti Umani" from Adelphi Edizioni, 2017 in Italy on 1 October 2017. Han Kang's most

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA recent book, an autobiography called The White Book, centers around the loss of her older sister, a baby who died two hours after her birth. Han has stated that she suffers from migraines, and credits these migraines with "keeping her humble". She has also said that if it wasn't for her migraines, she may not have decided that she wanted to be a writer

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